Outcome of patients with double valve surgery between 2009 and 2018 at University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: In isolated mitral valve regurgitation general consensus on surgery is to favor repair over replacement excluding rheumatic etiology or endocarditis. If concomitant aortic valve replacement is performed however, clinical evidence is more ambiguous and no explicit guidelines exist on the choice of mitral valve treatment. Both, double valve replacement (DVR) and aortic valve replacement in combination with concomitant mitral valve repair (AVR + MVP) have been proven to be feasible procedures. In our single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study, we compared the outcome of these two surgical techniques focusing on mortality and morbidity. METHODS: 89 patients underwent DVR (n = 41) or AVR + MVP (n = 48) in our institution between 2009 and 2018. Follow-up data was collected using electronic patient records, by contacting treating physicians and by telephone interviews. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze mortality during follow-up and Cox regression to investigate potential predictors of mortality. RESULTS: During a median follow-up duration of 4.5 [IQR 2.9 to 6.1] years, there was no significant difference in mortality between both cohorts. Thirty days mortality was 6.3% in the DVR and 7% in the AVR + MVP cohort. Overall mortality amounted to 17% for DVR and 23% for AVR + MVP. DVR was the preferred procedure for valve disease of rheumatic etiology and for endocarditis, while in degenerative valves AVR + MVP was predominant. More biological valves were used in the AVR + MVP cohort (p < 0.001) and more mechanical valves were implanted in the DVR cohort. The rate of rehospitalization, deterioration of left ventricular ejection fraction and postoperative complications were equally distributed among the two cohorts. CONCLUSION: Our data analysis showed that both DVR and AVR + MVP are safe and feasible options for double valve surgery. Based on our findings we could not prove superiority of one surgical technique over the other. Choosing the appropriate procedure for the patient should be influenced by valve etiology, patients' comorbidities and the surgeons' experience. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This was a retrospectively registered trial, registered on April 1st 2018, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03667274.

Abdominal Decompression after Cardiac Surgery: Outcome of 42 Patients with Abdominal Compartment Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Up to 50% of patients in intensive care units develop intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) in the course of medical treatment. If not detected on time and treated adequately, IAH may develop into an abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) which is associated with a high mortality rate. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are especially prone to develop ACS due to several risk factors including intraoperative hypothermia, fluid resuscitation and acidosis. We investigated patients who developed ACS after cardiac surgery and analyzed potential risk factors, treatment and outcome. METHODS: From 2011 to 2016, patients with ACS after cardiac surgery requiring decompressive laparotomy were prospectively recorded. Patient characteristics, details on the cardiac surgery, mortality rate and type of treatment of the open abdomen were analyzed. RESULTS: Incidence of ACS in cardiac surgery patients was 1.0% (n = 42/4128), with a mortality rate of 57%. Ejection fraction, Euroscore2 as well as the perfusion time are independent risk factors for the development of ACS. The outcome of patients with ACS was independent of elective versus emergency surgery, gender, age, BMI or ASA score. In the 18 surviving patients, fascial closure was achieved in 72% after a median of 9 days. CONCLUSION: Abdominal compartment syndrome is a rare but serious complication after cardiac surgery with a high mortality rate. Independent risk factors for ACS were identified. Negative pressure wound therapy seems to promote and allow early fascia closure of the abdomen and represents therefore a likely benefit for the patient.

Microplegia versus Cardioplexol® in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery with Minimal Extracorporeal Circulation: Comparison of Two Cardioplegia Concepts.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare the combined use of the Myocardial Protection System and our microplegia (Basel Microplegia Protocol) with Cardioplexol® in coronary artery bypass grafting using the minimal extracorporeal circulation. METHODS: The analysis focused on propensity score matched pairs of patients in whom microplegia or Cardioplexol® was used. Primary efficacy endpoints were high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T on postoperative day 1 and peak values during hospitalization. Furthermore, we assessed creatine kinase and creatinine kinase-myocardial type, as well as safety endpoints. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients who received microplegia and 155 patients who received Cardioplexol® were included. The use of the microplegia was associated with significantly lower geometric mean (confidence interval) peak values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T (233 ng/L [194-280 ng/L] vs. 362 ng/L [315-416 ng/L]; p = 0.001), creatinine kinase (539 U/L [458-633 U/L] vs. 719 U/L [645-801 U/L]; p = 0.011), and creatinine kinase-myocardial type (13.8 µg/L [9.6-19.9 µg/L] vs. 21.6 µg/L [18.9-24.6 µg/L]; p = 0.026), and a shorter length of stay on the intensive care unit (1.5 days [1.2-1.8 days] vs. 1.9 days [1.7-2.1 days]; p = 0.011). Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events occurred with roughly equal frequency (1.8 vs. 5.2%; p = 0.331). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Basel Microplegia Protocol was associated with lower peak values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T, creatinine kinase, and creatinine kinase-myocardial type and with a shorter length of stay on the intensive care unit, as compared with the use of Cardioplexol® in isolated coronary artery bypass surgery using minimal extracorporeal circulation.

Bretschneider (Custodiol®) and St. Thomas 2 Cardioplegia Solution in Mitral Valve Repair via Anterolateral Right Thoracotomy: A Propensity-Modelled Comparison.

BACKGROUND: Single-dose cardioplegia is preferred in minimal invasive mitral valve surgery to maintain the adjustment of the operative site without change of preset visualization. The aim of our study was to compare two widely used crystalloid cardioplegias Bretschneider (Custodiol®) versus St. Thomas 2 in patients who underwent mitral valve repair via small anterolateral right thoracotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From May 2012 until February 2019, 184 isolated mitral valve procedures for mitral valve repair via anterolateral right thoracotomy were performed using Bretschneider (Custodiol®) cardioplegia (n = 123) or St. Thomas (n = 61). Primary efficacy endpoint was peak postoperative high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTnT) during hospitalization. Secondary endpoints were peak creatine kinase-muscle brain type (CK-MB) and creatine kinase (CK) as well as safety outcomes. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) in order to adjust for confounding by indication. RESULTS: Peak hs-cTnT was higher after use of Bretschneider (Custodiol®) (geometric mean 716 mg/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 605-847 mg/L) vs. St. Thomas 2 (561 mg/L, CI 467-674 mg/L, p = 0.047). Peak CK-MB (geometric mean after Bretschneider (Custodiol®): 40 µg/L, CI 35-46, St. Thomas 2: 33 µg/L, CI 27-41, p = 0.295) and CK (geometric mean after Bretschneider (Custodiol®): 1370 U/L, CI 1222-1536, St. Thomas 2: 1152 U/L, CI 972-1366, p = 0.037) showed the same pattern. We did not see any difference with respect to postoperative complications between treatment groups after IPTW. CONCLUSION: Use of St. Thomas 2 cardioplegia was associated with lower postoperative peak levels of all cardiac markers that reflect cardiac ischemia such as hs-cTnT, CK, and CK-MB as compared to Bretschneider (Custodiol®) in propensity-weighted treatment groups.

Discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy and bleeding in intensive care in patients undergoing urgent coronary artery bypass grafting: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to evaluate the impact of the discontinuation times of dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor on postoperative bleeding rates and the use of blood products in patients undergoing isolated urgent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 334 patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing urgent CABG at the University Hospital Basel. A total of 262 patients continued to take dual antiplatelet therapy during the surgery (72 received clopidogrel; 68, prasugrel; and 122, ticagrelor). They were stratified by the discontinuation time of dual antiplatelet therapy (<24 h, 24-48 h, 48-72 h and >72 h). Seventy-two patients taking acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as monotherapy served as a comparison group. RESULTS: Median postsurgical bleeding rates were significantly higher with ticagrelor if it was discontinued <24 h [1220 ml, interquartile range (IQR) 978-1520 ml; P < 0.001], 24-48 h (1200 ml, IQR 800-1550 ml; P < 0.001) and 48-72 h (1100 ml, IQR 845-1245 ml; P = 0.036) but not if discontinued >72 h (700 ml, IQR 520-825 ml; P = 0.22) and with prasugrel if discontinued <24 h (1320 ml, IQR 900-1950 ml; P < 0.001) but not if discontinued 24-48 h (1050 ml, IQR 638-1438 ml; P = 0.089) or >72 h (750 ml, IQR 488-1040; P = 0.63) compared to ASA monotherapy (800 ml, IQR 593-1043 ml). The postsurgical use of blood products compared to ASA monotherapy (0, IQR 0-2 units) was significantly higher with ticagrelor and prasugrel if discontinued <24 h (2.5 units, IQR 0-6; P < 0.001 and 2 units, IQR 1-6; P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Discontinuation of ticagrelor and prasugrel for more than 72 h before urgent CABG was not associated with higher bleeding rates compared to treatment with ASA monotherapy. In contrast, discontinuation for less than 24 h was associated with higher use of blood products. For ticagrelor, this study supports evidence and recent guidelines proposing a shorter discontinuation time of 3 days and raises the question of whether the same could be true for prasugrel.

Paracrine potential of adipose stromal vascular fraction cells to recover hypoxia-induced loss of cardiomyocyte function.

Cell-based therapies show promising results in cardiac function recovery mostly through paracrine-mediated processes (as angiogenesis) in chronic ischemia. In this study, we aim to develop a 2D (two-dimensional) in vitro cardiac hypoxia model mimicking severe cardiac ischemia to specifically investigate the prosurvival paracrine effects of adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell secretome released upon three-dimensional (3D) culture. For the 2D-cardiac hypoxia model, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CM) were cultured for 5 days at < 1% (approaching anoxia) oxygen (O2 ) tension. Typical cardiac differentiation hallmarks and contractile ability were used to assess both the cardiomyocyte loss of functionality upon anoxia exposure and its possible recovery following the 5-day-treatment with SVF-conditioned media (collected following 6-day-perfusion-based culture on collagen scaffolds in either normoxia or approaching anoxia). The culture at < 1% O 2 for 5 days mimicked the reversible condition of hibernating myocardium with still living and poorly contractile CM (reversible state). Only SVF-medium conditioned in normoxia expressing a high level of the prosurvival hepatocyte-growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) allowed the partial recovery of the functionality of damaged CM. The secretome generated by SVF-engineered tissues showed a high paracrine potential to rescue the nonfunctional CM, therefore resulting in a promising patch-based treatment of specific low-perfused areas after myocardial infarction.

Clinical implementation of a novel myocardial protection pathway in coronary artery bypass surgery with minimal extracorporeal circulation.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to report the clinical implementation of the joint use of the Myocardial Protection System (MPS®) and the minimal extracorporeal circulation system (MiECC), in conjunction with an institutionally refined dose/volume-dependent microplegia in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: Patients with isolated CABG surgery were included. The final protocol to achieve cardioplegic arrest consisted of warm blood cardioplegia with 20 mmol potassium (K), 1.6 g magnesium (Mg) and 40 mg lidocaine per liter (L) blood. We prospectively collected intra- and postoperative data to monitor and validate this novel approach. RESULTS: Eighty patients were operated accordingly. Mean (SD) aortic clamping time and extracorporeal perfusion time were 67.5 (22.6) and 101.1 (31.9) minutes, respectively. Failure to induce cardiac arrest was seen in six patients at the early stage of refinement of the formula. Median (IQR) high -sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) on the first postoperative day (POD) and peak hs-cTnT were 262.5 ng/L (194.3-405.8) and 265.5 ng/L (194.3-405.8), respectively. Median (IQR) creatine kinase-myocardial type (CK-MB) on POD 1 and peak CK-MB were 14.2 µg/L (10.5-22.7) and 14.2 µg/L (10.7-23.2), respectively. Median (IQR) creatine kinase (CK) on POD 1 and peak CK were 517.5 U/L (389.3-849.8) and 597.5 U/L (455.0-943.0), respectively. No patient died during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of this cardioplegic formula with MPS® and MiECC in CABG was safe and feasible. With the final chemical makeup, cardiac arrest was reliably achieved. Remarkably low postoperative cardiac markers indicate shielded cardiac protection during surgery.

Case report: Open replacement of incomplete semi-circular traumatic ruptures of the ascending and descending aorta.

An incomplete traumatic rupture of the ascending aorta is a rare but life-threatening condition. Hence, the assessment of the extent of the injury prior to therapy is crucial. We report a case of a 50-year-old male with traumatic aortic rupture who underwent emergency surgery after the evaluation of computed tomography scan (CT-scan). The surgical treatment involved replacement of the ascending aorta and stent implantation in descending aorta due to its covered rupture.

Automated fastener versus manually tied knots in minimally invasive mitral valve repair: impact on operation time and short- term results.

BACKGROUND: This study compares the influence of two different annuloplasty attachment suture applications, namely the use of an automated fastener versus manually tied knots using a traditional knot pusher, on total operation time, on cardiopulmonary-bypass time and on cross-clamp time, and on short-term outcome. METHODS: Sixty patients underwent isolated minimally invasive mitral valve repair in Carpentier Type-II mitral disease with implantation of an annuloplasty ring in combination with correction of the prolapsing leaflet using artificial chords. The first 30 patients after implementation of a novel automated fastener were compared with the last 30 patients corrected with a traditional knot pusher. No significant differences with regard to demographic data (age, gender, NYHA class, ejection fraction, BMI, cardiovascular risk factors) between the two groups were found. All patients received isolated mitral valve repair in the first run. Bretschneider HTK was used for cardioplegic cardiac arrest in all patients. RESULTS: Transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography at the end of operation and at discharge revealed no (n = 25), trace (n = 28) or mild (n = 7) residual regurgitation with no evidence of ring dehiscence and without any significant clinical differences between the groups. Cross-clamp, cardiopulmonary-bypass and total- operation time were significantly reduced in the automated fastener group compared to the group using a traditional knot pusher (87.1 ± 17.9 vs. 101.3 ± 17.8; p < 0.01, 138.1 ± 25.6 vs. 152.7 ± 24.9; p < 0.05, and 203.9 ± 31.02 vs. 223.8 ± 29.01; p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our short-term results indicate a safe, reliable and fast application of the novel automated fastener device in combination with significant time savings in cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass.

One-year patency control and risk analysis of eSVS®-mesh-supported coronary saphenous vein grafts.

BACKGROUND: The eSVS® external venous nitinol mesh (Kips Bay Medical, Minneapolis, USA) was designed to improve long-term patency of coronary saphenous vein grafts (SVG) by preventing pressure-induced wall stress and reactive neo-intimal hyperplasia. We present one-year-patency rates of meshed SVGs assessed by coronary computed tomographic angiography (cCTA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from consecutive patients receiving an eSVS® meshed coronary bypass SVG from 06/2010 to 06/2011 were prospectively collected and analysed post-hoc. Patient characteristics, coronary artery disease, SVG quality, surgery (including number of anastomoses and transit time flow-measurement: TTFM), postoperative course and graft patency by cCTA were recorded. Potential risk factors for meshed graft occlusion were evaluated. RESULTS: 22 patients received an eSVS® mesh (18 isolated CABG, 4 combined with aortic valve replacement). Three patients died prior to the one-year follow-up and were excluded. All 19 surviving patients (mean age 70.4 ± 9.5 years, 3 female) completed a cCTA of all grafts at 12 ± 0.1 months after surgery including 21 meshed SVGs (33 distal anastomoses), 7 unmeshed SVGs (13 distal anastomoses) and 22 arterial grafts (30 distal anastomoses). Mesh application was safe with patent grafts (by intraoperative TTFM) and perioperative course uneventful in all patients. The average graft/anastomosis number per patient was 2.6 ± 0.5/3.7 ± 0.8. Patency was unrestricted in all arterial and unmeshed SVGs (cCTA). Meshed SVG patency was 85 % (n = 28/33) for distal anastomoses and 76 % (n = 16/21) among meshed SVGs. Four SVGs with single distal anastomosis to the right coronary were completely occluded. One sequential graft to the left coronary was occluded between proximal and first distal anastomosis (see Fig. 1). Patency was independent of target site, coronary run-off, SVG quality and sequential distal grafting. All patients were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: The overall one-year patency rate of eSVS® meshed SVGs/anastomoses was 76 %/85 %. Surgical implantation is safe independently of target site, run-off, vein quality and sequential distal anastomoses. However, graft patency of meshed veins (76 %) was inferior to non-meshed (100 %) or arterial grafts (100 %). Thus our mid-term data do not sustain the concept of improving vein graft patency by external reinforcing with the eSVS® mesh. Further long-term follow-up is warranted.

Rapamycin impairs endothelial cell function in human internal thoracic arteries.

BACKGROUND: Definitive fate of the coronary endothelium after implantation of a drug-eluting stent remains unclear, but evidence has accumulated that treatment with rapamycin-eluting stents impairs endothelial function in human coronary arteries. The aim of our study was to demonstrate this phenomenon on functional, morphological and biochemical level in human internal thoracic arteries (ITA) serving as coronary artery model. METHODS: After exposure to rapamycin for 20 h, functional activity of ITA rings was investigated using the organ bath technique. Morphological analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy and evaluated by two independent observers in blinded fashion. For measurement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) release, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (PKB) (Akt) activation, Western blotting on human mammary epithelial cells-1 and on ITA homogenates was performed. RESULTS: Comparison of the acetylcholine-induced relaxation revealed a significant concentration-dependent decrease to 66 ± 7 % and 36 ± 7 % (mean ± SEM) after 20-h incubation with 1 and 10 µM rapamycin. Electron microscopic evaluation of the endothelial layer showed no differences between controls and samples exposed to 10 µM rapamycin. Western blots after 20-h incubation with rapamycin (10 nM-1 µM) revealed a significant and concentration-dependent reduction of p (Ser 1177)-eNOS (down to 38 ± 8 %) in human mammary epithelial cells (Hmec)-1. Furthermore, 1 µM rapamycin significantly reduced activation of p (Ser2481)-mTOR (58 ± 11 %), p (Ser2481)-mTOR (23 ± 4 %) and p (Ser473)-Akt (38 ± 6 %) in ITA homogenates leaving Akt protein levels unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggests that 20-h exposure of ITA rings to rapamycin reduces endothelium-mediated relaxation through down-regulation of Akt-phosphorylation via the mTOR signalling axis within the ITA tissue without injuring the endothelial cell layer.

A new cable-tie-based sternal closure device: infectious considerations.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the difference in sternal infection and other infectious events between conventional wire and cable-tie-based closure techniques post-sternotomy in a collective of patients after cardiac surgery. METHODS: The sternal ZipFix™ (ZF) system consists of a biocompatible poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) cable-tie that surrounds the sternum through the intercostal space and provides a large implant-to-bone contact. Between 1 February 2011 and 31 January 2012, 680 cardiac operations were performed via sternotomy at our institution. After the exclusion of operations for active endocarditis and early mortality within 7 days, 95 patients were exclusively closed with ZF and could be compared with 498 who were closed with conventional wires (CWs) during the same period. A multivariable logistic regression analysis, including body mass index, renal impairment and emergency as suspected confounders and inverse propensity weights was performed on the infection rate. RESULTS: Total infection rate was 6.1%, with a total of 36 diagnosed sternal infections (5 in ZF and 31 in CW). Comparing ZF with CW with regard to sternal infection, there is no statistically significant difference related to the device (odds ratio: 0.067, confidence interval: 0.04-9.16, P=0.72). The propensity modelling provided excellent overlap and the mean propensity was almost the same in both groups. Thus, we have observed no difference in receiving either ZF or CW. No sternal instability was observed with the ZF device, unlike 4/31 patients in the CW group. The overall operation time is reduced by 11 min in the ZF group with identical perfusion and clamping times. CONCLUSIONS: Our study underlines a neutral effect of the sternal ZipFix™ system in patients regarding sternal infection. Postoperative complications are similar in both sternal closure methods. The cable-tie-based system is fast, easy to use, reliable and safe.

A new cable-tie based sternal closure system: description of the device, technique of implantation and first clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Wire closure still remains the preferred technique despite reasonable disadvantages. Associated complications, such as infection and sternal instability, cause time- and cost-consuming therapies. We present a new tool for sternal closure with its first clinical experience and results. METHODS: The sternal ZipFix(TM) System is based on the cable-tie principle. It primarily consists of biocompatible Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone implants and is predominantly used peristernally through the intercostal space. The system provides a large implant-to-bone contact for better force distribution and for avoiding bone cut through. RESULTS: 50 patients were closed with the ZipFix(TM) system. No sternal instability was observed at 30 days. Two patients developed a mediastinitis that necessitated the removal of the device; however, the ZipFix(TM) were intact and the sternum remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: In our initial evaluation, the short-term results have shown that the sternal ZipFix(TM) can be used safely and effectively. It is fast, easy to use and serves as a potential alternative for traditional wire closure.

Simplified closure of ministernotomy using thermoreactive sternal clips.

An increasing number of aortic valve replacements are performed through a ministernotomy. Due to the small incision and partial fixation of the caudal sternum, the traditional wire closure can be complicated and even harmful to the surrounding tissue. In such cases, we recommend the use of nitinol clips for sternal closure. This technique, which we have used in 48 patients, is simple, safe, and fast, and results in excellent outcomes.

Effects of the novel polymer gel LeGoo on human internal thoracic arteries.

PURPOSE: Established hemostatic devices can injure vessel wall integrity. LeGoo (Pluromed, Woburn, MA), a novel poloxamer gel with reverse thermosensitive properties, is a new device for temporary occlusion of blood vessels. The present study investigated the effects of LeGoo on vascular function and morphology. DESCRIPTION: The distal end of the human internal thoracic artery was used to assess vascular function of LeGoo-applied segments in organ bath experiments and by scanning electron microscopy. EVALUATION: After LeGoo application, both maximal contractile responses to noradrenaline and endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine were significantly reduced. Scanning electron microscopy showed areas of injured endothelium with exposure of subendothelial structures being in line with the functional changes. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggested that application of LeGoo induced significant endothelial injury and deterioration of the smooth muscle in human internal thoracic arteries.

Eyes wide shut--unusual two stage repair of pectus excavatum and annuloaortic ectasia in a 37 year old marfan patient: case report.

We report about a 37 year old male patient with a pectus excavatum. The patient was in NYHA functional class III. After performed computed tomography the symptoms were thought to be related to the severity of chest deformation. A Ravitch-procedure had been accomplished in a district hospital in 2009. The crack of a metal bar led to a reevaluation 2010, in which surprisingly the presence of an annuloaortic ectasia (root 73×74 mm) in direct neighborhood of the formerly implanted metal-bars was diagnosed. Echocardiography revealed a severe aortic valve regurgitation, the left ventricle was massively dilated presenting a reduced ejection fraction of 45%. A marfan syndrome was suspected and the patient underwent a valve sparing aortic root replacement (David procedure) in our institution with an uneventful postoperative course. A review of the literature in combination with discussion of our case suggests the application of stronger recommendations towards preoperative cardiovascular assessment in patients with pectus excavatum.

Proteome analysis in cardiovascular pathophysiology using Dahl rat model.

Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) inbred rat strains represent a well established animal model for cardiovascular research. Upon prolonged administration of high-salt-containing diet, DS rats develop systemic hypertension, and as a consequence they develop left ventricular hypertrophy, followed by heart failure. The aim of this work was to explore whether this animal model is suitable to identify biomarkers that characterize defined stages of cardiac pathophysiological conditions. The work had to be performed in two stages: in the first part proteomic differences that are attributable to the two separate rat lines (DS and DR) had to be established, and in the second part the process of development of heart failure due to feeding the rats with high-salt-containing diet has to be monitored. This work describes the results of the first stage, with the outcome of protein expression profiles of left ventricular tissues of DS and DR rats kept under low salt diet. Substantial extent of quantitative and qualitative expression differences between both strains of Dahl rats in heart tissue was detected. Using Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis and other statistical means we have established sets of differentially expressed proteins, candidates for further molecular analysis of the heart failure mechanisms.

[Surgical treatment options in end-stage heart failure]. / Chirurgische Therapieoptionen bei terminaler Herzinsuffizienz.

Despite significant improvements in pharmacological therapy heart failure is still one of the leading causes for death in the Western World. The gold standard treatment of end-stage heart failure remains cardiac transplantation, but there is a great excess of eligible candidates compared with the low number of suitable donor organs. The variety of surgical organ preserving treatment strategies has significantly increased during the last 20 years, intenting either to delay or even to prevent the need for cardiac transplantation. An individually tailored surgical concept should be considered as an alternative in any heart failure patient who has reached the limits of pharmacologic therapy. This article gives an overview about current and potential future therapeutic options in end-stage heart failure.

Reactive oxygen species mediate functional differences in human radial and internal thoracic arteries from smokers.

OBJECTIVE: Smoking not only increases the risk that coronary heart disease will develop but also morbidity and mortality in patients with known coronary atherosclerosis and after coronary artery bypass grafting. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated as the final common pathway for the development of endothelial dysfunction in various cardiovascular risk factors. This study assessed the influence of smoking on two different human arteries routinely used as coronary artery bypass graft conduits. METHODS: Isometric tension was recorded on discarded segments of human left internal thoracic artery (ITA) and the radial artery (RA) from smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS: The contractile response to endothelin-1 was significantly stronger in arteries from smokers than in those from nonsmokers. By contrast, endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine were attenuated in RA rings but enhanced in ITA rings from smokers. In additional experiments, 5-(&6)-chloromethyl-2'-7'-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCDHF) was used to photochemically detect ROS by confocal imaging of intact ITA and RA. Enhanced production of ROS was induced by exposure of tissues to 28 degrees C. While during exposure to 28 degrees C, basal fluorescence emission was unchanged in ITA rings, it increased significantly in RA rings, indicating enhanced formation of ROS in this peripheral artery. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that smoking induces endothelial dysfunction by increasing vascular ROS production. Different levels of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and the degree of atherosclerotic changes might modulate physiologic and pharmacologic vasoreactivity and be responsible for decreased graft patency of RA compared with ITA conduits, especially in active smokers.