Genetic variants in miR-146a and miR-196a2 in endometriosis: a Brazilian study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the polymorphisms, rs2910164 miR-146a and rs11614913 miR-196a2, by investigating their association with endometriosis. METHODS: This is a case-control study performed with approximately 120 women. The polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square and logistic regression tests were used. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of rs2910164 and rs11614913 between cases and controls. The frequencies in both polymorphisms are in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium regarding miR-146a (patients: χ2=1.64, p=0.20; controls: χ2=0.25, p=0.62) and miR-196a2 (patients: χ2=0.58, p=0.44; controls: χ2=2.78, p=0.10). No relationship was observed between rs2910164 and rs11614913 and endometriosis in the inheritance models analyzed. CONCLUSION: In this study, our results show that the studied polymorphisms are not implicated in the development of endometriosis.

Genetic variants in miR-146a and miR-196a2 in endometriosis: a Brazilian study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the polymorphisms, rs2910164 miR-146a and rs11614913 miR-196a2, by investigating their association with endometriosis. METHODS: This is a case-control study performed with approximately 120 women. The polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. For the statistical analysis, the chi-square and logistic regression tests were used. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of rs2910164 and rs11614913 between cases and controls. The frequencies in both polymorphisms are in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium regarding miR-146a (patients: χ2=1.64, p=0.20; controls: χ2=0.25, p=0.62) and miR-196a2 (patients: χ2=0.58, p=0.44; controls: χ2=2.78, p=0.10). No relationship was observed between rs2910164 and rs11614913 and endometriosis in the inheritance models analyzed. CONCLUSION: In this study, our results show that the studied polymorphisms are not implicated in the development of endometriosis.

Assistência de enfermagem no teste do pezinho / Nursing care in the guthrie test / Cuidados de enfermería en la prueba de guthrie

Objetivo: descrever a assistência de enfermagem na realização do Teste do Pezinho em recém-nascidos. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo de natureza qualitativa, tendo como cenário as Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Uberaba-Minas Gerais. Participaram do estudo 22 enfermeiros. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário semiestruturado e os dados analisados por estatística descritiva e análise temática. Resultados: houve predomínio de gênero feminino, faixa etária entre 45 a 49 anos e especialização em saúde pública. A análise das respostas sobre a assistência de enfermagem permitiu aglutinar os dados em cinco categorias 1) Graduação e Capacitação, 2) Informação aos Pais, 3) Desafios e Obstáculos, 4) Impactos da Pandemia e 5) Percepção e Perspectivas da Equipe de Enfermagem.Conclusão: o estudo evidencia que os enfermeiros prestam assistência adequada no Teste do Pezinho. Os dados demonstram a relevância da qualificação do enfermeiro na área de saúde materno infantil

Objective: to describe nursing care in the performance of the guthrie test in newborns. Method: exploratory, descriptive study of qualitative nature, with the Basic Health Units of the city of Uberaba-Minas Gerais as the setting. Twenty-two nurses participated in the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: there was a predominance of the female gender, 45 to 49 years of age and specialization in public health. The analysis of the answers about nursing care allowed the agglutination the data into five categories: 1) Graduation and Training, 2) Information to Parents, 3) Challenges and Obstacles, 4) Impacts of the Pandemic and 5) Perception and Perspectives of the Nursing Team. Conclusion: the study shows that nurses provide adequate assistance in the guthrie test. The data shows the relevance of the nurses' qualification in the maternal and child health area

Objetivos: describir la asistencia de enfermería en la realización de la Prueba del Niño en recién nacidos. Método : estudo exploratório, descriptivo de natureza cualitativa, teniendo como cenário as Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Uberaba- Minas Gerais. Veintidós enfermeros participaron en el estudio. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado y los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis temático. Resultados: hubo predominio del sexo femenino, franja etaria entre 45 y 49 años y especialización en salud pública. El análisis de las respuestas sobre la asistencia de enfermería permitió aglutinar los datos en cinco categorías: 1) Graduación y Formación, 2) Información a los Padres, 3) Desafíos y Obstáculos, 4) Impactos de la Pandemia y 5) Percepción y Perspectivas del Equipo de Enfermería. Conclusión: el estudio demuestra que las enfermeras prestan asistencia adecuada en el Test de Guthrie. Los datos demuestran la relevancia de la cualificación del enfermero en el área de la salud materno-infantil

Polymorphisms rs2010963 and rs833061 of the VEGF gene in polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder, characterized by the dysregulation of ovarian angiogenesis. This alteration can be related to changes in the activities of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been observed in the promoter, intronic, and untranslated regions of the VEGF gene, and several studies have suggested that these polymorphisms may be associated with the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the association between rs2010963 and rs833061 polymorphisms and haplotypes of VEGF in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: A total of 210 women, 102 diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and 108 controls, participated in this study. The genotyping of the samples was performed by PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR for rs2010963 and rs833061 polymorphisms, respectively. The statistical analyses were performed by the chi-square test and logistic regression model. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics of the patients showed that 75.8% of the patients did not become pregnant, 36.3% had a family history of polycystic ovary syndrome, 58.6% were obese, and about 60% had clinical characteristics of hyperandrogenism. There were no associations between the distribution of rs2010963 (OR 1.24; 95%CI 0.60-2.57; p=0.56) and rs833061 (OR 0.78; 95%CI 0.32-1.92; p=0.59) in patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have similar rates of VEGF polymorphisms rs2010963 and rs833061 on the general population.

O papel dos polimorfismos genéticos na etiologia da endometriose / The role of genetic polymorphism in the etiology of endometriosis

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma revisão atualizada sobre o papel dos polimorfismos genéticos na etiologia da endometriose. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica feita no PubMed utilizando os descritores "polymorphism and endometriosis". Foram identificados 36 artigos e após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão foram selecionados 17 artigos para a amostra final. Os principais resultados foram: 1) cerca de 60% dos artigos foram publicados em 2019; 2) em 35,3% dos estudos o número de casos e controles investigados foi menor que 100; 3) a maioria dos trabalhos investigou de um a dois polimorfismos por gene; 4) a produção científica sobre endometriose é maior em países orientais; 5) houve heterogeneidade quanto aos periódicos onde os trabalhos foram publicados; 6) as principais técnicas para detecção de polimorfismos foi a PCR-RFLP e o PCR em tempo real, com frequências semelhantes. Em suma, os polimorfismos genéticos podem estar implicados na etiologia da endometriose.

The aim of this study is to present an updated review on the role of genetic polymorphisms in the etiology of endometriosis. This is a literature review made on PubMed using the descriptors "polymorphism and endometriosis". A total 36 articles were identified and, after applying the inclusion criteria, 17 articles were selected for the final sample. The main results were: 1) approximately 60% of the articles were published in 2019; 2) 35.3% of the studies investigated less than 100 cases and controls; 3) most studies investigated one to two polymorphisms per gene; 4) scientific production on endometriosis is higher in Eastern countries; 5) heterogeneity was observed regarding the journals where works were published; 6) the main techniques for detecting polymorphisms were PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR, with similar frequencies. In summary, it can be concluded that genetic polymorphisms may be implicated in the etiology of endometriosis.

Polymorphisms rs2010963 and rs833061 of the VEGF gene in polycystic ovary syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder, characterized by the dysregulation of ovarian angiogenesis. This alteration can be related to changes in the activities of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been observed in the promoter, intronic, and untranslated regions of the VEGF gene, and several studies have suggested that these polymorphisms may be associated with the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the association between rs2010963 and rs833061 polymorphisms and haplotypes of VEGF in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: A total of 210 women, 102 diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and 108 controls, participated in this study. The genotyping of the samples was performed by PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR for rs2010963 and rs833061 polymorphisms, respectively. The statistical analyses were performed by the chi-square test and logistic regression model. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics of the patients showed that 75.8% of the patients did not become pregnant, 36.3% had a family history of polycystic ovary syndrome, 58.6% were obese, and about 60% had clinical characteristics of hyperandrogenism. There were no associations between the distribution of rs2010963 (OR 1.24; 95%CI 0.60-2.57; p=0.56) and rs833061 (OR 0.78; 95%CI 0.32-1.92; p=0.59) in patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have similar rates of VEGF polymorphisms rs2010963 and rs833061 on the general population.

Cariótipos possíveis na síndrome de Klinefelter: uma revisão narrativa / Possible karyotypes in the syndrome Klinefelter: A Narrative Review

Os sinais clínicos da síndrome de Klinefelter foram observados pela primeira vez em 1942, mas sua etiologia só foi definida em 1959. Trata-se de uma condição genética na qual pelo menos um cromossomo X extra é adicionado ao cariótipo masculino normal (46,XY) e acomete cerca de 1 em cada 500 homens. É caracterizada por variabilidade fenotípica que leva a atraso ou ausência de diagnóstico, com uma estimativa de 50% a 75% de homens com Síndrome de Klinefelter nunca obterem o diagnóstico correto. Apesar de o cariótipo clássico (47,XXY) ser encontrado em 80%-90% dos pacientes e o mosaicismo (46,XY/47,XXY) nos 10% restantes, outros cariótipos podem ser encontrados menos frequentemente. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por finalidade descrever os possíveis cariótipos identificados nos pacientes com Síndrome de Klinefelter. Os resultados mostram que a Síndrome de Klinefelter é usualmente diagnosticada na vida adulta e caracterizada por uma heterogeneidade citogenética quanto aos cariótipos possíveis apresentados pelos pacientes afetados. A condição foi diagnosticada precocemente quando associada à anomalia dos cromossomos autossomos, excesso de cromossomos X extra ou quando foi realizado diagnóstico pré-natal por idade materna avançada. É imprescindível que os profissionais de saúde, em especial os médicos, se familiarizem mais com essa condição, pois o diagnóstico correto e precoce permite a intervenção e tratamento adequados visando melhorar a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos.

Polymorphisms of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes in polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the deletion polymorphisms of the genes of the glutathione S-transferase family GSTT1 and GSTM1 in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), comparing them with a control population. METHODS: Blood was collected from 219 women (110 with PCOS and 109 controls) and genomic DNA was extracted. For the analysis of polymorphisms, the technique used was multiplex PCR. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used. RESULTS: There is no association between the GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes with PCOS when analyzed separately (P = 0.616 and P = 0.188). The analysis of the combined genotypes showed differences between the groups (P < 0.05), evidencing that the genotypic combination GSTT1 positive and GSTM1 negative is more frequent among patients. In the multivariate analysis, smoking was more frequent in the control group (OR = 0.22; 95% CI - 0.87-0.57; P = 0.002) while the presence of a family history of PCOS (OR = 2, 96; 95% CI - 1.54-5.68; P = 0.001) was more frequent in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied sample, the deletion polymorphisms of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes isolated are not associated with PCOS, but in combination, they may be implicated in the etiology of the condition.

VEGF gene rs35569394 polymorphism in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between the clinicopathological and sociodemographics characteristics of acral melanomas diagnosed at BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of VEGF gene insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism (rs35569394) in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to compare with a control population to verify its association with the pathology. METHODS: 206 women participated in this study, 103 with PCOS (group of patients) and 103 without the disease (control group). After extraction of genomic DNA from the samples, molecular analysis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis in polycrylamide. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model were used. Results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), considering the significance of p <0.05. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for allele frequencies (χ2 = 1.16, p = 0.56). The genotypic frequency distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the patients (χ2 = 2.42; p <0.05), but not for the control group (χ2 = 7.26; p <0.05). Regarding risk factors for the syndrome, a history of familial PCOS is more frequent among women with the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, there is no association between VEGF gene I / D polymorphism and PCOS.

Polymorphisms of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes in polycystic ovary syndrome

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the deletion polymorphisms of the genes of the glutathione S-transferase family GSTT1 and GSTM1 in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), comparing them with a control population. METHODS: Blood was collected from 219 women (110 with PCOS and 109 controls) and genomic DNA was extracted. For the analysis of polymorphisms, the technique used was multiplex PCR. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used. RESULTS: There is no association between the GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes with PCOS when analyzed separately (P = 0.616 and P = 0.188). The analysis of the combined genotypes showed differences between the groups (P < 0.05), evidencing that the genotypic combination GSTT1 positive and GSTM1 negative is more frequent among patients. In the multivariate analysis, smoking was more frequent in the control group (OR = 0.22; 95% CI - 0.87-0.57; P = 0.002) while the presence of a family history of PCOS (OR = 2, 96; 95% CI - 1.54-5.68; P = 0.001) was more frequent in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied sample, the deletion polymorphisms of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes isolated are not associated with PCOS, but in combination, they may be implicated in the etiology of the condition.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os polimorfismos de deleção dos genes da família glutationa S-transferase GSTT1 e GSTM1 em pacientes com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP), comparando-as com uma população controle. MÉTODOS: Foi colhido sangue de 219 mulheres (110 com SOP e 109 controles) e extraído o DNA genômico. Para análise dos polimorfismos, a técnica empregada foi PCR multiplex. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: Não há associação dos genótipos GSTM1 nulo e GSTT1 nulo com SOP quando analisados isoladamente (p=0,616 e p=0,188). A análise dos genótipos combinados mostrou diferenças entre os grupos (p<0,05), evidenciando que a combinação genotípica GSTT1 positivo e GSTM1 negativo é mais frequente entre as pacientes. Na análise multivariada, o hábito tabagista foi mais frequente no grupo controle (OR=0,22; IC 95% - 0,87-0,57; p=0,002), enquanto que a presença do histórico de SOP familiar (OR=2,96; IC 95% - 1,54-5,68; p=0,001) foi mais frequente nas mulheres com SOP. CONCLUSÕES: Na casuística estudada, os polimorfismos de deleção dos genes GSTT1 e GSTM1 isolados não estão associados a SOP, mas em combinação podem estar implicados na etiologia da condição.

VEGF gene rs35569394 polymorphism in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The relationship between the clinicopathological and sociodemographics characteristics of acral melanomas diagnosed at BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of VEGF gene insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism (rs35569394) in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to compare with a control population to verify its association with the pathology. METHODS: 206 women participated in this study, 103 with PCOS (group of patients) and 103 without the disease (control group). After extraction of genomic DNA from the samples, molecular analysis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis in polycrylamide. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model were used. Results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), considering the significance of p <0.05. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for allele frequencies (χ2 = 1.16, p = 0.56). The genotypic frequency distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the patients (χ2 = 2.42; p <0.05), but not for the control group (χ2 = 7.26; p <0.05). Regarding risk factors for the syndrome, a history of familial PCOS is more frequent among women with the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, there is no association between VEGF gene I / D polymorphism and PCOS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a frequência do polimorfismo de inserção (I)/ deleção (D) do gene VEGF (rs35569394) em pacientes com Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP) e comparar com uma população controle para verificar sua associação com a patologia. MÉTODOS: Participaram desse estudo 206 mulheres sendo 103 com SOP (grupo de pacientes) e 103 sem a doença (grupo controle). Após extração do DNA genômico das amostras, a análise molecular foi realizada por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Utilizou-se análise descritiva, análise univariada e modelo de regressão logística. Os resultados foram apresentados em odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC-95%), considerando a significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as pacientes e controles para as frequências alélicas (χ2 = 1,16, p = 0,56). A distribuição da frequência genotípica estava em equilíbrio de Hardy Weinberg para as pacientes (χ2= 2,42; p<0,12), mas não para o grupo controle (χ2= 7,26; p<0,05). Em relação aos fatores de risco para a síndrome, a história de SOP familiar é mais frequente entre as mulheres com a síndrome. CONCLUSÕES: Na casuística estudada, não há associação entre o polimorfismo I/D do gene da VEGF e a SOP.

A recurrent mutation in tshb gene underlying central congenital hypothyroidism undetectable in neonatal screening / Uma mutação recorrente no gene tshb resultando em hipotireoidismo congênito central não detectável na triagem neonatal

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the case of a patient with central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) due to a recurrent mutation in the TSHB gene, as well as to conduct a genetic study of his family. Case description: It is presented a case report of a 5-month-old boy with a delayed diagnosis of isolated CCH in whom the molecular analysis was performed 12 years later and detected a recurrent mutation (c.373delT) in TSHB gene. The parents and sister were carriers of the mutant allele. Comments: The c.373delT mutation has previously been reported in patients from Brazil, Germany, Belgium, United States, Switzerland, Argentina, France, Portugal, United Kingdom and Ireland. In summary, our case and other ones reported in the literature support the theory that this mutation may be a common cause of isolated TSH deficiency. Isolated TSH deficiency is not detected by routine TSH-based neonatal screening, representing a clinical challenge. Therefore, when possible, molecular genetic study is indicated. Identification of affected and carriers allows the diagnosis, treatment and adequate genetic counseling.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o caso de um paciente com hipotireoidismo congênito central (HCC) por conta de uma mutação recorrente no gene TSHB, bem como realizar um estudo genético de sua família. Descrição do caso: Relato de caso de um menino de 5 meses de idade com diagnóstico tardio de HCC isolado, em quem a análise molecular foi realizada 12 anos depois e detectou uma mutação recorrente (c.373delT) no gene TSHB. Os pais e a irmã eram portadores do alelo mutante. Comentários: A mutação c.373delT já foi relatada em pacientes do Brasil, da Alemanha, da Bélgica, dos Estados Uinidos, da Suíça, da Argentina, da França, de Portugal, do Reino Unido e da Irlanda. Em resumo, nosso caso e outros relatados na literatura reforçam a teoria de que essa mutação pode ser uma causa comum de deficiência isolada de TSH. A deficiência isolada de TSH não é detectada na triagem neonatal com base na dosagem de TSH, representando um desafio clínico. Portanto, quando possível, o estudo genético molecular é indicado. A identificação dos afetados e dos portadores permite o diagnóstico, o tratamento e o aconselhamento genético adequado.

A RECURRENT MUTATION IN TSHB GENE UNDERLYING CENTRAL CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM UNDETECTABLE IN NEONATAL SCREENING.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a patient with central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) due to a recurrent mutation in the TSHB gene, as well as to conduct a genetic study of his family. CASE DESCRIPTION: It is presented a case report of a 5-month-old boy with a delayed diagnosis of isolated CCH in whom the molecular analysis was performed 12 years later and detected a recurrent mutation (c.373delT) in TSHB gene. The parents and sister were carriers of the mutant allele. COMMENTS: The c.373delT mutation has previously been reported in patients from Brazil, Germany, Belgium, United States, Switzerland, Argentina, France, Portugal, United Kingdom and Ireland. In summary, our case and other ones reported in the literature support the theory that this mutation may be a common cause of isolated TSH deficiency. Isolated TSH deficiency is not detected by routine TSH-based neonatal screening, representing a clinical challenge. Therefore, when possible, molecular genetic study is indicated. Identification of affected and carriers allows the diagnosis, treatment and adequate genetic counseling.

Teste do pezinho: condições materno-fetais que podem interferir no exame em recém-nascidos atendidos na unidade de terapia intensiva / Heel prick test: maternal-fetal conditions that may have an effect on the test results in newborns admitted to the intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características do teste do pezinho dos neonatos atendidos na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário, bem como verificar se existiam condições maternas e fetais que pudessem interferir no resultado desse exame. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo longitudinal de abordagem quantitativa que avaliou 240 prontuários médicos. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: Houve predomínio de gestantes com idades entre 20 a 34 anos, com Ensino Médio completo e que realizaram mais de seis consultas pré-natais. As intercorrências ou patologias maternas ocorreram em 60% das mães, e a maioria (67,5%) não apresentou nenhuma condição que pudesse interferir no resultado do teste do pezinho. A maioria dos neonatos era prematura e exibiu baixo peso ao nascimento. Cerca de 90% dos neonatos exibiram condições que poderiam influenciar no exame, principalmente prematuridade, nutrição parenteral e transfusão sanguínea. Dos 240 neonatos, 25% apresentaram resultado alterado no teste do pezinho, sobretudo para fibrose cística e hiperplasia adrenal congênita. Conclusão: Existem condições maternas e neonatais que podem interferir no teste do pezinho e, nesse sentido, sua investigação é imprescindível, visando direcionar ações que promovam a saúde materno-infantil e consolidem a triagem neonatal nessa população.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the characteristics of the heel prick test in newborns admitted to the intensive care unit of a university hospital as well as to determine whether maternal and fetal conditions could have affected the results of this test. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study with a quantitative approach that evaluated 240 medical records. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis. Results: There was a predominance of pregnant women aged 20 to 34 years who had a complete secondary education and who had more than six prenatal care visits. Maternal complications or pathologies occurred in 60% of the mothers, and most (67.5%) did not present any condition that could have affected the heel prick test results. Most newborns were premature and exhibited low birth weight. Approximately 90% of newborns exhibited conditions that could have influenced the test, especially prematurity, parenteral nutrition and blood transfusion. Of the 240 newborns, 25% had abnormal heel prick test results, especially for cystic fibrosis and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Conclusion: There are maternal and neonatal conditions that can affect heel prick test results, and therefore, their investigation is essential, aiming to guide measures that promote mother and child health and consolidate neonatal screening in this population.

Heel prick test: maternal-fetal conditions that may have an effect on the test results in newborns admitted to the intensive care unit. / Teste do pezinho: condições materno-fetais que podem interferir no exame em recém-nascidos atendidos na unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of the heel prick test in newborns admitted to the intensive care unit of a university hospital as well as to determine whether maternal and fetal conditions could have affected the results of this test. METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal study with a quantitative approach that evaluated 240 medical records. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was a predominance of pregnant women aged 20 to 34 years who had a complete secondary education and who had more than six prenatal care visits. Maternal complications or pathologies occurred in 60% of the mothers, and most (67.5%) did not present any condition that could have affected the heel prick test results. Most newborns were premature and exhibited low birth weight. Approximately 90% of newborns exhibited conditions that could have influenced the test, especially prematurity, parenteral nutrition and blood transfusion. Of the 240 newborns, 25% had abnormal heel prick test results, especially for cystic fibrosis and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: There are maternal and neonatal conditions that can affect heel prick test results, and therefore, their investigation is essential, aiming to guide measures that promote mother and child health and consolidate neonatal screening in this population.

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características do teste do pezinho dos neonatos atendidos na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário, bem como verificar se existiam condições maternas e fetais que pudessem interferir no resultado desse exame. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo longitudinal de abordagem quantitativa que avaliou 240 prontuários médicos. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio de gestantes com idades entre 20 a 34 anos, com Ensino Médio completo e que realizaram mais de seis consultas pré-natais. As intercorrências ou patologias maternas ocorreram em 60% das mães, e a maioria (67,5%) não apresentou nenhuma condição que pudesse interferir no resultado do teste do pezinho. A maioria dos neonatos era prematura e exibiu baixo peso ao nascimento. Cerca de 90% dos neonatos exibiram condições que poderiam influenciar no exame, principalmente prematuridade, nutrição parenteral e transfusão sanguínea. Dos 240 neonatos, 25% apresentaram resultado alterado no teste do pezinho, sobretudo para fibrose cística e hiperplasia adrenal congênita. CONCLUSÃO: Existem condições maternas e neonatais que podem interferir no teste do pezinho e, nesse sentido, sua investigação é imprescindível, visando direcionar ações que promovam a saúde materno-infantil e consolidem a triagem neonatal nessa população.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome: rs1799752 polymorphism of ACE gene.

PURPOSE: To investigate the contribution of the deletion polymorphism and insertion (rs1799752) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the aetiology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). METHODOLOGY: 97 women diagnosed with PCOS who received care at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of UFTM, participated in this study. The control group consisted of 94 women. All participants were submitted to the collection of 10 mL of whole blood and the genomic DNA was obtained by the saline extraction method. The genotyping of the samples was performed by means of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The statistics analyses were performed by descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model. The results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI-95%), with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for the genotypic (χ2 = 1.52, p = 0.47) and allelic frequencies (χ2 = 0.21, p = 0.76). The distribution of the genotypic frequency is not in HWE for patients (χ2 = 18.80, p <0.05) and for controls (χ2 = 6.85, p <0.05). In relation to the risk factors for the syndrome, the history of familial PCOS is more frequent between women with the syndrome. CONCLUSION: In the study population, there was no association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and PCOS.

Turner syndrome and spontaneous pregnancy / Síndrome de Turner e gravidez espontânea

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to describe patients with Turner syndrome (TS) who had spontaneous pregnancy and, when possible, to present the frequency of this outcome in this genetic condition. This is a literature review conducted in MedLine/PubMed, using the following English descriptors: Turner syndrome and spontaneous pregnancy. The following filters have been activated: articles with a publication date from the last 10 years that present the descriptors in the title/abstract. Twenty-nine articles were identified using the electronic search. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number of articles selected was seven. However, two more articles were included after consulting the reference lists of these seven studies, totaling nine scientific articles. The frequency of spontaneous pregnancy ranged from 1.26% to 5.6%. Sixty-two TS patients who spontaneously became pregnant and 153 pregnancies were reported. There was a predominance of karyotype 45,X/46,XX (42 patients). Three patients were diagnosed with TS in adulthood and two of them after pregnancy. The minimum age at pregnancy was 21 years and the maximum 32. In the gestational outcome, an expressive number of children born, and abortions were observed, the latter with values of 54.9% and 34.6%. The present study described patients with TS and spontaneous pregnancy with mosaic (more frequent) and pure karyotype. It is believed that this value may be underestimated, since few studies have investigated primarily spontaneous pregnancy in this genetic condition, and many TS patients may not have been diagnosed because of the wide phenotypic variability associated with this chromosomal abnormality.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é descrever pacientes com síndrome de Turner (ST) que tiveram gravidez espontânea e, quando possível, apresentar a frequência desse desfecho nessa condição genética. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica realizada no MedLine/ PubMed, utilizando os descritores, em inglês: Turner syndrome and spontaneous pregnancy. Os seguintes filtros foram ativados: artigos com data de publicação dos últimos 10 anos que apresentassem os descritores no título/abstract. Foram identificados na busca eletrônica, 29 artigos. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, o número de artigos selecionados foi sete. No entanto, mais dois artigos foram incluídos após a consulta das referências bibliográficas dos sete estudos, totalizando nove artigos científicos. A frequência de gravidez espontânea variou de 1,26% a 5,6%. Foram relatadas 62 pacientes com ST que engravidaram espontaneamente e 153 gravidezes. Houve predomínio do cariótipo 45,X/46,XX (42 pacientes). Três pacientes foram diagnosticadas com ST na idade adulta e duas delas após a gestação. A idade mínima na gestação foi 21 anos e a máxima, 32. No desfecho gestacional, foi observado um número expressivo de crianças nascidas e abortos, este último com valores de 54,9% e 34,6%. O presente estudo descreveu pacientes com ST e gravidez espontânea com cariótipo mosaico - mais frequente -, e puro. Acredita-se que esse valor possa estar subestimado, uma vez que há poucos estudos que investigaram primariamente a gravidez espontânea nessa condição genética, e muitas pacientes com ST podem não ter sido diagnosticadas devido à ampla variabilidade fenotípica associada a essa anomalia cromossômica.

Investigation of VEGF gene polymorphism rs35569394 in endometriosis / Investigação do polimorfismo rs35569394 do gene VEGF em endometriose

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in locations outside the uterus. Its symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, dysuria, and dyschezia. Several studies have related the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphisms as a factor for the development of endometriosis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of the VEGF gene polymorphism rs35569394 in women with endometriosis and a control group, as well as to investigate the association of this polymorphism with the risk of endometriosis. Methods: This case-control study included 45 endometriosis patients (cases) and 78 controls. The molecular analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The chi-square test was used to compare the genotype and allele frequencies, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was also tested using the chi-square test, considering the significance of p < 0.05. Results: The frequency of the II, ID and DD genotype was 24.4% versus 26.9%; 35.6% versus 37.2%; and 40% versus 35.9%, in patients and the control group, respectively. The allele frequencies were I: 0.42 (cases) and 0.45 (control); D: 0.58 (cases) and 0.55 (control). The allele and genotype frequency of VEGF -2549I/D polymorphism was not different between women with endometriosis and the control. Conclusion: In the present study, the frequency of the VEGF gene polymorphism rs35569394 is similar between cases and control. This genetic variant is not associated with endometriosis in the investigated population.

RESUMO Introdução: A endometriose é uma condição ginecológica crônica caracterizada pela presença de tecido endometrial em sítios extrauterinos. Seus sintomas incluem dismenorreia, dispareunia, dor pélvica crônica, infertilidade, disúria e disquezia. Diversos estudos têm relacionado os polimorfismos no gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) como um fator para o desenvolvimento da endometriose. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a frequência do polimorfismo rs35569394 do gene VEGF em mulheres com endometriose e controle, bem como investigar a associação deste polimorfismo ao risco de endometriose. Métodos: Este estudo caso-controle incluiu 45 pacientes com endometriose (casos) e 78 controle. A análise molecular foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). O teste do qui-quadrado foi empregado para comparar as frequências genotípicas e alélicas, e o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg foi testado também por meio do teste do qui-quadrado, considerando a significância de p < 0,05. Resultados: A frequência do genótipo II, ID e DD foi de 24,4% versus 26,9%; 35,6% versus 37,2%; e 40% versus 35,9%, em pacientes e controle, respectivamente. As frequências alélicas foram I: 0,42 (casos) e 0,45 (controles) e D: 0,58 (casos) e 0,55 (controle). A frequência de alelos e genótipos do polimorfismo VEGF -2549I/D não foi diferente entre as mulheres com endometriose e as controle. Conclusão: Na casuística analisada, a frequência do polimorfismo rs35569394 do gene VEGF é semelhante entre casos e controle. Essa variante genética não está associada à endometriose na população investigada.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome: rs1799752 polymorphism of ACE gene

SUMMARY PURPOSE: To investigate the contribution of the deletion polymorphism and insertion (rs1799752) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the aetiology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). METHODOLOGY: 97 women diagnosed with PCOS who received care at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of UFTM, participated in this study. The control group consisted of 94 women. All participants were submitted to the collection of 10 mL of whole blood and the genomic DNA was obtained by the saline extraction method. The genotyping of the samples was performed by means of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The statistics analyses were performed by descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model. The results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI-95%), with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for the genotypic (χ2 = 1.52, p = 0.47) and allelic frequencies (χ2 = 0.21, p = 0.76). The distribution of the genotypic frequency is not in HWE for patients (χ2 = 18.80, p <0.05) and for controls (χ2 = 6.85, p <0.05). In relation to the risk factors for the syndrome, the history of familial PCOS is more frequent between women with the syndrome. CONCLUSION: In the study population, there was no association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and PCOS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Investigar a contribuição do polimorfismo de deleção e inserção (rs1799752) do gene enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) na etiologia da Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP). MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 97 mulheres diagnosticadas com SOP, atendidas no ambulatório de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia do Hospital de Clínicas da UFTM. O grupo controle foi constituído por 94 mulheres. Todas as participantes foram submetidas à coleta de 10 mL de sangue total e o DNA genômico foi obtido pelo método de extração salina. A genotipagem das amostras foi realizada por meio da Reação da Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). A análise estatística foi realizada por análises descritivas, análise univariada e modelo de regressão logística. Os resultados foram apresentados em odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC - 95%). Foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre pacientes e controles para as frequências genotípicas (χ2=1,52; p=0,47) e alélicas (χ2=0,21; p=0,76). A distribuição da frequência genotípica não está em equilíbrio de HWE para as pacientes (χ2=18,80; p<0,05) e para controles (χ2=6,85; p<0,05). Em relação aos fatores de risco para a síndrome, a história familial de SOP é mais frequente entre as pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Na casuística estudada não há associação do polimorfismo I/D do gene ACE e SOP.

Gene Polymorphisms in FAS (Rs3740286 and Rs4064) Are Involved in Endometriosis Development in Brazilian Women, but not those in CASP8 (rs13416436 and rs2037815) / Polimorfismos do gene FAS (rs3740286 e rs4064) estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento de endometriose em mulheres brasileiras, mas não os no CASP8 (rs13416436 e rs2037815)

Abstract Objective The present study aims to investigate the association between caspase-8 (CASP8) (rs13416436 and rs2037815) and Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS) (rs3740286 and rs4064) polymorphisms with endometriosis in Brazilian women. Methods In the present case-control study, 45 women with a diagnosis of endometriosis and 78 normal healthy women as a control group were included. The genotyping was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Taqman hydrolysis probes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). Genotypic and allelic frequencies were analyzed using Chi-squared (χ2) test. In order to determine the inheritance models and haplotypes ,SNPStats (Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain) was used. Levels of 5% (p = 0.05) were considered statistically significant. Results No significant difference was observed in genotypic or allelic frequencies between control and endometriosis groups for rs13416436 and rs2037815 (CASP8 gene). On the other hand, a significant difference between rs3740286 and rs4064 (FAS gene) was found. Regarding polymorphisms in the FAS gene, a statistically significant differencewas found in co-dominant and dominantmodels. Only the haplotype containing the rs3740286A and rs4064G alleles in the FAS gene were statistically significant. Conclusion The polymorphisms in the CASP8 gene were not associated with endometriosis. The results indicate an association between FAS gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing endometriosis.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a associação entre os polimorfismos dos genes caspase-8 (CASP8) (rs13416436 e rs2037815) e FAS (rs3740286 e rs4064) em mulheres brasileiras com endometriose. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo do tipo caso-controle, no qual foram incluídas 45 mulheres com diagnóstico de endometriose e 78 controles. A genotipagem das amostras foi determinada usando a reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real com sondas de hidrólise TaqMan (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). As frequências genotípicas e alélicas foram analisadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O SNPStats (Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Espanha) foi usado para determinar os modelos de herança e os haplótipos. Os níveis de significância estatística considerados foram de 5% (p = 0,05). Resultados Não foi observada diferença significativa nas frequências genotípicas ou alélicas entre os grupos de controle e de endometriose para os polimorfismos rs13416436 e rs2037815 (gene CASP8). Por outro lado, foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre os polimorfismos rs3740286 e rs4064 (gene FAS). Em relação aos polimorfismos do gene FAS, foi encontrada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa nos modelos codominante e dominante. Apenas o haplótipo contendo os alelos rs3740286A e rs4064G no gene FAS foi estatisticamente significativo. Conclusão Não há associação entre os polimorfismos do gene CASP8 e endometriose. Entretanto, há associação entre os polimorfismos do gene FAS e o risco de desenvolver endometriose.