Social Media and Health Care (Part II): Narrative Review of Social Media Use by Patients.

BACKGROUND: People are now connected in a borderless web-based world. The modern public, especially the younger generation, relies heavily on the internet as the main source of health-related information. In health care, patients can use social media for more tailored uses such as telemedicine, finding a provider, and for peer support. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this narrative review is to discuss how social media has been used in the health care industry from the perspective of patients and describe the main issues surrounding its use in health care. METHODS: Between March and June 2020, a review of the literature was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for English studies that were published since 2007 and discussed the use of social media in health care. In addition to only English publications that discussed the use of social media by patients, publications pertaining to ethical and legal considerations in the use of social media were included. The studies were then categorized as health information, telemedicine, finding a health care provider, peer support and sharing experiences, and influencing positive health behavior. In addition, two more sections were added to the review: issues pertaining to social media use in health care and ethical considerations. RESULTS: Initially, 75 studies were included. As the study proceeded, more studies were included, and a total of 91 studies were reviewed, complemented by 1 textbook chapter and 13 web references. Approximately half of the studies were reviews. The first study was published in 2009, and the last was published in 2021, with more than half of the studies published in the last 5 years. The studies were mostly from the United States (n=40), followed by Europe (n=13), and the least from India (n=1). WhatsApp or WeChat was the most investigated social media platform. CONCLUSIONS: Social media can be used by the public and patients to improve their health and knowledge. However, due diligence must be practiced to assess the credibility of the information obtained and its source. Health care providers, patients, and the public need not forget the risks associated with the use of social media. The limitations and shortcomings of the use of social media by patients should be understood.

Directriz sobre el cuidado de la salud oral en adolescentes / Guideline for oral health in adolescents

Promover la adecuada comprensión de la prevención primaria en salud oral dirigida hacia los adolescentes debería ser una parte crucial de la odontopediatría. Estos pacientes constituyen un grupo de riesgo, ya que por la etapa en que se encuentran demandan atención odontológica especializada. Empero, las medidas preventivas para mantener la salud oral dirigidas hacia este colectivo no han sido impulsadas de manera prioritaria. Por lo que los profesionales de la salud oral que se encargan de la atención de adolescentes deben garantizar que este grupo de la población tenga un óptimo nivel de atención. En este artículo se determinan las pautas sobre cómo mantener el cuidado de la salud oral en adolescentes (AU)

Promoting an adequate comprehension of primary prevention in oral health regarding adolescents is an essential task in pediatric dentistry. These patients constitute a risk group, and they need of specialized dental care. However, prevention measures directed to maintain the oral health at this group, have not been promoted as a priority. Therefore, oral health professionals, who are responsible for adolescent care, should be interested in the importance of ensuring that this group has optimal management. This article establishes guidelines involving oral health in adolescents (AU)

Manifestaciones orales de la hemofilia adquirida tipo A. Reporte de un caso clínico / Oral manifestations of acquired hemophilia A. A clinical case report

Resumen Introducción La hemofilia tipo A adquirida es un trastorno hemorrágico poco frecuente producido por la presencia de autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra el factor VIII (FVIII) circulante. El sangrado suele aparecer en la piel, músculo, área retroperitoneal y tracto gastrointestinal; sin embargo, no es común en la cavidad oral. Caso clínico Presentamos el caso de una paciente de la octava década de la vida con este padecimiento, caracterizado por la presencia de ampollas sangrantes y dolorosas en la cavidad oral. El diagnóstico se estableció con un tiempo elevado de tromboplastina parcial activada (TTPa), tiempo normal de protrombina y niveles elevados de inhibidores del FVIII. La paciente fue tratada con el factor VII recombinante activado y prednisona asociada con ciclofosfamida durante seis semanas. La medicación fue suspendida cuando se normalizó el TTPa. Discusión El diagnóstico de hemofilia adquirida tipo A es complicado debido a que no hay antecedentes familiares de sangrado y a su etiopatogenia de origen autoinmune. La forma de presentación es un sangrado espontáneo y severo asociado con un tiempo prolongado de tromboplastina. Conclusión Su identificación inicial expedita y la aplicación del tratamiento son fundamentales para disminuir la tasa de mortalidad de los pacientes afectados.

Abstract Introduction Acquired hemophilia A is a hemorrhagic disorder produced by autoantibodies directed against circulating factor VIII. Bleeding often appears in the skin, muscles, the retroperitoneal area, and the gastrointestinal tract; however, it is not frequent regarding occurrence in the oral cavity. Case report We report an unusual case of an elderly woman in the eighth decade of life with AHA characterized by painful blood blisters in the oral cavity. The diagnosis was established with a high activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), normal prothrombin time and elevated levels of factor VIII inhibitor (FVIII: C). The patient was treated with the activated recombinant factor VII and prednisone associated with cyclophosphamide during six weeks. Drugs were stopped when normalization of aPTT was identified. Discussion The diagnosis of HAA is complicated because there is no family history of bleeding and its autoimmune etiopathogenesis. Furthermore, the clinical presentation is due to spontaneous and severe bleeding associated with a prolonged time of thromboplastin. Conclusion The initial identification and the application of the treatment are essential to reduce the mortality rate of those patients affected.

Directriz para reducir el riesgo de transmisión de mycobacterium abscessus durante la práctica clínica odontológica / Guideline to reduce the risk of transmission of mycobacterium abscessusin clinical dental practice

Las medidas de bioseguridad están predestinadas a reducir el riesgo de transmisión de microorganismos a partir de fuentes de infección reconocidas o no reconocidas en clínicas dentales vinculadas con lacontaminación de los materiales, aparatos y/o instrumentos. Un microorganismo reemergente es el Mycobacterium abscessus, que es unabacteria ambiental que puede ocasionar problemas de salud muy serios, por lo que debe ser controlada y prevenida su transmisión.

Biosafety measures are designed to reduce the risk of transmission ofmicroorganisms from recognized or unrecognized sources of infectionin dental procedures associated with the contamination of materials,apparatus, and/or instruments. One reemerging microorganism isMycobacterium abscessus, which is an environmental bacterium thatcan cause serious health problems and therefore needs to be controlledand prevented.

Evaluación estética de seis tipos de coronas para dientes primarios / Avaliação estética de seis tipos de coroas para dentes decíduos / Aesthetic evaluation of six types of crowns for primary teeth

Objetivo: Evaluar las preferencias estéticas en relación con el color y la forma de coronas primarias utilizadas para dientes incisivos superiores primarios, mediante la realización de una encuesta a miembros de la Academia Mexicana de Odontología Pediatrica (AMOP). Material y Métodos: Se establecieron seis grupos de estudio con seis coronas diferentes: grupo 1, coronas de zirconia EZ-Pedo; grupo 2, coronas de zirconia NuSmile Zr; grupo 3, coronas estéticas hechas en el consultorio; grupo 4, coronas de fundas de celuloide; grupo 5, coronas estéticas prefabricadas NuSmile signature; y grupo 6, coronas estéticas fenestradas. Se llevaron a cabo encuestas con la finalidad de conocer las preferencias estéticas de estas diferentes coronas, con la finalidad de conocer cuál es la mejor opción para su uso en el consultorio dental. Resultados: Noventa miembros de la AMOP realizaron una encuesta válida, y se determinó que el grupo 4 fue el mejor evaluado, seguido de los grupos 2, 5, 1, 6 y 3. Se identificaron diferencias significativas entre los diferentes grupos. Conclusiones: Las coronas de fundas de celuloide fueron seleccionadas como mejor alternativa de uso en los dientes primarios anteriores, por parte de los miembros de la AMOP; asimismo, se consideró a las coronas de zirconia como una buena opción terapéutica. Es recomendable que se implemente el tratamiento estético en dientes primarios, para realizar un tratamiento integral.

Objectivo: Avaliar as preferências estéticas sobre cor e forma das coroas primários utilizados para a incisivos superiores primários, através da realização de uma pesquisa com membros da Academia Mexicana de Odontopediatria (Amop). Material e Métodos: Seis grupos de estudo com seis coroas diferentes foram estabelecidas: Grupo 1, coroas de zircônia EZ-Pedo; Grupo 2, coroas de zircônia NuSmile Zr; Grupo 3, coroas estéticas feitas no escritório; Grupo 4 casos coroas celulóide; Grupo 5, coroas estéticas prefabricados assinatura NuSmile; e Grupo 6, fenestrado coroas estéticas. Eles realizaram pesquisas, a fim de satisfazer as preferências estéticas destas coroas estéticas diferentes, a fim de saber qual é a melhor escolha para uso no consultório odontológico. Resultados: Noventa membros AMOP fez um levantamento válido, e determinou-se que o Grupo 4 foi o melhor avaliado, seguido pelos grupos foram identificados 2, 5, 1, 6 e 3. As diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Conclusões. As coroas de tampas de celulóide foram selecionados como o melhor uso alternativo nos dentes primários acima, por membros da Amop; Também as coroas de zircônia foi considerado como uma boa opção terapêutica. Recomenda-se que o tratamento cosmético é implementado em dentes primários, para um tratamento abrangente.

Objective: Evaluate the aesthetic preferences regarding color and shape of primary crowns used for primary upper incisors, by conducting a survey of members of the Mexican Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AMOP). Material and Methods: Six study groups with six different crowns were established: Group 1, zirconia crowns EZ-PEDO; Group 2, zirconia crowns NuSmile Zr; Group 3 aesthetic crowns made in the office; Group 4 cases strip crowns; Group 5, aesthetic crowns prefabricated NuSmile signature; and Group 6, fenestrated esthetic crowns. They conducted surveys in order to meet the esthetic preferences of six different aesthetic crowns, in order to know the best choice for use in the dental office. Results: Ninety AMOP members made a valid survey, and it was determined that Group 4 was the best evaluated, followed by the groups 2, 5, 1, 6 and 3. Significant differences between groups were identified. Conclusions: Members of the AMOP selected strip crowns as the best alternative use in the above primary teeth; furthermore zirconium crowns were considered as a good alternative. It is recommended that the cosmetic treatment should be implemented in primary teeth, for a comprehensive treatment.

Hemangioma intraóseo de la mandíbula: reporte de un caso clínico / Intraosseous hemangioma of the mandible: report of a clinical case

El hemangioma intramandibular es una neoformación benigna que resulta de la proliferación anormal de vasos sanguíneos, de origen desconocido. Estos tumores, por lo general, son hallazgos radiológicos y se caracterizan por ser asintomáticos y/o presentar movilidad de los dientes afectados, asimetría facial, parestesias y dolor, entre otros síntomas. Después de las vértebras y el cráneo, la mandíbula esel sitio más frecuentemente afectado, sobre todo en su parte posterior.El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico de esta enfermedadpoco habitual.

Intraosseous hemangioma of the mandible is a benign neoplasm that originates from the abnormal proliferation of blood vessels, the cause of which is unknown. In general, these tumors are detected by means of X-ray and are characterized as asymptomatic or presenting mobility in the affected teeth, facial asymmetry, paresthesia and pain, among other symptoms. After the vertebrae and skull, the most frequently affected site is the jaw, particularly the posterior part. The purpose of this paper is to present a clinical case of this rare disease.

Manejo de la salud oral en el paciente pediátrico infectado por VIH / Oral health management in the HIV-infected pediatric patient

El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) se caracteriza por una infección adquirida ocasionada por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), que afecta a la población linfocitaria CD4+ y que predispone al paciente a un estado de inmunodefi ciencia que lo hace susceptible a infecciones oportunistas severas y/o neoplasias inusuales. La infección por el VIH es un problema grave de salud pública, ya que hay alrededor de 34 millones de personas infectadas según el Centro Nacional de Prevención de Enfermedades de Atlanta; de esta población seropositiva para VIH 68 por ciento vive en África Subsahariana. El VIH se transmite a través de la contaminación con sangre, semen, fluidos vaginales y leche materna. Muchos de los portadores de este virus son asintomáticos lo que complica la situación en virtud de que si no se toman las precauciones de bioseguridad adecuadas, esta situación representa un riesgo para el profesional de la salud oral. Los odontólogos deben brindar un tratamiento adecuado a este tipo de pacientes e identifi car oportunamente cualquier riesgo de infección y complicaciones asociadas

cquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by a seemingly irreversible impairment acquired in CD4 + lymphocyte population that predisposes the host to severe opportunistic infections and/or neoplastic unusual. Infection produced by human immunode-fi ciency virus (HIV) is a serious public health problem, as there are about 34 million people infected reported by the National Center for Disease Prevention Atlanta, this 68% HIV-positive population lives in Sub-Saharan Africa. HIV is transmitted through blood contamination, semen, vaginal fl uids and breast milk. Many patients infected with this virus are asymptomatic complicating the situation under if appropriate biosecurity measures are not taken; this situation represents a risk for oral health professional. Dentists should provide adequate treatment to these patients and promptly identify any risk of infection and as-sociated complications.

Pénfigo vulgar oral: reporte de un caso clínico / Oral penphigus vulgaris: report of a clinical case

El pénfigo vulgar es el tipo más común de un grupo padecimientos crónicos autoinmunes identificados por la presencia de lesiones ampulosas situadas en las mucosas y piel. El pénfigo vulgar oral (PVO) se caracteriza por la presencia de ampollas localizadas en las encías, paladar blando, carrillos, pero cualquier sitio de la cavidad oral puede ser afectado. Estas lesiones se presentan primero en la cavidad oral y meses después en la piel, por lo que su diagnóstico temprano y oportuno es vital para el pronóstico. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar esta condición clínica en una persona adulta mayor.

Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common of a group of chronic autoim-mune conditions characterized by the presence of mucosal and dermal blisters. In the case of oral pemphigus vulgaris (OPV), these are typi-cally found on the gums, soft palate, and cheeks, though anywhere in the oral cavity can be affected. These lesions appear first in the oral cavity and then, months later, on the skin. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial for prognosis. The aim of this paper is to present a case report of this condition in an older adul.

[New oral manifestations of Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. Case report]. / Nuevas manifestaciones orales del síndrome branquio-óculo-facial. Caso clínico.

The branchio-oculo-facial syndrome is a dominant autosomic condition with variable expressivity that affects particularly the facial and neck structures by an inadequate development of the first and second branchial arch. It is characterized by malformations of eyes and ears, with distinct facial characteristics. It is associated with alterations in TFAP2A gene. We present a patient with 9 years of age with phenotype of the branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and the presence of 2 new oral manifestations, the bifid uvula and the tongue with partial central cleft, not yet described in this clinical condition.

Nuevas manifestaciones orales del síndrome branquio-óculo-facial: Caso clínico / New oral manifestations of Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome: Case report

El síndrome branquio-óculo-facial es una condición autosómica dominante con expresividad variable y que afecta particularmente las estructuras de la cara y cuello por un desarrollo inadecuado del primero y segundo arco branquial; presenta malformaciones de los ojos y oídos, con características faciales distintivas. Está asociado con alteraciones en el gen TFAP2A. Se presenta una paciente de 9 años con fenotipo de síndrome branquio-óculo-facial y la presencia de dos nuevas manifestaciones orales, la úvula bifida y la lengua con hendidura central parcial, no descritas hasta ahora en esta condición clínica.

The branchio-oculo-facial syndrome is a dominant autosomic condition with variable expressivity that affects particularly the facial and neck structures by an inadequate development of the first and second branchial arch. It is characterized by malformations of eyes and ears, with distinct facial characteristics. It is associated with alterations in TFAP2A gene. We present a patient with 9 years of age with phenotype of the branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and the presence of 2 new oral manifestations, the bifid uvula and the tongue with partial central cleft, not yet described in this clinical condition.

Nuevas manifestaciones orales del síndrome branquio-óculo-facial: Caso clínico / New oral manifestations of Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome: Case report

El síndrome branquio-óculo-facial es una condición autosómica dominante con expresividad variable y que afecta particularmente las estructuras de la cara y cuello por un desarrollo inadecuado del primero y segundo arco branquial; presenta malformaciones de los ojos y oídos, con características faciales distintivas. Está asociado con alteraciones en el gen TFAP2A. Se presenta una paciente de 9 años con fenotipo de síndrome branquio-óculo-facial y la presencia de dos nuevas manifestaciones orales, la úvula bifida y la lengua con hendidura central parcial, no descritas hasta ahora en esta condición clínica.(AU)

The branchio-oculo-facial syndrome is a dominant autosomic condition with variable expressivity that affects particularly the facial and neck structures by an inadequate development of the first and second branchial arch. It is characterized by malformations of eyes and ears, with distinct facial characteristics. It is associated with alterations in TFAP2A gene. We present a patient with 9 years of age with phenotype of the branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and the presence of 2 new oral manifestations, the bifid uvula and the tongue with partial central cleft, not yet described in this clinical condition.(AU)

Nuevas manifestaciones orales del síndrome branquio-óculo-facial: Caso clínico / New oral manifestations of Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome: Case report

El síndrome branquio-óculo-facial es una condición autosómica dominante con expresividad variable y que afecta particularmente las estructuras de la cara y cuello por un desarrollo inadecuado del primero y segundo arco branquial; presenta malformaciones de los ojos y oídos, con características faciales distintivas. Está asociado con alteraciones en el gen TFAP2A. Se presenta una paciente de 9 años con fenotipo de síndrome branquio-óculo-facial y la presencia de dos nuevas manifestaciones orales, la úvula bifida y la lengua con hendidura central parcial, no descritas hasta ahora en esta condición clínica.(AU)

The branchio-oculo-facial syndrome is a dominant autosomic condition with variable expressivity that affects particularly the facial and neck structures by an inadequate development of the first and second branchial arch. It is characterized by malformations of eyes and ears, with distinct facial characteristics. It is associated with alterations in TFAP2A gene. We present a patient with 9 years of age with phenotype of the branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and the presence of 2 new oral manifestations, the bifid uvula and the tongue with partial central cleft, not yet described in this clinical condition.(AU)

Nuevas manifestaciones orales del síndrome branquio-óculo-facial. Caso clínico. / [New oral manifestations of Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. Case report].

The branchio-oculo-facial syndrome is a dominant autosomic condition with variable expressivity that affects particularly the facial and neck structures by an inadequate development of the first and second branchial arch. It is characterized by malformations of eyes and ears, with distinct facial characteristics. It is associated with alterations in TFAP2A gene. We present a patient with 9 years of age with phenotype of the branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and the presence of 2 new oral manifestations, the bifid uvula and the tongue with partial central cleft, not yet described in this clinical condition.

Evaluación de la salud oral y de las características fenotípicas de individuos con síndrome de Down de diferentes agrupaciones en Monterrey, México / Assessing oral health and phenotypic characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome from a range of associations, in Monterrey, Mexico

Objetivo: El propósito de esta investigación fue identificar las condiciones de la salud oral de los integrantes con síndrome de Down de diferentes agrupaciones en Monterrey, México. Material y métodos: El tamaño de la muestra fue de 97 personas de ambos sexos, con edades entre los 3 y48 años (Me = 9.5). Las condiciones de la salud oral y manifestaciones clínicas propias se evaluaron de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, adicionalmente se determinaron los índices de placa dental y gingival de Lõe y Silness. Resultados: El 53.75 por ciento presentó caries, 33.75 por ciento cálculos, se encontró apiñamiento en el 45.75 por ciento, mientras que el 85 por ciento reveló un tipo de alteración en el sector posterior, y se realizó un análisis de las manifestaciones clínicas propias del padecimiento. El índice de placa dental fue de 1.96 y el gingival de 1.91. Conclusiones: Existen condiciones de salud oral defi cientes de los participantes de este estudio, reafi rmándose la urgencia de diseñar y ejecutar programas de atención odontológica integral para pacientes con discapacidad

Objective:The aim of this study was to identify the oral health statusof people with Down syndrome belonging to various associations in Monterrey, Mexico. Material and methods: A sample of 97 individu-als aged from 3 to 48 (MA = 9.5) and of both sexes was selected. The subjects’ oral health status and clinical manifestations were assessed based on World Heart Organization criteria and we also calculated the Lõe-Silness dental plaque and gingival indexes. Results: A total of 53 .75% of the subjects had caries; 33.75% calculus; 45.75% crowding, and 85% presented some form of alteration in the poste-rior sector. The clinical manifestations of the disease in each patient were analyzed. The dental plaque index was 1.96 and the gingival index 1.91. Conclusions: The individuals in the study were found to have poor dental health, which is further evidence of the urgent need to design and implement comprehensive dental care programs for patients with disabilities.

[Vestibular schwannoma]. / Schwannoma vestibular.

The vestibular schwannoma is a benign intracranial tumor of the myelin-forming cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve or cranial nerve VIII. It comprises 8-10% of all intracranial neoplasms in adults. It originates in the vestibular portion of the cranial nerve VIII and it is located in the cerebellopontine angle. This disorder is characterized by ipsilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, disturbed sense of balance and altered gait, facial numbness, muscle weakness or ipsilateral paralysis. This report presents the magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with this rare condition.