Neuropsiquiatría de los trastornos del movimiento / Neuropsychiatry Of Movement Disorders

Resumen Los trastornos del movimiento pueden definirse como síndromes neurológicos en los que puede haber un exceso o enlentecimiento de movimientos automáticos o voluntarios sin relación con debilidad o espasticidad. Tanto la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) como la de Huntington (EH) son condiciones paradigmáticas de estos trastornos. La alta prevalencia de síntomas psiquiátricos comórbidos, como depresión, ansiedad, síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos, alucinaciones, delirios, impulsividad, trastornos del sueño, apatía y deterioro cognoscitivo, obliga a abordar estas enfermedades como entidades neuropsiquiatricas. En el presente artículo, se realiza una révision de los aspectos neuroanatómicos (estructurales y funcionales), neuropsicológicos y psicopatológicos de la EP y la EH. Se hace especial énfasis en el papel de los circuitos frontosubcorticales no motores para la comprensión del espectro clínico de ambas entidades, sin excluir la influencia de aspectos genéticos, psicológicos y psicosociales. Por último, se realiza una breve revisión sobre los principales abordajes psicofarmacológicos en cada entidad.

Abstract Movement disorders can be defined as neurological syndromes presenting with excessive or diminished automatic or voluntary movements not related to weakness or spasticity. Both Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are well-known examples of these syndromes. The high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hallucinations, delusions, impulsivity, sleep disorders, apathy and cognitive impairment mean that these conditions must be regarded as neuropsychiatric diseases. In this article, we review neuroanatomical (structural and functional), psychopathological and neuropsychological aspects of PD and HD. The role of fronto-subcortical loops in non-motor functions is particularly emphasised in order to understand the clinical spectrum of both diseases, together with the influence of genetic, psychological and psychosocial aspects. A brief description of the main psychopharmacological approaches for both diseases is also included.

[Neuropsychiatry Of Movement Disorders]. / Neuropsiquiatría de los trastornos del movimiento.

Movement disorders can be defined as neurological syndromes presenting with excessive or diminished automatic or voluntary movements not related to weakness or spasticity. Both Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are well-known examples of these syndromes. The high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hallucinations, delusions, impulsivity, sleep disorders, apathy and cognitive impairment mean that these conditions must be regarded as neuropsychiatric diseases. In this article, we review neuroanatomical (structural and functional), psychopathological and neuropsychological aspects of PD and HD. The role of fronto-subcortical loops in non-motor functions is particularly emphasised in order to understand the clinical spectrum of both diseases, together with the influence of genetic, psychological and psychosocial aspects. A brief description of the main psychopharmacological approaches for both diseases is also included.