Machine Learning Models and Applications for Early Detection.

From the various perspectives of machine learning (ML) and the multiple models used in this discipline, there is an approach aimed at training models for the early detection (ED) of anomalies. The early detection of anomalies is crucial in multiple areas of knowledge since identifying and classifying them allows for early decision making and provides a better response to mitigate the negative effects caused by late detection in any system. This article presents a literature review to examine which machine learning models (MLMs) operate with a focus on ED in a multidisciplinary manner and, specifically, how these models work in the field of fraud detection. A variety of models were found, including Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), decision trees (DTs), Random Forests (RFs), naive Bayesian classifier (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), among others. It was identified that MLMs operate as isolated models, categorized in this article as Single Base Models (SBMs) and Stacking Ensemble Models (SEMs). It was identified that MLMs for ED in multiple areas under SBMs' and SEMs' implementation achieved accuracies greater than 80% and 90%, respectively. In fraud detection, accuracies greater than 90% were reported by the authors. The article concludes that MLMs for ED in multiple applications, including fraud, offer a viable way to identify and classify anomalies robustly, with a high degree of accuracy and precision. MLMs for ED in fraud are useful as they can quickly process large amounts of data to detect and classify suspicious transactions or activities, helping to prevent financial losses.

Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) have been permeated by the technological advancement that the Industrial Revolution 4.0 brings with it, and forces institutions to deal with a digital transformation in all dimensions. Applying the approaches of digital transformation to the HEI domain is an emerging field that has aroused interest during the recent past, as they allow us to describe the complex relationships between actors in a technologically supported education domain. The objective of this paper is to summarize the distinctive characteristics of the digital transformation (DT) implementation process that have taken place in HEIs. The Kitchenham protocol was conducted by authors to answer the research questions and selection criteria to retrieve the eligible papers. Nineteen papers (1980-2019) were identified in the literature as relevant and consequently analyzed in detail. The main findings show that it is indeed an emerging field, none of the found DT in HEI proposals have been developed in a holistic dimension. This situation calls for further research efforts on how HEIs can understand DT and face the current requirements that the fourth industrial revolution forced.

Apropiación social de la ciencia y la tecnología a través de una iniciativa de intervención e inclusión educativa de niños y adolescentes de territorios vulnerables de la minería usando la robótica, como una alternativa para la construcción de la paz / Social appropriation of science and technology through an initiative of intervention and educational inclusion of children and adolescents in mining vulnerable territories, by using robotics as an alternative to building peace

Resumen En este artículo se presenta una iniciativa de intervención e inclusión educativa de niños y adolescentes de territorios vulnerables de influencia de la minería. Para lograr lo anterior se diseñaron un conjunto de robots educativos y material didáctico complementario que fueron utilizados en las diferentes sesiones de la iniciativa. La población beneficiada fueron niños y adolescentes que trabajan día a día en tareas propias de la minería y no han tenido la oportunidad de ingresar a la escuela o han desertado de ella buscando recursos económicos para sostener sus familias. Dentro de la población beneficiada, también se cuenta con los maestros de las escuelas asentadas en los territorios mineros, con el propósito de enseñarles nuevas metodologías de enseñanza y aprendizaje para atender a la población desescolarizada. 2500 niños y adolescentes fueron beneficiados con la iniciativa, así como 250 maestros.

Abstract This article presents an intervention initiative and an educational inclusion of children and adolescents from vulnerable territories of mining influence. In order to achieve this, a set of educational robots and complementary teaching materials was designed and used in the different sessions of the initiative. The beneficiaries were children and adolescents who work day by day in mining tasks and have not had the opportunity to enter the school system or to have defected from it, by seeking financial resources in order to support their families. Within the beneficiaries, there are also the teachers of the schools settled in the mining territories, in order to teach them new teaching and learning methodologies in order to serve the deschooled population. Two thousand five hundred children and adolescents benefited from the initiative and two hundred and fifty teachers did, too.

Competência motora de crianças pré-escolares brasileiras avaliadas pelo teste tgmd-2: uma revisão sistemática / Motor competence of brazilian preschool children assessed by tgmd-2 test: a systematic review

RESUMO O teste de desenvolvimento motor grosso (TGMD-2) é um teste discriminativo e referenciado à norma, usado para avaliar o nível de competência de crianças de 3 a 10 anos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os resultados de estudos brasileiros que tenham examinado o desenvolvimento motor de pré-escolares usando o teste TGMD-2, considerando as diferentes regiões do Brasil, assim como analisar os resultados relativos aos fatores associados ao desempenho no teste TGMD-2; foram revisadas as bases de dados LILACS e SCIELO usando como descritor o termo "TGMD-2", buscando estudos originais publicados de 2007 a 2018, com texto completo disponível, nos idiomas português e inglês, que avaliaram o desempenho motor em pré-escolares usando o TGMD-2; a extração de dados incluiu os itens: primeiro autor, local, periódico, objetivos, delineamento, características da amostra, resultados de desempenho no teste e fatores relacionados; também foi avaliada a qualidade dos estudos. Os dez estudos incluídos na revisão indicaram diferenças no desempenho motor nas diferentes regiões. Foram encontrados indícios de melhor desempenho motor em crianças de escola particular e que praticam atividade física sistemática e orientada por profissional de educação física.

ABSTRACT The Gross Motor Development Test (TGMD-2) is a discriminant and norm-referenced test used to assess the competence level of children aged 3 to 10 years. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the results of Brazilian studies that examined the motor development of preschool children using the TGMD-2 test, considering the different regions of Brazil, as well as to analyze the results related to the factors associated with the performance in the test TGMD-2; we reviewed the LILACS and SCIELO databases using the term "TGMD-2" as the descriptor, searching for original published studies from 2007 to 2018, with full text available, in the Portuguese and English languages, which evaluated motor performance in preschool children using TGMD-2; data extraction included items: first author, local, periodical, objectives, design, sample characteristics, test performance results and related factors; quality of the studies was also evaluated. The ten studies included in the review indicated differences in motor performance in different regions. Signs of better motor performance were found in children of private school and who practice physical activity guided by a physical education professional.

Calidad microbiológica del agua subterránea como riesgo epidemiológico en la producción de enfermedad diarreica infantil. Revisión Sistemática / Microbiological quality of groundwater as an epidemiological risk in the production of Childhood Diarrheal Disease. Systematic review

El agua de consumo humano y su calidad son determinantes para la salud pública. Esta revisión pretende recopilar y analizar información acerca de la relación entre la enfermedad diarreica en niños menores de cinco (5) años y la contaminación de las fuentes de agua subterránea. Se consultaron las bases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, SciELO y Google Scholar, sin limitación en fechas de publicación; utilizando los descriptores: agua subterránea, diarrea, enfermedad gastrointestinal infantil, contaminación microbiana, calidad del agua, diarrea infantil, agua potable, técnicas moleculares y técnicas bioquímicas, analizándose un total de ciento sesenta y nueve (169) publicaciones. Se encontró relación entre la contaminación microbiana del agua subterránea y la diarrea infantil. El agua subterránea se contamina debido a fugas de fosas sépticas, métodos inadecuados de manejo de desechos y escorrentías de agua de lluvia, determinando la prevalencia de diarrea infantil. De allí, la importancia de monitorear la calidad del agua como factor de riesgo, con la detección y cuantificación de bioindicadores, mediante métodos rutinarios y novedosos, e incorporar intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la accesibilidad a fuentes de agua controladas y la educación sanitaria en la búsqueda de asegurar la protección del agua y la disminución en la prevalencia de la diarrea infantil. Esta revisión está registrada en PROSPERO bajo el número ID 129254

Water for human consumption and its quality are determinants for public health. This review aims to collect and analyze information about the relationship between diarrheal disease in children under five (5) years of age and contamination of groundwater sources. The bases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, SciELO and Google Scholar, without limitation on publication dates, using the descriptors: groundwater, diarrhea, childhood gastrointestinal disease, microbial contamination, water quality, childhood diarrhea, drinking water, molecular techniques and biochemical techniques, were consulted, analyzing a total of one hundred sixty-nine (169) publications. A relationship was found between microbial contamination of groundwater and childhood diarrhea. Groundwater is contaminated due to septic tank leaks, inadequate methods of waste management and rainwater runoff, determining the prevalence of childhood diarrhea. From there, the importance of monitoring water quality as a risk factor, with the detection and quantification of bioindicators, through routine and novel methods, and incorporating interventions aimed at improving accessibility to controlled water sources and health education in the search to ensure water protection and the decrease in the prevalence of childhood diarrhea. This revision is registered in PROSPERO under the number ID 129254.

Caso de autopsia: Paracoccidioides diseminada en paciente inmunocomprometido / Autopsy Case: Disseminated paracoccidiodes in an immunocompromised patient

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the predominant dimorphic fungal disease in Latin America. Males between 29 to 40 years of age are most often affected. Inhalation of the infecting particle produces a localized alveolitis. The organisms then may disseminate to the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, adrenal glands, liver, spleen, bones, central nervous system and digestive tract, giving a multisystemic affectation, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. A male 34 years old with a history of immunocompromised VIH +, was studied. The characteristics in authopsy are described, with previous diagnosis of diseminated. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, with intraalveolar hemorrhage, pleuritis and pericarditis. Deep systemic micosis and opportunistic are pathologies that present with increased frequency in recent years, mainly by the rise of the VIH+ infected population. Despite this circumstance, the coexistence of Paracoccidioide infection and VIH+ is scarce in the literature, and for that reason, we present this case of autopsy.

Amiloidosis sistémica, a propósito de un caso de autopsia / SYstemic Amyloidosis. About an autopsy case

During history, amylidosis was observed associated to a great variety of inflammatory diseases, and due to this, appeared the term "secondary amyloidosis". The forms of sudden presentation without any apparent cause are classified as "primary amyloidosis", and also the localized amyloidosis was characterized, the same as the heredity variant. At present, three main grops are recognized as systemic amyloidosis: amyloidosis of light chains, the amyloidosis associated to the seric protein A, and the hereditary form. Systemic amyloidosis can involve practically any organ system, being the most commonly affected the heart and the kidney, which therefore determine the clinical evolution and the prognosis of the patient. The aim of this report, was to present a case of autopsy of systemic amyloidosis with involvement of the Central Nervous System, considering besides, the great extension of the disease in our patient

Tumores hipofisarios, casuística de Anatomía Patológica / Pituitary tumors: anatomopathological reports

This study examines a description of pituitary tumors considering an anatomopathological casuistic. The study of the tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) include the pituitary gland, located in the sella turcica. The pathology of the sellar region is represented by the adenomas, tumors of slow development with or without endocrine secretion, that usually involve the population of young adults. The aim of this report, was to describe the casuistic of the " J. Fernandez Hospital" between the years 2000 through 2017. A retrospective review was performed and 234 samples of the sellar region were processed. Mean age was 42 years with a range of 17 to 77 years. Sex distribution was 57% women and 43 % men. Of these, 77% of the cases resulted adenomas. The conclusions obtained in the study are detailed.