RESUMO
Genetically modified maize DP4114 × MON 89034 × MON 87411 × DAS-40278-9 was developed by crossing to combine four single events: DP4114, MON 89034, MON 87411 and DAS-40278-9. The GMO Panel previously assessed the four single maize events and two of the subcombinations and did not identify safety concerns. No new data on the single maize events or the assessed subcombinations were identified that could lead to modification of the original conclusions on their safety. The molecular characterisation, comparative analysis (agronomic, phenotypic and compositional characteristics) and the outcome of the toxicological, allergenicity and nutritional assessment indicate that the combination of the single maize events and of the newly expressed proteins in the four-event stack maize does not give rise to food and feed safety and nutritional concerns. Therefore, no post-market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable four-event stack maize grains into the environment, this would not raise environmental safety concerns. The GMO Panel assessed the likelihood of interactions among the single events in eight of the maize subcombinations not previously assessed and concludes that these are expected to be as safe as the single events, the previously assessed subcombinations and the four-event stack maize. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of maize DP4114 × MON 89034 × MON 87411 × DAS-40278-9. Post-market monitoring of food/feed is not considered necessary. The GMO Panel concludes that the four-event stack maize and its subcombinations are as safe as its non-GM comparator and the tested non-GM maize varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
RESUMO
Genetically modified oilseed rape GT73 was developed to confer herbicide tolerance; this property was achieved by introducing the single insert containing one copy of goxv247 and the CP4 epsps expression cassettes. The scope of the application EFSA-GMO-RX-026/2 is for the modification of the terms of the authorisation regarding the placing on the market of isolated seed protein from oilseed rape GT73 for food. Considering previous opinions on this event of the GMO Panel, the molecular characterisation data do not identify issues requiring additional food safety assessment. Based on previous assessments, no biologically relevant differences were identified in the compositional, agronomic and phenotypic characteristics of oilseed rape GT73 compared with its conventional counterpart, except for the newly expressed proteins. No new agronomic, phenotypic and compositional data in support of the comparative analysis were considered necessary in the context of this application. The GMO Panel did not identify indications of safety concern regarding toxicity, allergenicity or adjuvanticity related to the presence of the newly expressed proteins CP4 EPSPS and GOXv247 in oilseed rape GT73. Therefore, the GMO Panel concludes that in the context of this application, the consumption of oilseed rape GT73 does not represent any nutritional concern and is as safe as the conventional counterpart. No post-market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape GT73 into the environment, this would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape GT73. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape GT73 is as safe as its conventional counterpart with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment. These conclusions also apply to the placing on the food market of isolated seed protein produced from oilseed rape GT73.
RESUMO
Following a request from the European Commission; the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed the 2020 post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report on the cultivation of Cry1Ab-expressing maize event MON 810. Like previous years, there was full compliance with refuge requirement in Portugal and partial compliance with refuge requirements by Spanish farmers growing MON 810 varieties. European and Mediterranean corn borer populations collected from north-eastern Spain during the 2020 maize growing season and tested for Cry1Ab susceptibility show no symptoms of resistance to maize MON 810. The assessment of farmer questionnaires and relevant scientific publications does not indicate any unanticipated adverse effects on human and animal health or the environment arising from the cultivation of maize MON 810. Overall, EFSA concludes that the evidence reported in the 2020 PMEM report does not invalidate previous EFSA evaluations on the safety of maize MON 810. However, as in previous years, EFSA identifies shortcomings on resistance monitoring that need revision in future reports. In particular, the monitoring plan, as implemented in 2020, is not sufficiently sensitive to detect the recommended 3% resistance allele frequency. Consequently, EFSA strongly recommends the consent holder to achieve full compliance with refuge obligations in areas where adoption of maize MON 810 is high and increase the sensitivity of the monitoring plan by performing periodic F2-screens on corn borer populations from north-eastern Spain. EFSA recommends revising the farmer questionnaires when new characteristics of the receiving environment emerge which are relevant for the environmental risk assessment of MON 810 such as the emergence of teosinte. EFSA encourages the Competent authorities of concerned EU Member States, the consent holder and environmental networks to engage in a dialogue to develop a framework on how to best identify and report unexpected adverse effects from the cultivation of Bt maize varieties.
RESUMO
Introducción: En los últimos años, el exceso de peso se ha incrementado considerablemente en la población infantil y adolescente española. Este hecho se ha visto especialmente asociado con la aparición de nuevos hábitos alimentarios, como la ausencia del desayuno, la calidad de éste o el abandono de la denominada dieta mediterránea. Objetivos: Determinar el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de un grupo de escolares y contrastarlo con estudios similares. Analizar la ausencia/presencia del desayuno, la composición del mismo y la calidad de la dieta en general. Relacionar los hábitos alimentarios mencionados anteriormente con la condición nutricional de los estudiantes. Métodos: Se calculó el IMC (kg/m2) de 986 madrileños de 9 a 15 años. Se estableció el porcentaje de sujetos correspondientes a cada una de las categorías nutricionales propuestas por la International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Los datos de exceso ponderal obtenidos se compararon con los de otros estudios españoles, que habían utilizado los mismos estándares de referencia. Asimismo, se determinó la alimentación en general de los escolares, a partir de la encuesta Kidmed. Del mismo modo, se estudió la existencia o no del hábito de desayunar y los componentes alimenticios de dicha ingesta. Se relacionaron dichos datos con la condición nutricional de los escolares y se establecieron comparaciones mediante la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado. Resultados: Respecto al exceso de peso se constata, por un lado, que es inferior en la serie femenina (26,4%) que en la masculina (31,5%) y, por otro, que hay mayor número de escolares con sobrepeso (22,9%) que con obesidad (5,8%). La ausencia del hábito de desayunar es superior en las chicas (7,5%) que en los varones (4,9%). La presencia de dicha costumbre está asociada significativamente con mayores porcentajes de bajo peso o normopeso, en escolares de 11 a 13 años. Igualmente resulta significativa la relación entre el consumo de lácteos en el desayuno y los bajos niveles de IMC, pero esto no ocurre en el caso de los cereales. Discusión: Hay coincidencia con otros estudios en diversos aspectos: que el tanto por ciento de sujetos con sobrepeso es superior al de obesidad; que al aumentar la edad de los escolares crece el porcentaje de los que no desayunan y que hay concordancia entre la dieta de alta calidad y un menor IMC. Del mismo modo, los resultados son parecidos en que existe relación entre el consumo de lácteos en el desayuno y el exceso ponderal, aunque no resulta significativa y, sin embargo, no hay asociación en el caso de los cereales. En cambio, los datos resultan algo dispares con otros trabajos, al diferenciar los dos sexos, respecto al superávit de peso o al porcentaje de que los que no desayunan. Conclusiones: Existe mayor número de escolares con sobrepeso que con obesidad. El exceso ponderal es superior en el sexo masculino. El porcentaje de chicas que prescinde de la primera comida diaria es inferior al de los chicos. El IMC disminuye en los sujetos que desayunan. El hábito de no desayunar aumenta con la edad. La ingestión de lácteos en el desayuno está ligada a un mayor porcentaje de bajo peso o normopeso, hecho que no ocurre en el caso de los cereales. La mayoría de los estudiantes que siguen una dieta de alta calidad no presentan superávit de peso (AU)
Introduction: In the last years, the percentage of overweight and obese children and teenagers has increased among the Spanish population. This fact is closely associated with the acquisition of new alimentary habits. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to determine the Body Mass Index (BMI) in a group of schoolchildren and to compare the results to those of similar studies. Also, an association between both having breakfast and the quality of this meal, and the nutritional status of the children was investigated. Methods: This study comprises a sample of 986 school boys and schoolgirls who lived in Madrid and were aged 9 to 15 years old. Several anthropometric measures were taken in these children, including height and weight, which were used to calculate their BMI. The percentage of subjects from each category was established following the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). The results were compared with other Spanish studies. Also, the feeding behavior of children and teens was determined from the Kidmed test. Presence or absence of breakfast was related to nutritional condition and comparisons were assessed by chi-square test. Results: The results of this study reveal that the percentage of overweight children (22,9%) is higher than that of obese children (5,8%), and that both measures are higher in boys (31,5%) compared to girls (26,4%). On the other hand 7,5 % of girls do not have breakfast daily, whereas 4,9% of boys have this habit. Also, the results indicate that the habit of breakfasting is associated with higher values of low and normal weight, and this association is statistically significant in the age group including children 11 to 13 years old, and more specifically among girls these ages. Finally, the study shows that taking dairy products as part of breakfast is related to a lower prevalence of obesity at all ages analyzed, however, no significant relationship was found between having cereals at breakfast and a lower BMI. Discussion: There is general agreement with other studies in various aspects: the percentage of overweight subjects exceeds that of obese subjects; the older the schoolchildren are, the higher is the percentage of them who skip breakfast and there is a link between diet quality and lower BMI. In the same way, similar results are obtained about the relationship between the consumption of milk at breakfast and excessive weight, although not significant. However, there is no such association in the case of cereals. Instead, data is somewhat disparate with other works, if is differentiated by sex, regarding a surplus of weight or the percentage of those who do not eat breakfast. Conclusions: There are more overweight schoolchildren than obese schoolchildren. Excessive weight is more frequent in males. The percentage of girls who dispenses with the first daily meal is lower than that of boys. BMI decreases in subjects who eat breakfast. The habit of skipping breakfast increases with age. Ingestion of milk at breakfast is linked to a higher percentage of underweight or normal weight, a fact that does not occur in the case of cereals. Most students pursuing high quality diet have no surplus weight (AU)
