Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea y conducta alimentaria en escolares españoles / Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and eating behaviour in Spanish schoolchildren

Introducción: las conductas alimentarias pueden modular o influir en la calidad de la dieta y el grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterráneade niños y adolescentes.Objetivos: investigar la asociación entre la calidad de la dieta y el comportamiento alimentario en un grupo de escolares españoles.Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo en una muestra de 283 escolares españoles de seis a 16 años. Cada sujeto fue evaluadomediante el cuestionario KIDMED de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el cuestionario Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) paraevaluar el comportamiento alimentario.Resultados: un 12,80 % de la muestra presentó baja adherencia a la dieta mediterránea; un 59,80 %, adherencia mejorable; y un 27,40 %,adherencia alta. Al relacionar las conductas alimentarias con la calidad dietética, los escolares con mayor disfrute por los alimentos y menosexigencia con la comida presentan el doble de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, por un consumo de casi el doble de vegetales, frutos secoso pescado, así como menor ingesta de procesados de baja calidad (golosinas y dulces). La respuesta a la saciedad y la velocidad de ingestatambién tuvieron un papel importante en las elecciones alimentarias.Conclusiones: las conductas alimentarias pueden tener un importante papel en la calidad de la dieta de los escolares, destacando el disfrute y laaceptación o rechazo por los alimentos. Dada la naturaleza bidireccional de los efectos entre las conductas alimentarias y la calidad de la dieta, elanálisis conjunto puede ser la base de futuras investigaciones con el objetivo de un mejor abordaje nutricional desde las edades más tempranas.(AU)

Introduction: eating behaviors may modulate or influence diet quality and the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet in children andadolescents.Aims: to investigate the association between diet quality and eating behavior in a group of Spanish schoolchildren.Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study of 283 Spain schoolchildren aged six to 16. Each subject was assessed using the KIDMED question-naire for adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) questionnaire to assess eating behavior.Results: of the sample, 12.80 % had low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 59.80 % had poor adherence, 59.80 % could be improved, and27.40 % had high adherence. When relating eating behavior to dietary quality, it was found that, generally, schoolchildren with greater enjoymentof food and less demand for food have double the adherence to the Mediterranean diet due to almost twice the consumption of vegetables,nuts, and fish, and a lower intake of low-quality processed foods (sweets). The response to satiety and the speed of ingestion also played animportant role in food choices.Conclusions: eating behaviors may play an essential role in the quality of school children’s diets highlighting the enjoyment and acceptance orrejection of food. Given the bidirectional nature of the effects between eating behaviors and diet quality, the joint analysis may be the basis forfuture research with the aim of a better nutritional approach from the earliest ages.(AU)

Composite indexes of anthropometric failure in children under 5 years of age in Argentina: Comparative analysis among regions: 2019-2020.

OBJECTIVES: Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) and Extended CIAF (ECIAF) allow for the identification of simultaneous presence of two or more types of malnutrition. The objective of this study was to analyze anthropometric failure in Argentinean children under 5 years old, taking into consideration regional and socioeconomic perspectives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the National Survey of Children and Adolescents MICS 2019-2020 were used, which included 5473 children under 5 years old of both sexes residing in the six regions of Argentina. CIAF and ECIAF excludes children not in anthropometric failure (group A) and was calculated from a percentage of children included in malnutrition categories B: wasting only; C: wasting and underweight; D: wasting, stunting, and underweight; E: stunting and underweight; F: stunting only; Y: underweight only; G: only weight excess; and H: stunting and weight excess. The data were analyzed according to region and wealth quintile. RESULTS: In children aged 0-2.99 years, CIAF was 12.5% and ECIAF was 27.7%, with boys being more affected. In children aged 3-4.99 years, the rates were 9.7% and 22.3%, respectively, with girls showing a higher prevalence. The highest ECIAF was recorded in the Patagonia region (31.3%), while the highest ECIAF was observed in the poorest quintile. DISCUSSION: The presence of double burden of malnutrition has been observed across all regions and household income levels. Additionally, overweight has shown a higher intensity in economically prosperous regions and households, while stunting has been more prevalent in economically disadvantaged areas.

[Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and eating behaviour in Spanish schoolchildren]. / Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea y conducta alimentaria en escolares españoles.

Introduction: Introduction: eating behaviors may modulate or influence diet quality and the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet in children and adolescents. Aims: to investigate the association between diet quality and eating behavior in a group of Spanish schoolchildren. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study of 283 Spain schoolchildren aged six to 16. Each subject was assessed using the KIDMED questionnaire for adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) questionnaire to assess eating behavior. Results: of the sample, 12.80 % had low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 59.80 % had poor adherence, 59.80 % could be improved, and 27.40 % had high adherence. When relating eating behavior to dietary quality, it was found that, generally, schoolchildren with greater enjoyment of food and less demand for food have double the adherence to the Mediterranean diet due to almost twice the consumption of vegetables, nuts, and fish, and a lower intake of low-quality processed foods (sweets). The response to satiety and the speed of ingestion also played an important role in food choices. Conclusions: eating behaviors may play an essential role in the quality of school children's diets highlighting the enjoyment and acceptance or rejection of food. Given the bidirectional nature of the effects between eating behaviors and diet quality, the joint analysis may be the basis for future research with the aim of a better nutritional approach from the earliest ages.

Introducción: Introducción: las conductas alimentarias pueden modular o influir en la calidad de la dieta y el grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de niños y adolescentes. Objetivos: investigar la asociación entre la calidad de la dieta y el comportamiento alimentario en un grupo de escolares españoles. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo en una muestra de 283 escolares españoles de seis a 16 años. Cada sujeto fue evaluado mediante el cuestionario KIDMED de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el cuestionario Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) para evaluar el comportamiento alimentario. Resultados: un 12,80 % de la muestra presentó baja adherencia a la dieta mediterránea; un 59,80 %, adherencia mejorable; y un 27,40 %, adherencia alta. Al relacionar las conductas alimentarias con la calidad dietética, los escolares con mayor disfrute por los alimentos y menos exigencia con la comida presentan el doble de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, por un consumo de casi el doble de vegetales, frutos secos o pescado, así como menor ingesta de procesados de baja calidad (golosinas y dulces). La respuesta a la saciedad y la velocidad de ingesta también tuvieron un papel importante en las elecciones alimentarias. Conclusiones: las conductas alimentarias pueden tener un importante papel en la calidad de la dieta de los escolares, destacando el disfrute y la aceptación o rechazo por los alimentos. Dada la naturaleza bidireccional de los efectos entre las conductas alimentarias y la calidad de la dieta, el análisis conjunto puede ser la base de futuras investigaciones con el objetivo de un mejor abordaje nutricional desde las edades más tempranas.

Sobrepeso y obesidad en gestantes controladas en la atención primaria de salud, punta arenas, chile

Objetivo: Relacionar el sobrepeso y obesidad de gestantes con la presencia de patologías del embarazo y tipo de parto. Material y Método: Se estudió a 100 gestantes bajo control en un CESFAM de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, controladas en forma regular entre enero y noviembre del año 2018. Se utilizó fuente secundaria anonimizada con las respectivas autorizaciones y aprobación de un comité de ética. Resultados: Al inicio del embarazo un 66% de las gestantes presentó malnutrición por exceso (37% sobrepeso y el 29% obesidad), al término la proporción aumentó al 74% (33 % sobrepeso más 41% obesidad). Cerca del 97% de las gestantes obesas mantuvo su condición de obesidad. La prevalencia de diabetes gestacional fue de 21% y más frecuente en las gestantes con malnutrición por exceso, alcanzando un 45,6% del total. La prevalencia de parto por cesárea fue de 53,8%, más frecuente en las embarazadas obesas. Se demostró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre malnutrición por exceso y edad de la madre, ganancia de peso y tipo de parto. Conclusiones: La malnutrición por exceso se asoció a presencia de diabetes gestacional y mayor prevalencia de parto por cesárea.

Objective: To relate overweight and obesity in pregnant women with the presence of pregnancy pathologies and type of delivery. Materials and Methods: 100 pregnant women, who were regularly monitored between January and November 2018, in a Family Health Center (CESFAM) of the city of Punta Arenas, in the southernmost part of Chile. Anonymization for secondary source was used with the appropriate authorizations and approval of an Ethics Committee. Results: At the beginning of pregnancy, 66% of pregnant women had excess malnutrition (37% overweight and 29% obese), at delivery the proportion increased to 74% (33% overweight and 41% obese). Nearly 97% of obese pregnant women remained obese. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 21% and was more common in pregnant women with excess malnutrition, reaching 45.6% of the total. The prevalence of cesarean delivery was 53.8% and was more common in obese pregnant women. A statistically significant association was found between excess malnutrition and maternal age, weight gain and type of delivery. Conclusions: Excess malnutrition was associated with the presence of gestational diabetes and a higher prevalence of cesarean delivery.

Objetivo: Relacionar o sobrepeso e a obesidade em gestantes com a presença de patologias da gravidez e o tipo de parto. Material e Método: Estudaram-se 100 gestantes, que foram controladas regularmente entre janeiro e novembro de 2018, em um Centro de Saúde da Família (CESFAM) da cidade de Punta Arenas, no extremo sul do Chile. Foi utilizada uma fonte secundária anônima com as respectivas autorizações e aprovação de um comitê de ética. Resultados: No início da gravidez, 66% das gestantes apresentavam desnutrição por excesso (37% com sobrepeso e 29% obesas); no final da gravidez, a proporção aumentou para 74% (33% com sobrepeso e 41% obesas). Cerca de 97% das gestantes obesas permaneceram obesas. A prevalência de diabetes gestacional foi de 21% e mais frequente em gestantes com desnutrição por excesso, chegando a 45,6% do total. A prevalência de parto cesáreo foi de 53,8%, mais frequente em gestantes obesas. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre o excesso de desnutrição e a idade materna, o ganho de peso e o tipo de parto. Conclusões: A desnutrição por excesso foi associada à presença de diabetes gestacional e à maior prevalência de parto cesáreo.

Concordance between methods of estimating body fat in pediatric and adolescent age.

Background and objective: The percentage of fat (%BF), essential data in the health or nutrition field, can be estimated by different methods. This work compares the %BF values obtained by anthropometry, Near Infrared Interactance (NIR), and Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA), in childhood and adolescence. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 1015 schoolchildren aged 9 to 16 years. Height, weight, and four adipose folds were measured: tricipital, bicipital, subscapular, and suprailiac. The %BF by anthropometry was calculated using a specific formula based on body density (BD). A tetrapolar analyzer was used for the BIA calculation. The optical density in the biceps was measured for the one observed by NIR. Results: The high correlation and determination coefficients show that the relationship between %BF by anthropometry, BIA, or NIR is very strong, mainly between the first two. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) results between Anthropometry and BIA show an almost perfect agreement. Its graphical contrast attests that the correlation is higher in the male sex. In general, the agreement between Anthropometry and BIA is higher than between Anthropometry and NIR. Conclusions: The three techniques used to measure %BF show high concordance. All ICC values between pairs of methods are above 0.90. The comparison of %BF by anthropometry with BIA or NIR shows that the affinity is higher in intermediate adiposity percentages than in extreme ones. This trend occurs in both sexes and age groups.

Sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de la Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Chile, (2009 ­ 2019), y comparación de dos metodologías para el diagnóstico / Overweight and obesity in schoolchildren in the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region, Chile, (2009 - 2019), and comparison of two methodologies for diagnosis

Introducción. En Chile la prevalencia de obesidad total en población escolar alcanza al 31% y la obesidad severa al 10,8%. La Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, es una de las más afectadas por esta epidemia. El diagnóstico nutricional confiable y una intervención oportuna pueden evitar que los niños enfermen y deterioren su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia del estado nutricional de escolares de la Región de Magallanes, según datos reportados por la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas, JUNAEB, entre 2009-2019 y comparar resultados del año 2010 con un estudio propio. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó el estado nutricional de 71.334 escolares de la Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena por nivel educacional y variables demográficas, según información de JUNAEB. Luego se compararon los resultados de escolares de 1º básico del año 2010, obtenidos a través de dos metodologías: fuente secundaria, Encuesta JUNAEB, y fuente primaria, estudio antropométrico realizado en la misma región y año. Resultados. Según datos de JUNAEB el exceso ponderal se incrementó en escolares de la región en 4,4 % entre 2009 y 2019, el grupo más afectado fue 1º básico. En el año 2010 la prevalencia de obesidad para escolares de 1º básico según JUNAEB fue 21,8% y según estudio regional propio fue 25,7%. Conclusiones. La malnutrición por exceso afecta al 53,8% de los escolares de la Región de Magallanes y podría ser mayor, considerando que la información censal podría estar subestimando el sobrepeso y obesidad. Es urgente intervenir para evitar perpetuar esta epidemia(AU)

Introduction. In Chile the prevalence of total obesity in school population reaches 31% and severe obesity 10.8%. The Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region is one of the most affected by this epidemic. Reliable nutritional diagnosis and timely intervention can prevent children from getting sick and deteriorating their quality of life. Objective. To analyze the trend of nutritional status of schoolchildren in the Magallanes Region, according to data reported by the National Board of School Aid and Scholarships, JUNAEB between 2009-2019 and compare results from 2010 with our own study. Materials and methods. The nutritional status of 71,334 schoolchildren in the Magallanes Region and Chilean Antarctica was analyzed by educational level and demographic variables, according to information from JUNAEB. Then, the results of schoolchildren in 1st grade in 2010 were compared, obtained through two methods: secondary source, JUNAEB survey, and primary source, anthropometric study carried out in the same region and year. Results. According to JUNAEB data, overweight increased in school children in the region by 4.4% between 2009 and 2019, the most affected group was 1st grade. In 2010 the prevalence of obesity for 1st grade schoolchildren according to JUNAEB was 21.8% and according to our own regional study it was 25.7%. Conclusions. Excess malnutrition affects 53.8% of school children in the Magallanes Region and could be higher, considering that census information could be underestimating overweight and obesity. It is urgent to intervene to avoid perpetuating this epidemic(AU)

Fatigue, Work Overload, and Sleepiness in a Sample of Spanish Commercial Airline Pilots.

Commercial aviation pilots are an occupational group that work in particular conditions, with frequent schedule changes, shift work, unfavorable environmental conditions, etc. These circumstances can lead to fatigue, work overload (WO), and daytime sleepiness, factors that can affect their health and safety. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and the association between these parameters in a sample of Spanish commercial airline pilots. The Raw TLX, Fatigue Severity Scale, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires were administered in a sample of 283 participants. The relationships of the total scores between all the questionnaires were studied by the chi-square test and the risk scores (odds ratio) were calculated. Different models using multiple linear regression were carried out to evaluate the effects of WO, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness, among the total scores, age, and flight hours. Additionally, the internal consistency of each questionnaire was estimated. A total of 28.2% presented WO above the 75th percentile, with mental and temporal demand the dimensions with the greatest weight. A total of 18% of pilots presented fatigue, 15.8% moderate sleepiness, and 3.9% severe sleepiness. We observed an association among WO, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness, important factors related to pilot health and aviation safety.

Eating Behavior and Obesity in a Sample of Spanish Schoolchildren.

From the point of view of prevention, it is convenient to explore the association between eating behavior and the obese phenotype during school and adolescent age. The aim of the present study was to identify eating behavior patterns associated with nutritional status in Spanish schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study of 283 boys and girls (aged 6 to 16 years) was carried out. The sample was evaluated anthropometrically by Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body fat percentage (%BF). Eating behavior was analyzed using the CEBQ "Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire". The subscales of the CEBQ were significantly associated with BMI, WHtR and %BF. Pro-intake subscales (enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, emotional overeating, desire for drinks) were positively related to excess weight by BMI (ß = 0.812 to 0.869; p = 0.002 to <0.001), abdominal obesity (ß = 0.543-0.640; p = 0.02 to <0.009) and high adiposity (ß = 0.508 to 0.595; p = 0.037 to 0.01). Anti-intake subscales (satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, food fussiness) were negatively related to BMI (ß = -0.661 to -0.719; p = 0.009 to 0.006) and % BF (ß = -0.17 to -0.46; p = 0.042 to p = 0.016).

Genetic risk score for common obesity and anthropometry in Spanish schoolchildren.

IntroductionCommon or non-syndromic obesity is a complex polygenic trait conditioned by biallelic or single-base polymorphisms called SNPs (Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms) that present an additive effect and act synergistically. Most genotype-obese phenotype association studies include body mass index (BMI) or waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and very few introduce a broad anthropometric profile. ObjectiveTo verify whether a genetic risk score (GRS) developed from 10 SNPs is associated with the obesity phenotype assessed from anthropometric measures indicative of excess weight, adiposity and fat distribution. Material and methodsA series of 438 Spanish schoolchildren (6-16 years old) were evaluated anthropometrically (weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, BMI, WtHR, body fat percentage [%BF]). Ten SNPs were genotyped from saliva samples, generating a GRS for obesity, establishing genotype-phenotype association. ResultsSchoolchildren categorised as obese by BMI, ICT and %BF had higher GRS than their non-obese peers. The prevalence of overweight and adiposity was higher in subjects with a GRS above the median. Similarly, between 11 and 16 years of age, all anthropometric variables presented higher averages. ConclusionsGRS estimated from the 10 SNPs can be a diagnostic tool for the potential risk of obesity in Spanish schoolchildren and could be useful from the preventive perspective.

Atherogenic Risk, Anthropometry, Diet and Physical Activity in a Sample of Spanish Commercial Airline Pilots.

Cardiovascular accidents are the most disabling event for pilots, causing complicated situations during flight and the withdrawal of license. The study aims to assess the modifiable risk factors and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) associated with anthropometric, physiometabolic and lifestyle profiles in a sample of Spanish aviation pilots. Data from pilots' clinical and professional history, anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance assessments of nutritional status, and diet and physical activity questionnaires. The sample comprised 304 men pilots. Up to 53.6% showed excess weight, of which 6.4% were obese, 64.3% presented high relative adiposity and 64.6% showed abdominal obesity. Regarding the physiometabolic profile, 10.0% had hypertension, 42.6% hypercholesterolemia, 9.4% high LDL and 10.6% low HDL, 9.4% hyperglycemia and 8.1% hypertriglyceridemia. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was high in 29.7% and low in 14.7%. Most of the sample showed a good physical activity level. The AIP risk increased with higher obesity indicators and LDL cholesterol levels. There was an inverse relationship between the MedDiet adherence and vigorous physical activity and the risk of atherogenicity. Elevated rates of overweight, abdominal obesity and hypercholesterolemia were found, contributing to the atherogenic risk of plasma (AIP). This parameter was significantly associated with all anthropometric indicators and LDL cholesterol. Prevention plans on reducing excess fat and blood cholesterol levels are recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk in Spanish aviation pilots and ensure flight safety.

Referencias de índice de masa corporal. Precisión diagnóstica con área grasa braquial en escolares argentinos / Body mass index references. Diagnostic accuracy with the upper-arm fat area in Argentine schoolchildren

El índice de masa corporal (IMC) es una eficaz herramienta para detectar la sobrecarga ponderal en niños y adolescentes, asociado a la adiposidad corporal. Objetivo. Analizar la concordancia, sensibilidad y especificidad de tres referencias internacionales de IMC/edad (OMS, IOTF y CDC) para diagnosticar el exceso ponderal y conocer su precisión diagnóstica para identificar el exceso de adiposidad con relación al área grasa braquial (AGB) en población infanto juvenil de Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, descriptivo-comparativo y transversal entre 2003 y 2008, en 22.658 niños y adolescentes argentinos de 4 a 13 años de edad. A partir del peso, talla, circunferencia del brazo y pliegue tricipital, se calcularon IMC y AGB. Se analizó la concordancia, sensibilidad y especificidad de referencias de IMC/edad (OMS, CDC, IOTF) y la precisión diagnóstica (curvas ROC) para identificar exceso de adiposidad, a partir del AGB, así como el punto de corte óptimo (PCO). Resultados. Las tres referencias tuvieron buena concordancia. La mayor sensibilidad correspondió a OMS y la mayor especificidad a IOTF. El área bajo la curva (ABC) fue mayor en Z-IMC/IOTF en varones y en Z-IMC/OMS en mujeres. Los PCO mostraron discrepancias, siendo mayores con OMS. Conclusión. Las tres referencias muestran similar precisión diagnóstica para detectar alta reserva calórica, con puntos de corte óptimo para las puntuaciones Z-IMC menores a 2 Z scores. Esto resulta relevante para la identificación de exceso de adiposidad en poblaciones, en relación con la implementación de políticas públicas de prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles(AU)

The body mass index (BMI) is an effective tool to detect weight overload in children and adolescents, associated with body adiposity. Objective. To analyze the concordance, sensitivity and specificity of three international BMI/age references (WHO, IOTF and CDC) to diagnose excess weight and to know their diagnostic accuracy to identify excess adiposity in relation to the brachial fat area (BFA) in Argentine child-youth population. Materials and methods. A multicenter, descriptive- comparative and cross-sectional study was carried out between 2003 and 2008 in 22.658 Argentine children and adolescents between aged 4 to 13 years. From the weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital fold, BMI and BFA were calculated. The concordance, sensitivity, and specificity of BMI / age references (WHO, IOTF, CDC,) were analyzed and the diagnostic precision (ROC curves) to identify excess adiposity, from the BFA, as well as the optimal cut-off point (OCP). Results. The three references had good agreement, the highest sensitivity corresponded to WHO and the highest specificity to IOTF. The area under the curve (AUC) was greater in Z-BMI/IOTF in men and in Z-BMI/WHO in women. The OCPs showed discrepancies, being higher with WHO. Conclusion. The three references show similar diagnostic accuracy to detect high caloric reserve, but with cut-off points for Z-BMI scores less than 2 Z scores. This is relevant for the identification of excess adiposity in populations in relation to the implementation of public policies for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases(AU)

Growth patterns of normo-nourished Afghan, Haitian and Congolese children aged 6-59 months: A comparative study.

OBJECTIVES: International growth charts have been used in the past decades to identify atypical growth and diagnose the nutritional status of individuals. The aim of this study was to construct and compare growth patterns of normo-nourished children between 6-59 months from Afghanistan, Haiti, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to assess if it would be worth developing growth charts at a national level. METHODS: We used an international sample of 46 466 subjects (53.7% female; 46.3% male) from the aforementioned regions. To create the growth charts, we used different statistical methodologies: the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS), LMSP, and LMST models, and regression models based on fractional polynomials. The LMSP models were the ones that fitted our data best and were therefore the ones used to make comparisons between countries using percentiles (3rd, 50th, and 97th). RESULTS: We found that Haitian children were both, taller and heavier than their Afghan and Congolese equals of the same ages. Moreover, differences were bigger in the highest percentiles (i.e., 97th percentile). These differences might be the result of the influence that genetics and diverse social and environmental contexts have on growth rates. CONCLUSIONS: Using the same international reference standards for all populations could result in the overestimation or underestimation of the proportion of malnourished children. In light of our results, we recommend the future development of national and regional growth charts to provide health workers with more precise tools to evaluate the nutritional status in the child population.

Waist circumference percentiles for Hispanic-American children and comparison with other international references.

INTRODUCTION: Waist circumference (WC) constitutes an indirect measurement of central obesity in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To provide percentiles of WC for Hispanic-American children and adolescents, and compare them with other international references. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised 13 289 healthy children between 6 and 18 years coming from public schools of middle and low socioeconomic levels in different parts of Argentina, Cuba, Spain, Mexico, and Venezuela. The LMS method to calculate WC percentiles was applied. Sex and age differences were assessed using Student's t test and ANOVA (SPSS v.21.0). Comparisons were established with references from the United States, Colombia, India, China, Australia, Kuwait, Germany, Tunisia, Greece, and Portugal. RESULTS: WC increases with age in both sexes. Boys show higher WC in P3, P50, and P97. Comparison of 50th and 90th percentiles among populations from diverse sociocultural and geographical contexts shows high variability, not all justified by the measurement method. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Specific WC percentiles for sex and age, and P90 cut-off points are provided; these values are potentially useful to assess central obesity in Hispanic-American adolescent children.

¿Estamos en el camino correcto para reducir la obesidad infantil? / Are we on the right track to reduce childhood obesity?

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Valoración del estado nutricional y de hábitos y preferencias alimentarias en una población infanto-juvenil (7 a 16 años) de la Comunidad de Madrid / Assessment of nutritional status, and habits and food preferences in a child-youth population (7 to 16 years) of the Community of Madrid

Introducción: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la infancia y adolescencia en España es alarmante. El alto consumo de productos procesados de baja calidad nutricional pero alta densidad calórica, junto al sedentarismo, son dos de las principales causas. Objetivos: conocer la condición nutricional de una población de niños y adolescentes, y algunos de sus hábitos alimentarios, gustos y preferencias y práctica de actividad física. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal basado en una valoración antropométrica y encuesta sobre hábitos alimentarios y estilo de vida a 1.939 escolares de entre siete y 16 años de centros escolares de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se emplean índices actualizados como el índice de masa corporal (IMC) adaptado según los puntos de corte de cole y el índice cintura-talla (ICT), que presentan alta correlación con la adiposidad infantil. Resultados: las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad son elevadas tanto en población infantil como adolescente. Cabe destacar que la obesidad abdominal según ICT representa un mayor porcentaje que la obesidad global diagnosticada con el IMC (sobrepeso + obesidad total según IMC: 27,23%; y según ICT: 35,17%). El sedentarismo es elevado (25,12%), así como el consumo de productos altamente calóricos pero de bajo valor nutricional tanto en desayuno como en media mañana y merienda. Conclusión: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es elevada, sobre todo a nivel abdominal, probablemente asociada al creciente consumo de productos ultraprocesados y a las altas tasas de sedentarismo. Se concluye la necesidad de desarrollar programas de prevención de obesidad y educación nutricional

Background: the prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence in Spain is alarming. The high consumption of processed products of low nutritional quality but high caloric density, together with sedentary lifestyle, are two of the main causes. Objective: to know the nutritional status of a population of children and adolescents, and some of their eating habits, tastes and preferences, and physical activity practice. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study based on an anthropometric assessment and a survey on food habits and lifestyle in 1,939 schoolchildren between seven and 16 years of school age in the Community of Madrid. Updated indexes such as the body mass index (BMI) adapted according to the Cole cut-off points and the waist-height index (CTI), which have a high correlation with infant adiposity, are used. Results: the rates of overweight and obesity are high in both children and adolescents. It should be noted that abdominal obesity according to ICT represents a greater percentage than global obesity diagnosed with BMI (overweight + total obesity according to BMI: 27.23%, and according to ICT: 35.17%). The sedentariness is high (25.12%), as well as the consumption of highly caloric products, but of low nutritional value mainly at breakfast, mid-morning and snack. Conclusions: the prevalence of overweight and obesity is high, especially at the abdominal level, probably associated with the increasing consumption of ultra-processed products and the high rates of sedentary lifestyle. The conclusion is the need to develop programs to prevent obesity and nutritional education

[Assessment of nutritional status, and habits and food preferences in a child-youth population (7 to 16 years) of the Community of Madrid]. / Valoración del estado nutricional y de hábitos y preferencias alimentarias en una población infanto-juvenil (7 a 16 años) de la Comunidad de Madrid.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence in Spain is alarming. The high consumption of processed products of low nutritional quality but high caloric density, together with sedentary lifestyle, are two of the main causes. Objective: to know the nutritional status of a population of children and adolescents, and some of their eating habits, tastes and preferences, and physical activity practice. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study based on an anthropometric assessment and a survey on food habits and lifestyle in 1,939 schoolchildren between seven and 16 years of school age in the Community of Madrid. Updated indexes such as the body mass index (BMI) adapted according to the Cole cut-off points and the waist-height index (CTI), which have a high correlation with infant adiposity, are used. Results: the rates of overweight and obesity are high in both children and adolescents. It should be noted that abdominal obesity according to ICT represents a greater percentage than global obesity diagnosed with BMI (overweight + total obesity according to BMI: 27.23%, and according to ICT: 35.17%). The sedentariness is high (25.12%), as well as the consumption of highly caloric products, but of low nutritional value mainly at breakfast, mid-morning and snack. Conclusions: the prevalence of overweight and obesity is high, especially at the abdominal level, probably associated with the increasing consumption of ultra-processed products and the high rates of sedentary lifestyle. The conclusion is the need to develop programs to prevent obesity and nutritional education.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la infancia y adolescencia en España es alarmante. El alto consumo de productos procesados de baja calidad nutricional pero alta densidad calórica, junto al sedentarismo, son dos de las principales causas. Objetivos: conocer la condición nutricional de una población de niños y adolescentes, y algunos de sus hábitos alimentarios, gustos y preferencias y práctica de actividad física. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal basado en una valoración antropométrica y encuesta sobre hábitos alimentarios y estilo de vida a 1.939 escolares de entre siete y 16 años de centros escolares de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se emplean índices actualizados como el índice de masa corporal (IMC) adaptado según los puntos de corte de cole y el índice cintura-talla (ICT), que presentan alta correlación con la adiposidad infantil. Resultados: las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad son elevadas tanto en población infantil como adolescente. Cabe destacar que la obesidad abdominal según ICT representa un mayor porcentaje que la obesidad global diagnosticada con el IMC (sobrepeso + obesidad total según IMC: 27,23%; y según ICT: 35,17%). El sedentarismo es elevado (25,12%), así como el consumo de productos altamente calóricos pero de bajo valor nutricional tanto en desayuno como en media mañana y merienda. Conclusión: la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es elevada, sobre todo a nivel abdominal, probablemente asociada al creciente consumo de productos ultraprocesados y a las altas tasas de sedentarismo. Se concluye la necesidad de desarrollar programas de prevención de obesidad y educación nutricional.

Comparative analysis of abdominal obesity anthropometricindices for the diagnosis of physio-metabolic disorders

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficiency of anthropometric indicators of abdominal obesity in order to identify physio-metabolic disorders in Spanish adults. METHOD: We analyzed 3,122 women and 2,103 men at-tending diet consultation and registered their height, weightand umbilical perimeter. Body mass index (BMI), body round-ness (BRI), body shape (ABSI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were estimated. Blood pressure and serum levels ofglucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were taken. ROC curveswere applied to compare the utility of anthropometric indicesin the diagnosis of physio-metabolic disorders. RESULTS: The BRI and the WHtR showed the largest areasunder the curve (AUC) for the identification of hypertension, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia in both sexes andfor hypertriglyceridemia in men. The ABSI presented AUCs below the BMI for the diagnosis of all components. CONCLUSIONS: Due to its diagnostic efficiency and ease ofcalculation, the waist to height ratio is the most recommended parameter in the prediction of physio-metabolic alterations

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Relación entre el Índice Córmico y el Índice de Masa Corporalentre los 6 y 18 años / Relationship between Cormic Index and Body Mass Index between 6 and 18 years old

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) se utiliza para valorar la condición nutricional en niños y adultos, pero su principal limitación es que no tiene en cuenta la composición corporal ni la longitud de los segmentos corporales. El índice Córmico (IC) se utiliza para valorar la proporcionalidad y relaciona a talla sentado con la estatura. OBJETIVOS: Analizar la evolución del IMC y del IC con la edad y la asociación entre ambos. METODOLOGÍA: se parte de una muestra internacional de 7.688 niños y niñas entre 6 y 18 años. Se analizó la variabilidad ontogénica del IMC e IC por edad y su dimorfismo sexual así como la asociación entre condición nutricional y tamaño relativo del tronco. RESULTADOS: El IMC aumenta con la edad análogamente en ambos sexos. El IC disminuye hasta los 12 años, momento en el que comienza a aumentar alcanzando promedios superiores en el sexo femenino. Valores de IC elevados están relacionados con sobrepeso u obesidad, mientras valores de IC bajos lo están con insuficiencia ponderal (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Los sujetos con extremidad inferior más corta respecto a la estatura tienen un mayor riesgo de clasificarse con sobrepeso u obesidad, porque el tronco supone la mayor proporción del peso corporal total. La combinación del IC y del IMC podría mejorar el diagnóstico de la condición nutricional de los individuos

INTRODUCTION: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess nutritional status in children and adults, but its main limitation is that it does not take into account body composition or length of body segments. The Cormic Index (CI) is used to assess proportionality and relates setting height to total height. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the evolution of BMI and CI with age and the association between them. METHODOLOGY: an international sample of 7,688 boys and girls between 6 and 18 years old is used. The ontogenetic variability of BMI and CI by age and their sexual dimorphism were analysed, as well as the association between nutritional condition and relative size of the trunk. RESULTS: BMI increases with age in both sexes. The CI decreases until 12 years, at which time it begins to increase reaching higher averages in the female sex. High CI values are related to overweight or obesity, while low CI values are related to underweight (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: subjects with shorter lower extremities in relation to height have a greater risk of being classified as overweight or obese, because the trunk accounts for the largest proportion of total body weight. The combination of CI and BMI could improve the diagnosis of the nutritional condition of individuals

Alimentación de los escolares tarahumaras de la comunidad de Agua Zarca, Chihuahua, México / Food of tarahumara schoolchildren in the community of Agua Zarca, Chihuahua, México

Introducción: Los tarahumaras son un pueblo nativo de la Sierra Madre Occidental, en el estado de Chihuahua y uno de los más pobres de México. La Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos indígenas, mantiene un programa de alimentación en los Albergues Escolares destinado a paliar la desnutrición infantil. Objetivo: analizar la adecuación de la dieta que los escolares siguen en el albergue y compararla con la tienen en sus hogares. Métodos: la muestra es de 50 escolares de ambos sexos (edad 9.78 ± 1.25 años) asistentes a la "Escuela Albergue Indígena Ignacio León Ruíz" de Agua Zarca. Se aplicó un recordatorio de 24 horas, en la escuela y en los hogares. Se analizó el consumo energético, de macro y micronutrientes tomando como referencia las recomendaciones para la población mexicana. Resultados: el consumo energético y de todos los nutrientes fue superior en la comida de la escuela (p < 0.001), pero la proporción de sujetos con consumo deficitario fue para niacina (40%), ácido fólico (40%-55%) calcio (23,3%- 35%), hierro (35%), magnesio (55%) y zinc (80%). En los hogares, hasta 50% de los niños y 83,3% de las niñas no alcanzaron cobertura para ácido ascórbico, tiamina y riboflavina; entre 70%-95% reportaron baja ingesta en sodio, magnesio y potasio. Más del 50% presentó déficit para todos los micronutrientes y ningún escolar alcanzó cobertura para calcio y zinc. Conclusiones: Los albergues proporcionan una alimentación cualiatativa y cuantitativamente mejor que la del hogar, pero no alcanza a cubrir las necesidades de los escolares

Introduction: The Tarahumaras are a native people of the Sierra Madre Occidental, in the state of Chihuahua and one of the poorest in Mexico. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples maintains a food programme in school shelters to alleviate child malnutrition. Objective: to analyse the adequacy of the diet that schoolchildren follow in the shelter and to compare it with what they have at home. Methods: the sample is 50 schoolchildren of both sexes (age 9.78 ± 1.25 years) attending the "Ignacio León Ruíz Indigenous Shelter School" in Agua Zarca. A 24-hour reminder was applied at school and at home. The consumption of energy, macro and micronutrients was analyzed taking as a reference the recommendations for the Mexican population. Results: energy and all-nutrient intake was higher at school meal (p < 0.001), but the proportion of subjects with deficient intake was for niacin (40%), folic acid (40%-55%), calcium (23.3%-35%), iron (35%), magnesium (55%) and zinc (80%). In households, up to 50% of boys and 83.3% of girls did not reach coverage for ascorbic acid, thiamin and riboflavin; between 70%-95% reported low sodium, magnesium and potassium intake. More than 50% were deficient in all micronutrients and no schoolchildren achieved coverage for calcium and zinc. Conclusions: The shelters provide a qualitatively and quantitatively better diet than the home, but this is not enough to cover the needs of the schoolchildren