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1.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) ; 31(3): 166-72, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12783768

RESUMO

Nutrition and health occupy a long period from the fetal age to adolescence. The interaction between genes and nutrients is one of the most interesting aspects. Health depends on genetic and environmental factors, the most important of which is nutrition. There is a need to define mechanisms and evaluate specific hypotheses in controlled animal experiments and clinical trials in humans. The effects must be permanent, remaining long after the nutritional deficiency or excess has disappeared. This presupposes the existence of critical periods in organ development and biochemical or physiological maturation, during which stimuli leave a permanent imprint. Nutrients can affect the structural development of certain organs during critical periods, both in the fetal and neonatal periods, and can contribute to the development of a different organ structure during these critical periods, leaving permanent effects.The role of folic acid as the prime example of the interaction between genes and nutrients is well known. Folates play an important role in DNA synthesis because of their intervention in deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine methylation and their absence provokes severe disorders in DNA replication and synthesis, which can be precancerous. Periconceptional administration of folic acid is essential to prevent dysraphias (spina bifida). Equally, this nutrient is also important to homocysteine metabolism, which is derived from methionine metabolism and which is an important endothelial toxin. Pediatrics should carefully redefine the criteria for adapting feeding and nutrition not only to childhood health but also to adult well being and disease-free survival. The advent of molecular genetics and the possibility of identifying at-risk individuals and the risks to which they are exposed at an early age, even before birth, provides pediatricians with unique opportunities. However, the growth of knowledge and techniques makes it impossible to keep up to date with all the scientific findings concerning children's health. Nevertheless, as doctors, pediatricians need I would say they are obliged to keep up to date in order to serve as a bridge between science and the practical needs of children and their families. Pediatricians will continue to focus on children's health, although the emphasis will increasingly be placed on prevention rather than cure, and must be ever more aware that the child is the father of the man and that the future is in his hands.


Assuntos
Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Adolescente , Adulto , Arteriosclerose/epidemiologia , Arteriosclerose/etiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/etiologia , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/etiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Deficiência Intelectual/epidemiologia , Deficiência Intelectual/etiologia , Masculino , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo/complicações , Neoplasias/etiologia , Distúrbios Nutricionais/complicações , Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Osteoporose/etiologia , Fatores de Risco
2.
Allergol. immunopatol ; 31(3): 166-172, mayo 2003.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-24854

RESUMO

La nutrición y salud es un largo periodo que abarca desde la edad fetal hasta la adolescencia. Uno de los aspectos más atractivos estará constituido por la interacción entre genes y nutrientes. La importancia que tiene la salud que depende de factores genéticos y ambientales, los principales los de la nutrición. Existe la necesidad de definir mecanismos y valorar hipótesis especificas en experimentos controlados con animales, así como en pruebas clínicas con seres humanos. Los efectos han de ser permanentes, mucho después de que el déficit o exceso nutricional haya desaparecido. Esto presupone la existencia de periodos críticos en el desarrollo orgánicos, en la maduración bioquímica o fisiológica, durante los cuales los estímulos dejaran marcas permanentes. Los nutrientes pueden afectar el desarrollo estructural de determinados órganos durante periodos críticos, tanto el periodo fetal como neonatal, y contribuir a generar una estructura orgánica diferente durante estos periodos críticos, por lo que su efecto puede llegar a ser permanente. El papel del ácido fólico como ejemplarización de genes y nutrientes es bien conocida. Los folatos juegan un importante papel en la síntesis del DNA por su intervención en la metilación de la desoxiuridina y desoxitimidina, la ausencia de flatos produce graves trastornos en la síntesis y replicación del DNA, que puede ser un trastorno precanceroso. La administración de ácido fólico periconcepcional es de suma importancia para la prevención de disrafias (espina bífida). Igualmente hay que señalar la importancia de este mismo nutriente en relación con el metabolismo de la homocisteina, procedente del metabolismo de la metionina, y que es un autentico toxico endotelial. La Pediatría debe volver a definir cuidadosamente los criterios para adecuar la alimentación y nutrición, no solo a la salud durante la infancia sino también al bienestar en la edad adulta y la supervivencia exenta de enfermedad. La llegada de la genética molecular y la posibilidad de identificar en edades muy tempranas de la vida, incluso antes del nacimiento a individuos con riesgo y cuales son los riesgos a que están expuesto ofrecen posibilidades únicas a los pediatras. Sin embargo el aumento de técnicas y conocimientos hacen imposible mantener al día todos los hechos científicos importantes relacionados con la salud de los niños. Ahora bien, el pediatra como el medico tiene la necesidad, diría la obligación, de poner al día sus conocimientos de servir de puente entre la ciencia y las necesidades practicas de los niños y sus familias. El pediatra seguirá centrado en la salud de los niños, aunque cada vez mas a la prevención que a la curación, y cada vez mas tiene que tener en cuenta que el niño es el padre del hombre y que en sus manos esta el futuro (AU)


Nutrition and health occupy a long period from the fetal age to adolescence. The interaction between genes and nutrients is one of the most interesting aspects. Health depends on genetic and environmental factors, the most important of which is nutrition. There is a need to define mechanisms and evaluate specific hypotheses in controlled animal experiments and clinical trials in humans. The effects must be permanent, remaining long after the nutritional deficiency or excess has disappeared. This presupposes the existence of critical periods in organ development and biochemical or physiological maturation, during which stimuli leave a permanent imprint. Nutrients can affect the structural development of certain organs during critical periods, both in the fetal and neonatal periods, and can contribute to the development of a different organ structure during these critical periods, leaving permanent effects. The role of folic acid as the prime example of the interaction between genes and nutrients is well known. Folates play an important role in DNA synthesis because of their intervention in deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine methylation and their absence provokes severe disorders in DNA replication and synthesis, which can be precancerous. Periconceptional administration of folic acid is essential to prevent dysraphias (spina bifida). Equally, this nutrient is also important to homocysteine metabolism, which is derived from methionine metabolism and which is an important endothelial toxin. Pediatrics should carefully redefine the criteria for adapting feeding and nutrition not only to childhood health but also to adult well being and disease-free survival. The advent of molecular genetics and the possibility of identifying at-risk individuals and the risks to which they are exposed at an early age, even before birth, provides pediatricians with unique opportunities. However, the growth of knowledge and techniques makes it impossible to keep up to date with all the scientific findings concerning children's health. Nevertheless, as doctors, pediatricians need ­ I would say they are obliged ­ to keep up to date in order to serve as a bridge between science and the practical needs of children and their families. Pediatricians will continue to focus on children's health, although the emphasis will increasingly be placed on prevention rather than cure, and must be ever more aware that the child is the father of the man and that the future is in his hands (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Adulto , Adolescente , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Fatores de Risco , Deficiência Intelectual , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo , Obesidade , Distúrbios Nutricionais , Osteoporose , Necessidades Nutricionais , Arteriosclerose , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Hipertensão , Transtornos do Crescimento , Contaminação de Alimentos , Neoplasias
3.
An Esp Pediatr ; 55(5): 421-8, 2001 Nov.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11696307

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To review the contribution of new advances in flexible bronchoscopy to the management of respiratory problems in children. METHODS: Over a 10-year-period, 536 flexible bronchoscopies were performed under sedation and local anesthesia in 433 children aged from 5 days to 14 years. Data on symptomatology, underlying diseases, indications, sedation, instrumentation, findings and complications were prospectively collected and stored in a database for later analysis. RESULTS: Underlying disease was found in 300 children (69.3 %). The most common indications for flexible bronchoscopy were persistent atelectasis (n 166), stridor (n 134), tuberculosis (n 66), suspected foreign body (n 61), persistent wheezing (n 55), middle lobe syndrome (n 47) and opportunistic pneumonias (n 41). In 178 patients the procedures were performed on an outpatient basis. One hundred forty-seven bronchoalveolar lavages, 10 bronchial biopsies, and 8 selective bronchographies were performed. Airway anomalies were found in 447 procedures (83.4 %) and 32 pathogenic organisms were identified. In 13 patients cytological study of the samples obtained guided the diagnosis of noninfectious lung disease. Therapeutic interventions were performed in 54 (10.1 %) flexible bronchoscopies. The most important of these were aspiration of bronchial secretions (n 31), removal of foreign bodies (n 6), selective intubation (n 5), and balloon dilatation of bronchial stenosis (n 2). The procedure was diagnostically or therapeutically useful in 391 procedures (79.2 %). CONCLUSION: Although rigid bronchoscopy is currently the procedure of choice in most therapeutic interventions, flexible bronchoscopy is very useful in improving airway exploration and understanding of respiratory disorders in children.


Assuntos
Broncoscopia/tendências , Adolescente , Broncoscópios , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Tecnologia de Fibra Óptica , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Espanha
4.
An. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr) ; 55(5): 421-428, nov. 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1845

RESUMO

Objetivo: Estudiar la contribución de los progresivos avances en fibrobroncoscopia al tratamiento de los trastornos respiratorios del niño. Métodos: A lo largo de 10 años se han realizado 536 fibrobroncoscopias en 433 niños de edades comprendidas entre 5 días y 14 años, bajo sedación y anestesia local. Prospectivamente se recogieron datos sobre la sintomatología del paciente, enfermedades subyacentes, indicaciones, sedación, instrumentación, hallazgos y complicaciones, y almacenados posteriormente en una base de datos para su análisis. Resultados: Tenían enfermedad subyacente 300 niños (69,3%). Las indicaciones más frecuentes de fibrobroncoscopia fueron las siguientes: atelectasia persistente (n = 166), estridor (n = 134), tuberculosis (n = 66), sospecha de cuerpo extraño (n = 61), sibilancias persistentes (n = 55), síndrome de lóbulo medio (n = 47), neumonías oportunistas (n = 41). Los procedimientos fueron realizados en hospital de día en 178 casos. Se realizaron 147 lavados broncoalveolares, 10 biopsias bronquiales y 8 broncografías selectivas. Se detectaron alteraciones de las vías respiratorias en 447 exploraciones (83,4%) y se identificaron 32 microorganismos con responsabilidad etiológica. En 13 casos, los estudios citológicos de las muestras obtenidas orientaron el diagnóstico de la enfermedad pulmonar no infecciosa responsable. Se hicieron 54 indicaciones terapéuticas (10,1%), siendo las más destacadas: aspiración de secreciones bronquiales (n = 31), extracción de cuerpos extraños (n = 6), intubación selectiva (n = 5), dilatación con balón de estenosis bronquial (n = 2). Se obtuvo un rendimiento diagnóstico-terapéutico en 391 procedimientos (72,9 %). Conclusión: La fibrobroncoscopia es una técnica de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico y orientación de la enfermedad respiratoria pediátrica, aunque hoy día la broncoscopia rígida la aventaja como instrumento terapéutico (AU)


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Espanha , Broncoscópios , Broncoscopia , Fibras Ópticas
5.
An. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr) ; 55(1): 76-79, jul. 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1898

RESUMO

La pleurodesis química consiste en la fusión de ambas capas pleurales tras el contacto con determinadas sustancias, y se emplea como tratamiento de derrames persistentes o recurrentes que no responden a otras medidas terapéuticas. Su práctica está extendida en adultos (fundamentalmente en derrames pleurales malignos), mientras que la experiencia en niños es escasa. La intervención de Fontan constituye el tratamiento de la atresia tricuspídea y otras cardiopatías que se comportan como un ventrículo único. Con frecuencia, esta técnica presenta complicaciones derivadas de la retención de líquidos (edemas, ascitis, derrame pleural y pericárdico y enteropatía pierdeproteínas). Ante la existencia de derrame pleural prolongado o recurrente, la pleurodesis química a través del tubo de drenaje constituye una alternativa de tratamiento segura y fiable. Se comunica el caso de una paciente afectada de atresia tricuspídea que presentó derrame pleural y pericárdico persistentes tras intervención de Fontan, requiriendo pleurodesis química con tetraciclina para su resolución (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Pleurodese , Tetraciclinas , Técnica de Fontan , Derrame Pleural
6.
An Esp Pediatr ; 55(1): 76-9, 2001 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11412475

RESUMO

Chemical pleurodesis consists of the fusion of both pleural layers after contact with certain substances, and is used in the treatment of prolonged or recurrent pleural effusions refractory to other therapeutic approaches. This procedure has been extensively used in adults with malignant pleural effusion but has rarely been used in children. The Fontan technique is used in the treatment of tricuspid atresia and other heart diseases that act as a single ventricle. This technique frequently presents complications due to fluid retention (edema, ascites, pleural and pericardial effusions and protein-losing enteropathy). With persistent or recurrent pleural effusion, chemical pleurodesis through the drainage tube might constitute a safe and reliable alternative treatment. We report the case of a female patient with tricuspid atresia, who presented recurrent pleural effusion after undergoing the Fontan procedure. The disorder was resolved by chemical pleurodesis with tetracycline.


Assuntos
Técnica de Fontan/efeitos adversos , Derrame Pleural/terapia , Pleurodese , Tetraciclinas/administração & dosagem , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Derrame Pleural/etiologia
7.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 48(2): 36-38, feb. 2001. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1340

RESUMO

Objetivos. Determinar las concentraciones plasmáticas basales de ACTH y cortisol en niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Comparar estas concentraciones en las distintas categorías de progresión de la enfermedad. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudió a 31 pacientes (14 varones) de edades entre 2 y 15 años diagnosticados de infección por el VIH. Se distribuyeron en las categorías de los CDC (Centers for Disease Control). El grupo control lo constituyeron 36 niños sanos (17 varones) de edades entre 2 y 15 años. Se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas basales matinales de ACTH y cortisol. Resultados. Las concentraciones hormonales medias fueron significativamente más altas en los pacientes infectados que en los controles sanos: ACTH, 33,2 frente a 21,3 pg/ml, y cortisol, 187,7 frente a 145,6 ng/ml. En las categorías de los CDC, las concentraciones basales de cortisol fueron significativamente más altas en la "C" (269,6 ng/ml). La cortisolemia se correlacionó con la elevación de la velocidad de sedimentación (r = +0,36) y de la inmunoglobulina A (r = +0,44) y con la disminución del porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4 (r = -0,45). Conclusiones. Los niños con infección por el VIH presentan unas concentraciones basales de ACTH y cortisol elevadas en comparación con los niños sanos. La concentración basal de cortisol es mayor en la categoría "C" de los CDC (AU)


Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles
8.
An Esp Pediatr ; 53(4): 369-71, 2000 Oct.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11083991

RESUMO

We report an immunocompetent 5-month-old boy with Haemophilus influenzae type f (Hif) meningitis. The patient had previously been immunized with two doses of Hib conjugate vaccine (PRP-T). Vaccination failure was initially suspected based on Gram stain report. The results of culture identified a non-b Haemophilus influenzae capsular serotype (Hif).Non-Hib serotypes should be considered as potential pathogenic agents in children under the age of 5 years with invasive diseases. An adequate epidemiological surveillance system would be helpful in detecting the role of these non-b Hif serotypes as significant pathogens, which appear to be on the increase.


Assuntos
Haemophilus influenzae/classificação , Meningite por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Haemophilus influenzae/patogenicidade , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino
9.
An. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr) ; 53(4): 369-371, oct. 2000.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-2546

RESUMO

Se describe un niño de 5 meses inmunocompetente con meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae tipo f (Hif). Había recibido previamente dos dosis de vacuna frente a Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib) con polirribosilribitol fosfato conjugado con la proteína de toxoide tetánico (PRP-T). Aunque inicialmente se sospechó un fracaso vacunal a partir de los hallazgos del Gram en líquido cefalorraquídeo, se identificó posteriormente un Hif no cubierto por la vacuna conjugada. Los serotipos no b (Hinb) deberían ser tenidos en cuenta como patógenos potenciales en niños menores de 5 años con enfermedades invasoras. Un programa de vigilancia epidemiológico sería de utilidad para monitorizar posibles incrementos futuros en la frecuencia de estos serotipos como patógenos significativos (AU)


Assuntos
Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Humanos , Alimentos Infantis , Meningite por Haemophilus , Refluxo Gastroesofágico , Haemophilus influenzae
12.
An Esp Pediatr ; 52(4): 377-80, 2000 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11003930

RESUMO

We report a case of neonatal malaria born in Spain. It is about a female newborn whose mother lived the first eight months of her pregnancy in Ecuatorial Guinea. Although our patient was well, in the third week of her life she developed fever mostly in mornings without any other symptoms except pallor. She kept a good physical state in any moment. In complementary proves we remark: anaemia and thrombocytopenia; as well Plasmodium falciparum ruin was found in blood smears. Treatment with mefloquine was successfully, blood smears was negative of parasites in the eighth day and hemogram was restoring normal. This article suggests neonatal malaria must be considered in those newborns suspected congenital infection born from mothers who have travelled to risk countries or immigrated from endemic areas. Also we remark that malaria clinic development in newborns is nonspecific and indistinguishable from other congenital infections.


Assuntos
Malária Falciparum/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Espanha , Viagem
14.
An Esp Pediatr ; 52(6): 537-41, 2000 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11003962

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the most significant clinical features of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who required admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: Retrospective study of 12 patients with AIDS who required 13 admissions, between January 1988 and December 1997. RESULTS: Mean age at admission was 15 months (1 month-6 years). Seven patients were under 1 year of age; four were diagnosed during their stay in the unit. The most common reason for admission was respiratory failure (six patients), followed by cardiac failure. Six patients needed mechanical ventilation (5 for respiratory failure). Two patients died during their stay, one of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii infection and one of septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of patients was diagnosed with HIV Infection during their stay at the PICU. Opportunistic infection was the initial manifestation of the disease. Consequently, with this type of infection, clinical suspicion should be high. The survival rate of up to 84.6% of the admissions to our unit as well as the new, highly active antiretroviral therapy, generally make HIV-infected children suitable for treatment in intensive care units.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/terapia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos
15.
An Esp Pediatr ; 53(1): 64-6, 2000 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10998409

RESUMO

Some children grow normally or excessively after extirpation of a craniopharyngioma, despite growth hormone deficiency. We report a 4-year-old girl with suprasellar craniopharyngioma. Removal of the tumor resulted in panhypopituitarism. For the next 5 years growth continued at a rate of 8.4-10.6 cm/year and then decreased progressively to 1.2 cm/year. Administration of growth hormone increased growth rate to 9.3 cm/year.


Assuntos
Gigantismo/etiologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/deficiência , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Pré-Escolar , Craniofaringioma/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/cirurgia
16.
An. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr) ; 53(1): 64-66, jul. 2000.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-2501

RESUMO

Algunos niños continúan creciendo bien o experimentan crecimiento excesivo tras la extirpación de un craneofaringioma, a pesar de tener deficiencias de hormona del crecimiento. Presentamos el caso de una niña diagnosticada a los 4 años de craneofaringioma con extensión supraselar. Tras la intervención presentó hipopituitarismo múltiple. En los 5 años siguientes creció entre 8,4 y 10,6 cm/año. Después la velocidad de crecimiento disminuyó progresivamente hasta 1,2 cm/año, incrementándose de nuevo a 9,3 cm/año tras instaurar tratamiento con hormona del crecimiento (AU)


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Hormônio do Crescimento , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Craniofaringioma , Gigantismo , Neoplasias Hipofisárias
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