Comprehensive Telestroke Network to Optimize Health Care Delivery for Cerebrovascular Diseases: Algorithm Development.

BACKGROUND: Health care delivery for cerebrovascular diseases is a complex process, which may be improved using telestroke networks. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to establish and implement a protocol for the management of patients with acute stroke symptoms according to the available treatment alternatives at the initial point of care and the transfer possibilities. METHODS: The review board of our institutions approved this work. The protocol was based on the latest guidelines of the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association. Stroke care requires human and technological resources, which may differ according to the patient's point of entry into the health care system. Three health care settings were identified to define the appropriate protocols: primary health care setting, intermediate health care setting, and advanced health care setting. RESULTS: A user-friendly web-based telestroke solution was developed. The predictors, scales, and scores implemented in this system allowed the assessment of the vascular insult severity and neurological status of the patient. The total number of possible pathways implemented was as follows: 10 in the primary health care setting, 39 in the intermediate health care setting, and 1162 in the advanced health care setting. CONCLUSIONS: The developed comprehensive telestroke platform is the first stage in optimizing health care delivery for patients with stroke symptoms, regardless of the entry point into the emergency network, in both urban and rural regions. This system supports health care personnel by providing adequate inpatient stroke care and facilitating the prompt transfer of patients to a more appropriate health care setting if necessary, especially for patients with acute ischemic stroke within the therapeutic window who are candidates for reperfusion therapies, ultimately contributing to mitigating the mortality and morbidity associated with stroke.

Fundamentos y aplicaciones biomédicas de las principales tecnologías de secuenciación: una revisión de literatura / Biomedical Foundations and Applications of Major Sequencing Technologies: A Literature Review / Fundamentos e aplicações biomédicas das principais tecnologias de sequenciamento: uma re-visão da literatura

Introducción: el objetivo de la secuenciación es determinar la composición de los nucleótidos presentes en el ADN o el ARN. Desde la finalización del proyecto genoma humano, surgieron diversas tecnologías de secuenciación rápida como Roche 454, SOLiD, Illumina, Ion Torrent, PacBio y Oxford Nanopore, más precisas y costoeficientes, que permiten desarrollar proyectos a gran escala y estudiar genes y genomas, la composición de microbiomas, enfermedades metabólicas y enfermedades genéticas que afectan a la población. Objetivo: describir los fundamentos de los métodos de secuenciación de ADN y sus aplicaciones en las ciencias biomédicas. Métodos: revisión descriptiva de las principales estrategias de secuenciación de ADN de primera, segunda y tercera generación y su aplicación en el entorno biomédico, a partir de la búsqueda de artículos en bases de datos electró-nicas especializadas en investigación científica. Se encontraron 118 documentos, de los cuales se excluyeron 6, por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión, y se seleccionaron 112, por cumplir con todos los requisitos. Conclusiones:el surgimiento de los métodos de secuenciación de siguiente generación arroja una gran canti-dad de datos, incluidos genomas secuenciados completamente de varias especies, con un rendimiento extenso, tiempos reducidos y costoeficiencia, que lleva a la completa transformación de las ciencias de la vida y logra un progreso sin precedentes en el análisis de genomas, la evaluación de la ecología microbiana y el diagnóstico de enfermedades.

Introduction: The purpose of sequencing is to determine the composition of the nucleotides present in DNA or RNA. Since the completion of the human genome project, several sequencing technologies such as Roche 454, SOLiD, Illumina, Ion Torrent, PacBio and Oxford Nanopore have emerged as tools for rapid sequencing, with greater precision and cost-efficiency, allowing the development of lar-ge-scale projects and the study of genes and genomes, along with the composition of microbiomes and the study of metabolic and genetic diseases that affect the population. Objective: To describe the foundations of the methods of DNA sequencing and their applications in the biomedical sciences. Methods: Descriptive review of the main strategies of first, second and third generation DNA sequencing and their application in the biomedical environment. This review was carried out by searching articles in electronic databases specialized in scientific research. A total of 118 papers were found, of which 6 were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria and 112 were selected as meeting all the requirements. Conclusions: The emergence of next-generation sequencing methods yielding a wealth of data, including fully sequenced genomes of various species, with extensive throughput, reduced time and cost-effec-tiveness that has led to the complete transformation of the life sciences, achieving unprecedented progress in genome analysis, assessment of microbial ecology and disease diagnosis

Introdução: o objetivo do sequenciamento é determinar a composição dos nucleotídeos presentes no DNA ou RNA. Desde a conclusão do projeto do genoma humano, surgiram diversas tecnologias de sequenciamento rápida como Roche 454, SOLiD, Illumina, Ion Torrent, PacBio e Oxford Nanopore, mais precisas e econômicas, que permitem o desenvolvimento de projetos de grande escala e estudo de genes e genomas, composição de microbiomas, doenças metabólicas e genéticas que afetam a popula-ção. Objetivo: descrever os fundamentos dos métodos de sequenciamento de DNA e suas aplicações nas ciências biomédicas. Métodos: revisão descritiva das principais estratégias de sequenciamento de DNA de primeira, segunda e terceira geração e sua aplicação no ambiente biomédico, a partir da busca de artigos em bases de dados eletrônicas especializadas em pesquisa científica. Foram encontrados 118 documen-tos, dos quais 6 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão e 112 fo-ram seleciona-dos por atenderem a todos os requerimentos. Conclusões: o surgimento de métodos de sequenciamento de próxima geração rende uma riqueza de dados, incluindo genomas totalmente se-quenciados de várias espécies, com produção extensa, tempos reduzidos e eficiência de custo, levando à transformação completa das ciências da vida e alcançando um progresso sem precedentes no genoma análise, avaliação de ecologia microbiana e diagnóstico de doenças.

Higiene bucal, caries dental y necesidades de tratamiento en escolares de 5, 7 y 12 años, municipio de Istmina, Chocó, Colombia (2013) / Oral Hygiene, Dental Caries and Treatment Needs in 5, 7 and 12 Year-Old School Children in the Village of Istmina, Chocó, Colombia (2013)

Antecedentes: Es necesario identificar la situación de salud bucal en grupos específicos para establecer programas efectivos. Objetivo: Describir el estado de higiene bucal, caries dental y de necesidades de tratamiento en escolares de 5, 7 y 12 años del municipio de Istmina (Chocó, Colombia). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 294 escolares (48 % niñas), seleccionados por conveniencia, de 6 instituciones educativas oficiales. Por medio de encuesta y examen clínico se recogió información sociodemográfica, de uso de elementos de higiene bucal, grado de higiene bucal, índices ceo-d y COP-D (y sus componentes) y necesidades de tratamiento. Se efectuó análisis descriptivo univariado y bivariado e inferencia! mediante chi cuadrado. Resultados: Dos terceras partes de la población analizada tenían una higiene oral deficiente (mayor porcentaje en niños y en escolares de 7 años). El promedio ceo-d M fue de 2,5 ± 3,2, lo cual equivale a una prevalencia y experiencia de caries dental del 57 % y 59 % respectivamente. El promedio COP-D M file de 0,6 ± 1,2, con una prevalencia y experiencia de caries dental del 24 % y 28 % respectivamente. El índice de caries significativa fue de 1,9 ± 1,5. El 47 % requería obturaciones (promedio de 1,9 ± 1,5). Se presentaron diferencias significativas por edad y sexo tanto para caries dental como para necesidades de tratamiento. Conclusiones: Los indicadores de caries dental estaban en consonancia con las metas internacionales. Se identificaron algunas diferencias según factores sociodemográficos que requieren estudios a mayor profundidad desde la perspectiva de determinantes sociales.

Background There is a need to identify the oral health situation in every specific group in order to implement effective programs. Objective: To describe the oral hygiene status and treatment needs in 5, 7 and 12 year-old school children in the village of Istmina (Chocó, Colombia). Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in 294 school children (48% girls) selected for convenience reasons from six public schools. Clinical examinations were conducted, and surveys applied in order to gather information on sociodemographic, use of oral hygiene elements, oral hygiene level, ceo-d index and COP-d indexes (and its components), and treatment needs. A descriptive univariate analysis and an inferential bivariate analysis were conducted based on a Chi-square statistics. Results: Two thirds of the studied population had poor oral hygiene habits (a greater percentage was found in 7 year-old boys). The average ceo-d M index was 2.5 ± 3.2, which indicates a dental caries prevalence and experience of 57% and 59%, respectively. The average COP-DM index was 06 ± 1.2, with a dental caries prevalence and experience of 24% and 28%, respectively.The significant dental caries index was 1.9 ± 1.5; 47% of them required obturations (average: 1.9 ± 1.5). Signifi cant differences were found as per age and gender, both for dental caries and treatment needs. Conclusions: Dental caries indicators were similar to the expected international goals. Some differences were identified based on some sociodemographic factors, which requires more in-depth studies under a social determinant perspective.

Utilidad del código de ACV en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascularagudo: comparación de dos períodos de tiempo / Usefulness of Stroke Coding in patients suffering from acute ischemic stroke: comparison between two time periods

El código de accidente cerebrovascular es una alerta que moviliza a un equipo de respuestarápida para tratar pacientes con accidente cerebro vascular (ACV) con el fin de evaluarlos prontamente yadministrar tratamientos como la fibrinólisis.Objetivos: describir comparativamente el tratamiento dado a una población de pacientes con ACV isquémicoagudo antes del código 2007/2008 y después del código 2009/2010 considerando el tiempo para la primeraatención médica, para la atención por neurología, para realización de las neuroimágenes, la mejoría clínica por laescala NIHSS, la probabilidad de trombólisis, discapacidad, estancia hospitalaria, mortalidad intra-hospitalaria.Métodos: teniendo una base de datos con los pacientes de los dos períodos de tiempo (2007/8 -2009/10),se realizó un análisis estadístico con descripción de las variables, medidas de tendencia central, dispersión yposición, con un análisis exploratorio de las variables categóricas entre ambos períodos.Resultados: se encontró que los tiempos de la primera atención médica (24 vs 24 minutos; p =0,37), la evaluaciónneurológica (61 vs 107 minutos, p =0,06) y realización de la imagen del cerebro (45,9 vs 64,5 minutos,p =0,06) respectivamente mostraron un retraso no significativo para el segundo período de tiempo después delcódigo de ACV. El buen resultado funcional con una escala de Rankin modificada ≤ 2 (64,8 % para el primerperíodo frente a 64,6 % para el segundo período, p = 0,98) no mostró diferencias.Conclusiones: en este hospital el código de ACV no afectó el pronóstico de los pacientes con respecto atiempos de atención, frecuencia de rt-PA, discapacidad o mortalidad...

Introduction: stroke coding is an alert system that mobilizes a rapid response team to treat patients withstroke and to administer treatments like fibrinolysis.Objectives: to describe by way of comparison between two periods a population of patients with acute ischemicstroke before code 2007/2008 and after code 2009/2010 considering: time for first medical attention, neurologicalevaluation, brain imaging performing, clinical improvement by the NIHSS, thrombolysis probability,disability, length of stay in the hospital, intra-hospital mortality.Materials and methods: starting from a database of the patients for the two periods of time (2007/8 and2009/10), a statistical analysis with variable description was done, using descriptive statistics, measures of centraltendency, dispersion and position, with an exploratory analysis of the categorical variables.Results: we found that the times of first medical attention (24 vs 24 minutes; p =0.37), neurological attention(61 vs 107 minutes, p =0.06) and the time to the brain imaging (45.9 vs 64.5 minutes, p =0.06) did not showa significant delay in the second period of time after the stroke code. The good functional outcome with aRankin scale ≤ (64.8 % for the first period compared with 64.6 % in the second period, p = 0.98) did notshow any differences...

El laboratorio clínico en hematología de aves exóticas / The clinic laboratory in hematology of exotic birds

El empleo de las técnicas de laboratorio en la práctica veterinaria, es una herramienta indispensable que aporta información valiosa en el momento de confirmar un diagnóstico. El hemograma es uno de los estudios de rutina con mayor importancia. Los parámetros normales en el hemograma, pueden ser un indicador del buen estado de salud del animal. Sin embargo, un hemograma normal, no excluye la posibilidad de que el ave sea un portador asintomático de entidades como la psitacosis, enfermedades víricas, o infecciones localizadas. La presente revisión analiza la información relacionada con el papel del laboratorio clínico en la hematología aviar.

The use of laboratory techniques in veterinary practice is an indispensable tool which renders valuable information for the confirmation of a diagnosis. The blood analysis is one of most important routine analysis, since normal parameters can be a good indicator of good animal health. However, a normal blood analysis does not exclude the possibility that a bird is carrying entities such as psittacosis, virus diseases, or localized infections. The present review analyses the information related to the role of the clinical laboratory in bird hematology.