Despite advances, the menus of schools served by the National School Meals Program can still be healthier / Pese a los avances, los menús en las escuelas atendidos por el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar aún pueden ser más saludables / Apesar dos avanços, os cardápios de escolas atendidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar ainda podem ser mais saudáveis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of Brazilian school meals. Cross-sectional study that used 2785 daily menus, from 557 municipalities in the country, offered between 2022 and 2024, in elementary schools. For evaluation, the Quality Index for School Meal Menus Revised was used. It was observed that the majority of menus presented intermediate quality (70.74%) and the other categories presented similar frequencies. The groups of cereals and tubers; vegetables; and fruits were the most frequent, followed by legumes; red meat; and eggs, chicken and fish. Already ultra-processed; regional foods appeared on a quarter of the menus; dairy products; candy; processed foods; and time compatibility; socio-biodiversity foods and sweet regional preparations were less frequent. This study provides an overview of Brazilian school meals with a high frequency of fresh and minimally processed foods. However, it was also possible to observe the presence of foods that are not allowed in school meals.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la alimentación escolar brasileña. Estudio transversal que utilizó 2785 menús diarios, de 557 municipios del país, ofrecidos entre 2022 y 2024, en escuelas primarias. Para la evaluación se utilizó el Índice de Calidad de Menús de Alimentación Escolar Revisado. Se observó que la mayoría de los menús presentaron calidad intermedia (70,74%) y las demás categorías presentaron frecuencias similares. Los grupos de cereales y tubérculos; hortalizas y verduras; y las frutas fueron las más frecuentes, seguidas de las legumbres; carne roja; y huevos y carne blanca. Ya ultraprocesados; los alimentos regionales aparecían en una cuarta parte de los menús; productos lácteos; dulce; alimentos procesados; y compatibilidad horaria; fueron menos frecuentes los alimentos de sociobiodiversidad y las preparaciones dulces regionales. Este estudio ofrece una visión general de la alimentación escolar brasileña con alta frecuencia de alimentos frescos y mínimamente procesados. Sin embargo, también fue posible observar la presencia de alimentos no permitidos en la alimentación escolar.

O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade da alimentação escolar brasileira. Estudo transversal que utilizou 2785 cardápios diários, de 557 municípios do país, ofertados de 2022 a 2024. Para avaliação foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade para Cardápios da Alimentação Escolar Revisado. Observou-se que a maioria dos cardápios apresentou qualidade intermediária (70,74%) e as demais categorias apresentaram frequências semelhantes. Os grupos de cereais e tubérculos; legumes e verduras; e frutas foram os mais frequentes, seguidos de  leguminosas; carnes vermelhas; e ovos aves e peixes. Já ultraprocessados; alimentos regionais apareceram em um quarto dos cardápios; laticínios; doces; alimentos processados; e compatibilidade de horário; alimentos da sociobiodiversidade e preparações regionais doces foram menos frequentes. Foi possível concluir a presença de alta frequência de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados. Contudo, também observou-se a presença de alimentos que não são permitidos na alimentação escolar.

Adults of Sun Coral Tubastraea coccinea (Lesson 1829) Are Resistant to New Antifouling Biocides.

Biocides used in antifouling (AF) paints, such as 4,5-dichlorine-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazole-3-one (DCOIT), can gradually leach into the environment. Some AF compounds can persist in the marine environment and cause harmful effects to non-target organisms. Nanoengineered materials, such as mesoporous silica nanocapsules (SiNCs) containing AF compounds, have been developed to control their release rate and reduce their toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of new nanoengineered materials, SiNC-DCOIT and a silver-coated form (SiNC-DCOIT-Ag), as well as the free form of DCOIT and empty nanocapsules (SiNCs), on the sun coral Tubastraea coccinea. T. coccinea is an invasive species and can be an alternative test organism for evaluating the risks to native species, as most native corals are currently threatened. The colonies were collected from the Alcatrazes Archipelago, SP, Brazil, and acclimatized to laboratory conditions. They were exposed for 96 h to different concentrations of the tested substances: 3.33, 10, 33, and 100 µg L-1 of free DCOIT; 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 µg L-1 of SiNC; and 74.1, 222.2, 666.7, and 2000 µg L-1 of SiNC-DCOIT and SiNC-DCOIT-Ag. The test chambers consisted of 500 mL flasks containing the test solutions, and the tests were maintained under constant aeration, a constant temperature of 23 ± 2 °C, and photoperiod of 12 h:12 h (light/dark). At the end of the experiments, no lethal effect was observed; however, some sublethal effects were noticeable, such as the exposure of the skeleton in most of the concentrations and replicates, except for the controls, and embrittlement at higher concentrations. Adults of T. coccinea were considered slightly sensitive to the tested substances. This resistance may indicate a greater capacity for proliferation in the species, which is favored in substrates containing antifouling paints, to the detriment of the native species.

Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) aminoglycoside-resistant ST313 isolates feature unique pathogenic mechanisms to reach the bloodstream.

Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) from the clonal type ST313 (S. Typhimurium ST313) is the primary cause of invasive salmonellosis in Africa. Recently, in Brazil, iNTS ST313 strains have been isolated from different sources, but there is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms behind how these gut bacteria can break the gut barrier and reach the patient's bloodstream. Here, we compare 13 strains of S. Typhimurium ST313, previously unreported isolates, from human blood cultures, investigating aspects of virulence and mechanisms of resistance. Initially, RNAseq analyses between ST13-blood isolate and SL1344 (ST19) prototype revealed 15 upregulated genes directly related to cellular invasion and replication, such as sopD2, sifB, and pipB. Limited information is available about S. Typhimurium ST313 pathogenesis and epidemiology, especially related to the global distribution of strains. Herein, the correlation of strains isolated from different sources in Brazil was employed to compare clinical and non-clinical isolates, a total of 22 genomes were studied by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The epidemiological analysis of 22 genomes of S. Typhimurium ST313 strains grouped them into three distinct clusters (A, B, and C) by SNP analysis, where cluster A comprised five, group B six, and group C 11. The 13 clinical blood isolates were all resistant to streptomycin, 92.3% of strains were resistant to ampicillin and 15.39% were resistant to kanamycin. The resistance genes acrA, acrB, mdtK, emrB, emrR, mdsA, and mdsB related to the production of efflux pumps were detected in all (100%) strains studied, similar to pathogenic traits investigated. In conclusion, we evidenced that S. Typhimurium ST313 strains isolated in Brazil have unique epidemiology. The elevated frequencies of virulence genes such as sseJ, sopD2, and pipB are a major concern in these Brazilian isolates, showing a higher pathogenic potential.

Determinant production factors to the in vitro organic matter digestibility and protein oxidation of poultry by-product meal.

The quality of poultry by-product meal (PBM) is not standardized in the industry. Several factors are detrimental to PBM and compromise its nutritional value and shelf life. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the main PBM production factors that directly affect its in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVDOM) and protein oxidation (POX). Data on the processing of PBM samples (n = 100) were recorded in a rendering plant. Two types of PBM were used: 1) Low ash (LA, n = 66) with mineral matter (MM) content of 11% and 2) High ash (HA, n = 34) with MM above 11%. Processing traits and chemical composition of PBM were considered independent variables. The IVDOM and POX were determined in each sample and considered dependent variables. Data on independent variables were submitted to factorial and principal components (PC) analyses. In vitro organic matter digestibility data were clustered (P = 0.001) in low (778.92 g/kg), average (822.85 g/kg), and high (890.06 g/kg). The best arrangement was composed of six independent variables distributed in two PC, which explained 82.10% of the total variation. The ash concentration, oil to raw material ratio, collagen, and crude protein comprised PC1 with greater relevance and explained 58.46% of the total variance. The PC2 was composed of the processing time and temperature and explained 23.64% of the total variance. Protein oxidation data were clustered (P < 0.001) in low (265.19 nmol/mg CP), average (393.07 nmol/mg CP), and high (524.40 nmol/mg CP). Based on our results, the composition of the raw material from the slaughterhouse holds most of the information on PBM composition and digestibility. Developing improvements in the slaughtering or in the screening of the raw material that will be used by the rendering process is important to obtain a more nutritionally standardized ingredient.

Protein-caloric restriction induced HPA axis activation and altered the milk composition imprint metabolism of weaned rat offspring.

OBJECTIVES: Maternal protein-caloric restriction during lactation can malprogram offspring into having a lean phenotype associated with metabolic dysfunction in early life and adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between nutritional stress, maternal behavior and metabolism, milk composition, and offspring parameters. Additionally, we focused on the role of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivation during lactation. METHODS: Dams were fed a low-protein diet (4% protein) during the first 2 wk of lactation or a normal-protein diet (20% protein) during all lactation. Analyses of dams, milk, and offspring were conducted on postnatal days (PD) 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS: Body weight and food intake decreased in dams, which was associated with reduced fat pad stores and increased corticosterone levels at PD 14. The stressed low-protein diet dams demonstrated alterations in behavior and offspring care. Despite nutritional deprivation, dams adapted their metabolism to provide adequate energy supply through milk; however, we demonstrated elevated corticosterone and total fat levels in milk at PD 14. Male offspring also showed increased corticosterone at PD 7, associated with a lean phenotype and alterations in white and brown adipose tissue morphology at PD 21. CONCLUSION: Exposure to protein-caloric restriction diet of dams during lactation increased the glucocorticoid levels in dams, milk, and offspring, which is associated with alterations in maternal behavior and milk composition. Thus, glucocorticoids and milk composition may play an important role in metabolic programming induced by maternal undernutrition.

Rotational effect of the 3d brace in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / Efeito rotacional do colete 3d no tratamento da escoliose idiopática do adolescente / Efecto rotacional del corsé 3d en el tratamiento de la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the axial correction capacity of the 3D brace in treating Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Methods: A retrospective study was carried out with 61 patients with AIS who obtained the 3D brace, between 2019 and 2022, in a laboratory that manufactures orthotics and orthopedic prostheses. These individuals underwent independent analysis of radiographic parameters by evaluating vertebral rotation using the Nash and Moe classification. The analyzed radiographs were taken in orthostasis before and after treatment with the 3D vest. Patients were divided into groups I and II-IV according to the Nash and Moe radiographic classification. Corrective capacity was estimated by assessing the degree of vertebral rotation before and after treatment. Results: Of the 61 patients evaluated, 36 (59%) had Nash and Moe grade I, and 25 patients grade II-IV before treatment. After treatment, 13 (21%) had grade II-IV, and 48 had grade I. Of the patients categorized as II-IV, 64% had improvement in the rotational profile. None clinical studies or radiographic parameter was associated with a change in rotational profile other than brace use (p=0.012). Conclusion: In the studied sample, treatment with the 3D vest promoted a change in vertebral rotation according to the Nash and Moe classification. The majority showed improvement in this parameter of evaluation of treatment of AIS. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Study.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade de correção axial do colete 3D no tratamento da Escoliose Idiopática do Adolescente (EIA). Métodos: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo com 61 pacientes com EIA que obtiveram o colete 3D, entre 2019 e 2022, em um laboratório de confecção de órteses e próteses ortopédicas. Esses indivíduos foram submetidos à análise independente dos parâmetros radiográficos através da avaliação da rotação vertebral pela classificação de Nash e Moe. As radiografias analisadas foram realizadas em ortostase antes e após o tratamento com o colete 3D. Os pacientes foram separados em grupo I e grupo II-IV de acordo com a classificação radiográfica de Nash e Moe. A capacidade de correção foi estimada pela avaliação do grau de rotação vertebral antes e depois do tratamento. Resultados: Dentre os 61 pacientes avaliados, 36 (59%) apresentavam grau I, e 25 pacientes grau II-IV de Nash e Moe, antes do tratamento. Após o tratamento, 13 (21%) apresentavam grau II-IV e, 48 pacientes apresentavam grau I. Dos pacientes categorizados como II-IV, 64% tiveram melhora no perfil rotacional. Nenhum parâmetro clínico ou radiográfico estudado esteve associado com a mudança no perfil rotacional além do uso do colete (p=0,012). Conclusões: Na amostra estudada, o tratamento com o colete 3D promoveu mudança na rotação vertebral pela classificação de Nash e Moe. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou melhora neste parâmetro de avaliação de tratamento da EIA. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad de corrección axial del corsé 3D en el tratamiento de la Escoliosis Idiopática del Adolescente (EIA). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con 61 pacientes con EIA que obtuvieron el corsé 3D, entre 2019 y 2022, en un laboratorio que fabrica ortesis y prótesis ortopédicas. Estos individuos se sometieron a un análisis independiente de los parámetros radiográficos a través de la evaluación de la rotación vertebral utilizando la clasificación de Nash y Moe. Las radiografías analizadas se tomaron en ortostasis antes y después del tratamiento con el corsé 3D. Los pacientes se dividieron en grupo I y grupo II-IV según la clasificación radiográfica de Nash y Moe. La capacidad correctora se estimó evaluando el grado de rotación vertebral antes y después del tratamiento. Resultados: De los 61 pacientes evaluados, 36 pacientes (59%) tenían grado I de Nash y Moe, y 25 grado II-IV antes del tratamiento. Después del tratamiento, 13 (21%) tenían grado II-IV, y 48 grado I. De los pacientes categorizados como II-IV, el 64% tuvo mejoría en el perfil rotacional. Ningún parámetro clínico o radiográfico estudiado se asoció con el cambio en el perfil de rotación que no sea el uso de aparatos ortopédicos (p = 0,012). Conclusiones: En la muestra estudiada, el tratamiento con el corsé 3D promovió un cambio en la rotación vertebral según la clasificación de Nash y Moe. La mayoría mostró mejoría en este parámetro de evaluación del tratamiento de la EIA. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo.

Association Between Probable Awake Bruxism and School Bullying in Children and Adolescents: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between probable awake bruxism (PAB) and school bullying in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 380 children and adolescents enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, participated in this case-control study. The case group (190 children with PAB) and the control group (190 children without PAB) were matched for sex and age. Data acquisition involved questionnaires administered to the children/adolescents and their parents/caregivers. An oral clinical examination to assess attrition tooth wear was also performed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI], P<0.05) were conducted. Results: Among the 380 participants, 176 (46.3 percent) were male and 204 (53.7 percent) were female. Children and adolescents who were involved in bullying episodes as victims/bullies (odds ratio [OR] equals 2.92, 95% CI equals 1.07 to 7.95, P=0.036) and victims (OR equals 1.93, 95% CI equals 1.04 to 3.57, P=0.037) were significantly associated with PAB. Children and adolescents who reported sleep problems (OR equals 2.51, 95% CI equals 1.07 to 5.89, P=0.033) were significantly associated with PAB. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was observed that probable awake bruxism is associated with involvement in episodes of school bullying and sleep problems.

Association between the severity of possible sleep bruxism and possible awake bruxism and attrition tooth wear facets in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the severity of possible sleep bruxism (PSB) and possible awake bruxism (PAB) and attrition tooth wear facets (ATWF) in children/adolescents. METHODS: Four hundred-thirty-four children/adolescents enrolled in schools in Lavras, Brazil, participated in this cross-sectional study. Caregivers answered a questionnaire about their childrens' PSB. Children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about the occurrence of PAB. RESULTS: ATWF among individuals without PSB and PAB was lower than those with moderate/severe PSB (p = 0.038) and moderate/severe PAB (p = 0.003). ATWF in anterior teeth was lower among individuals without PSB compared to those with mild (p = 0.015) and moderate/severe PSB (p = 0.032). ATWF in posterior teeth was lower among individuals without PAB compared to those with mild (p = 0.046) and moderate/severe PAB (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: The number of attrition tooth wear facets is proportional to the severity of PSB and PAB.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation During Lactation Programs the Metabolism of Adult Wistar Rats in a Sex-specific Way.

BACKGROUND: The intestinal microbiota is involved in many physiological processes. However, the effects of microbiota in metabolic programming still unknow. We evaluated whether the transplantation of fecal microbiota during early life can program health or disease during adulthood in a model of lean and obese male and female Wistar rats. METHODS: Parental obesity were induced using a small litter (SL, 3 pups/dam) model. At 90 d old, normal litter (NL, 9 pups/dam) and SL males and females (parents) from different litters were mated: NL male vs. NL female; SL male vs. SL female. After birth, male and female offspring rats were also standardized in normal litters or small litters . From the 10th until 25th d of life, the NL and SL male and female offspring received via gavage of a solution containing the diluted feces of the opposite dam (fecal microbiota, M) or saline solution (S). At 90 d of age, biometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: NLM male rats transplanted with obese microbiota showed increased body weight, and fat pad deposition, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. SLM male rats transplanted with lean microbiota had decreased retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat, triglycerides and VLDL levels and improvement of glucose tolerance. Despite SLM female rats showed higher visceral fat, microbiota transplantation in female rats caused no changes in these parameters compared with control groups. CONCLUSION: Fecal microbiota transplantation during lactation induces long-term effects on the metabolism of male Wistar rats. However, female rats were resistant to metabolic alterations caused by the treatment.

Characterization of the variations in the industrial processing and nutritional variables of poultry by-product meal.

The study aimed to measure variations in industrial process and nutritional variables of poultry by-product meal (PBM) in rendering plants from batch cookers. A total of 200 samples of low ash PBM with mineral matter (MM) content of 11% (LA, n = 104) or high ash with MM above 11% (HA, n = 96) were collected from 5 industrial processing plants. The highest coefficients of variation in chemical composition were for MM (LA - 19.70%; HA - 19.59%), ether extract (LA - 20.72%; HA - 14.86%), collagen (LA - 21.16%; HA - 30.00%) and water activity (LA - 24.54%; HA - 25.89%). However, the crude protein (LA - 5.07%; HA - 7.39%), dry matter (LA - 1.75%; HA - 2.90%) and organic matter digestibility (LA - 4.81%; HA - 6.78%) were lower. The variability of the data related to the process of PBM was: maximum process temperature (LA - 3.91%; HA - 3.56%), average process temperature (LA - 3.73%; HA - 4.71%), and processing time (LA - 27.37%; HA - 37.59%). This study evidenced that the corrective measures by limiting the amount of bones in the raw material, optimizing the pressing step for the poultry fat extraction, and also controlling the processing time of PBM may favor the production of more standardized PBM in terms of chemical composition and quality.

Maternal Isocaloric High-Fat Diet Induces Liver Mitochondria Maladaptations and Homeostatic Disturbances Intensifying Mitochondria Damage in Response to Fructose Intake in Adult Male Rat Offspring.

SCOPE: Perinatal maternal obesity and excessive fructose consumption have been associated with liver metabolic diseases. The study investigates whether moderate maternal high-fat diet affects the liver mitochondria responses to fructose intake in adult offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wistar female rats have received a standard diet (mSTD) or high-fat diet (mHFD) (9% and 28.6% fat, respectively), before mating until the end of lactation. Male offspring were fed standard diet from weaning to adulthood and received water or fructose-drinking water (15%) from 120 to 150 days old. Fructose induces liver mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations with higher intensity in mHFD offspring, accompanied by reduced autophagy markers. Isolated mitochondria respirometry shows unaltered ATP-coupled oxygen consumption with increased Atp5f1b mRNA only in mHFD offspring. Fructose increases basal respiration and encoding complex I-III mRNA, only in mSTD offspring. Uncoupled respiration is lower in mHFD mitochondria that are unable to exhibit fructose-induced increase Ucp2 mRNA. Fructose decreases antioxidative defense markers, increases unfolded protein response and insulin resistance only in mHFD offspring without fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. CONCLUSION: Mitochondrial dysfunction and homeostatic disturbances in response to fructose are early events evidencing the higher risk of fructose damage in the liver of adult offspring from dams fed an isocaloric moderate high-fat diet.

Protein restriction during lactation causes transgenerational metabolic dysfunction in adult rat offspring.

Introduction: Protein restriction during lactation can induce metabolic dysfunctions and has a huge impact on the offspring's phenotype later in its life. We tested whether the effects of a maternal low-protein diet (LP) in rats can be transmitted to the F2 generation and increase their vulnerability to dietary insults in adulthood. Methods: Female Wistar rats (F0) were fed either a low-protein diet (LP; 4% protein) during the first 2 weeks of lactation or a normal-protein diet (NP; 23% protein). The female offspring (F1 generation) were maintained on a standard diet throughout the experiment. Once adulthood was reached, female F1 offspring from both groups (i.e., NP-F1 and LP-F1) were bred to proven males, outside the experiment, to produce the F2 generation. Male F2 offspring from both groups (NP-F2 and LP-F2 groups) received a standard diet until 60 days old, at which point they received either a normal fat (NF; 4.5% fat) or a high fat diet (HF; 35% fat) for 30 days. Results: At 90 days old, LPNF-F2 offspring had increased lipogenesis and fasting insulinemia compared to NPNF-F2, without alteration in insulin sensitivity. HF diet caused increased gluconeogenesis and displayed glucose intolerance in LPHF-F2 offspring compared to LPNF-F2 offspring. Additionally, the HF diet led to damage to lipid metabolism (such as steatosis grade 3), higher body weight, fat pad stores, and hepatic lipid content. Discussion: We concluded that an F0 maternal protein restricted diet during lactation can induce a transgenerational effect on glucose and liver metabolism in the F2 generation, making the offspring's liver more vulnerable to nutritional injury later in life.

Association between possible awake bruxism and bullying among 8- to 11-year-old children/adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism is characterized by tooth grinding and/or clenching. AIM: To evaluate the association between possible awake bruxism (PAB) and bullying among individuals aged 8-11 years. DESIGN: A representative cross-sectional study was conducted with 434 eight- to eleven-year-old children/adolescents. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire to provide data on sociodemographic characteristics. Children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about the occurrence of PAB. The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used. The Poisson regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of the 434 children/adolescents, 209 (48.2%) were boys and 225 (51.8%) were girls. The mean age of the children/adolescents was 9.14 years (±1.00). Children/adolescents who were victims of bullying (PR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.14-2.04, P = .005) and bullies-victims (PR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.36-3.17, P = .001) presented a higher frequency of PAB than those who were not involved in bullying. CONCLUSION: Children/adolescents who were bullying victims and bullies-victims had a higher frequency of PAB.

COVID-19 pandemic and exercising: a cross-sectional study with 1156 patients with fibromyalgia

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of pandemic in the exercising practice and impact of the disease in patients with Fibromyalgia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, Internet-based survey answered by 1156 individuals with Fibromyalgia diagnosis. Questions were on epidemiology, social distancing habits, and exercise practice before and after COVID-19 pandemic, including subtypes of exercises (for resistance, flexibility, balance, and strength). The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: In the whole sample, 57.7% of individuals practiced exercises before pandemic; during pandemic, only 34.8% practiced and 39.6% left this practice. Among those taking quarantine (n=440), 52.9% used to do exercises prior to pandemic; in the pandemic, 28.1% (reduction of 53.2%). The median Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire among those who practiced exercises in the pandemic was 73.6 (61.1-83.2) and that among those who did not was 80.4 (71.9-86.9), with p<0.0001. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire did not change according to the type of physical exercise (p=0.27). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of patients with Fibromyalgia stopped exercising during COVID-19 pandemic; as a result, the impact of the disease during this period was worse among those not practicing exercises.

Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 isolated in Brazil revealed to be more invasive and inflammatory in murine colon compared to ST19 strains.

Salmonella Typhimurium (ST313) has caused an epidemic of invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa and has been recently identified in Brazil. As the virulence of this ST is poorly understood, the present study aimed to (i) perform the RNA-seq in vitro of S. Typhimurium STm30 (ST313) grown in Luria-Bertani medium at 37°C; (ii) compare it with the RNA-seq of the S. Typhimurium SL1344 (ST19) and S. Typhimurium STm11 (ST19) strains under the same growing conditions; and (iii) examine the colonization capacity and expression of virulence genes and cytokines in murine colon. The STm30 (ST313) strain exhibited stronger virulence and was associated with a more inflammatory profile than the strains SL1344 (ST19) and STm11 (ST19), as demonstrated by transcriptome and in vivo assay. The expression levels of the hilA, sopD2, pipB, and ssaS virulence genes, other Salmonella pathogenicity islands SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes or effectors, and genes of the cytokines IL-1ß, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-12 were increased during ST313 infection in C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, S. Typhimurium STm30 (ST313) isolated from human feces in Brazil express higher levels of pathogenesis-related genes at 37°C and has stronger colonization and invasion capacity in murine colon due to its high expression levels of virulence genes, when compared with the S. Typhimurium SL1344 (ST19) and STm11 (ST19) strains. STm30 (ST313) also induces stronger expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in this organ, suggesting that it causes more extensive tissue damage.

Metformin Improves Autonomic Nervous System Imbalance and Metabolic Dysfunction in Monosodium L-Glutamate-Treated Rats.

Metformin is an antidiabetic drug used for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic diseases. Imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is associated with metabolic diseases. This study aimed to test whether metformin could improve ANS function in obese rats. Obesity was induced by neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). During 21-100 days of age, MSG-rats were treated with metformin 250 mg/kg body weight/day or saline solution. Rats were euthanized to evaluate biometric and biochemical parameters. ANS electrical activity was recorded and analyzed. Metformin normalized the hypervagal response in MSG-rats. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets increased in MSG-rats, while the cholinergic response decreased. Metformin treatment normalized the cholinergic response, which involved mostly the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 mAChR) in pancreatic beta-cells. Protein expression of M3 mAChRs increased in MSG-obesity rats, while metformin treatment decreased the protein expression by 25%. In conclusion, chronic metformin treatment was effective in normalizing ANS activity and alleviating obesity in MSG-rats.

Soy isoflavones recover pancreatic islet function and prevent metabolic dysfunction in male rats.

We tested whether chronic supplementation with soy isoflavones could modulate insulin secretion levels and subsequent recovery of pancreatic islet function as well as prevent metabolic dysfunction induced by early overfeeding in adult male rats. Wistar rats raised in small litters (SL, three pups/dam) and normal litters (NL, nine pups/dam) were used as models of early overfeeding and normal feeding, respectively. At 30 to 90 days old, animals in the SL and NL groups received either soy isoflavones extract (ISO) or water (W) gavage serving as controls. At 90 days old, body weight, visceral fat deposits, glycemia, insulinemia were evaluated. Glucose-insulin homeostasis and pancreatic-islet insulinotropic response were also determined. The early life overnutrition induced by small litter displayed metabolic dysfunction, glucose, and insulin homeostasis disruption in adult rats. However, adult SL rats treated with soy isoflavones showed improvement in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, insulinemia, fat tissue accretion, and body weight gain, compared with the SL-W group. Pancreatic-islet response to cholinergic, adrenergic, and glucose stimuli was improved in both isoflavone-treated groups. In addition, different isoflavone concentrations increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets of all groups with higher magnitude in both NL and SL isoflavone-treated groups. These results indicate that long-term treatment with soy isoflavones inhibits early overfeeding-induced metabolic dysfunction in adult rats and modulated the process of insulin secretion in pancreatic islets.

Influência de substâncias irrigadoras endodônticas na microdureza da dentina radicular: revisão integrativa / Influence of endodontic irrigation substances on the microdurity of the radicular dentin: integrative review

As soluções de irrigação são essenciais como auxiliares na limpeza e desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares (SCR). Entretanto, essas substâncias químicas podem gerar alterações na composição da dentina. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, os efeitos do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 1%; 2,5%; 3%; 5%; 5,25%; 6% e 17%; digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) a 2% e EDTA 2,5%; 5%; 15% e 17% sobre a microdureza da dentina do canal radicular após sua utilização como solução irrigadora. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa nas bases de dados: PubMed, Cochrane e Lilacs, utilizando-se os seguintes descritores em inglês: "irrigating solutions"; "chelaling agentes"; "dentin microhardness"; "EDTA"; "sodium hypochlorite"; "chlorhexidine gluconate". Foi utilizado o conector "and" associando dentin microhardness aos outros descritores. Critérios de inclusão: Artigos científicos na área da odontologia, escritos em inglês e português que aborda o tema "As soluções de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) e EDTA influenciam na microdureza da dentina radicular?''. Critérios de exclusão: artigos repetidos em mais de uma base de dados, livros, teses de doutorado, dissertações de mestrado, resumos e trabalhos publicados em congresso. Fortes evidências indicam que o hipoclorito de sódio, digluconato de clorexidina e EDTA influenciam na microdureza da dentina radicular, quando utilizadas como solução irrigadora durante o tratamento endodôntico... (AU)

Irrigation solutions are essential as an aid in cleaning and disinfecting the root canal system (SCR). However, these chemicals can cause changes in the composition of dentin. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate, through an integrative review, the effects of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 2.5%; 3%; 5%; 5.25%; 6% and 17%; 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 2.5% EDTA; 5%; 15% and 17% on the microhardness of root canal dentin after its use as an irrigating solution. An integrative review was carried out in the databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Lilacs, using the following descriptors in English: "irrigating solutions"; "chelaling agents"; "dentin microhardness"; "EDTA"; "sodium hypochlorite"; "chlorhexidine gluconate". The "and" connector was used, associating dentin microhardness with other descriptors. Inclusion criteria: Scientific articles in the field of dentistry, written in English and Portuguese that address the topic "Do solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and EDTA influence the microhardness of root dentin?". Exclusion criteria: articles repeated in more than one database, books, doctoral theses, master's dissertations, abstracts and papers published in congress. Strong evidence indicates that sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine gluconate and EDTA influence the microhardness of root dentin when used as an irrigating solution during endodontic treatment... (AU)

COVID-19 pandemic and exercising: a cross-sectional study with 1156 patients with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of pandemic in the exercising practice and impact of the disease in patients with Fibromyalgia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, Internet-based survey answered by 1156 individuals with Fibromyalgia diagnosis. Questions were on epidemiology, social distancing habits, and exercise practice before and after COVID-19 pandemic, including subtypes of exercises (for resistance, flexibility, balance, and strength). The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: In the whole sample, 57.7% of individuals practiced exercises before pandemic; during pandemic, only 34.8% practiced and 39.6% left this practice. Among those taking quarantine (n=440), 52.9% used to do exercises prior to pandemic; in the pandemic, 28.1% (reduction of 53.2%). The median Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire among those who practiced exercises in the pandemic was 73.6 (61.1-83.2) and that among those who did not was 80.4 (71.9-86.9), with p<0.0001. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire did not change according to the type of physical exercise (p=0.27). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of patients with Fibromyalgia stopped exercising during COVID-19 pandemic; as a result, the impact of the disease during this period was worse among those not practicing exercises.

Associação entre provável bruxismo em vigília e bullying escolar entre crianças e adolescentes: um estudo caso-controle / Association between probable awake bruxism and school bullying in children and adolescents: a case-control study

O bruxismo é caracterizado por uma atividade muscular mastigatória rítmica e não rítmica que pode ser classificada em bruxismo do sono (BS) e bruxismo em vigília (BV). Fatores emocionais e psicológicos estão intimamente relacionados a essa atividade. O bullying escolar pode causar alterações emocionais em indivíduos que são vítimas dessa prática, sendo assim, há uma hipótese de que a prática de bullying escolar poderia predispor ao BS e BV. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar através de um estudo caso-controle aninhado a um estudo transversal, a associação entre provável bruxismo em vigília (PBV) e bullying escolar entre crianças e adolescentes matriculados do 3º ao 5º ano (8 a 11 anos) do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A amostra deste estudo foi composta por crianças/adolescentes que participaram do estudo transversal realizado previamente e seus pais/responsáveis. Os indivíduos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência do PBV. O grupo caso foi composto por 190 crianças/adolescentes com PBV e o grupo controle foi composto por 190 crianças/adolescentes sem PBV. Os grupos foram pareados por sexo e idade na proporção de 1:1. Os pais/responsáveis responderam a um questionário sobre as características do sono do seu filho e outro questionário sobre fatores sociodemográficos. As crianças/ adolescentes responderam um questionário com questões sobre costumes, qualidade do sono e ocorrência de PBV e à versão brasileira do Olweus Bully / Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ). Um exame clínico intraoral para avaliar o desgaste dentário por atrito também foi realizado por um único examinador previamente calibrado. O diagnóstico de PBV baseou-se na frequência de relato de crianças e adolescentes somada às informações do diagnóstico de desgaste dentário por atrito avaliado no exame clínico. Todos os dados foram analisados através do programa SPSS para Windows (versão 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, EUA). Foram feitas análise descritiva dos dados e análises de regressão logística condicional não ajustada e ajustada para verificar a força de associação entre o PBV e bullying escolar. Razão de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC) foram fornecidos. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p <0,05. Entre os 380 participantes, 176 (46,3%) eram meninos e 204 (53,7%) eram meninas. Do total de crianças e adolescentes envolvidos em bullying 23,2% (n=88), 65.9% (n=58) possuíam PBV. Crianças e adolescentes vítimas-agressoras de bullying (RC= 2,92, IC 95% 1,07 a 7,95, p = 0,036), somente vítimas de bullying (RC = 1,93, IC 95% 1,04 a 3,57, p = 0,037) e que apresentaram problemas para dormir problemas para dormir (RC= 2,51, IC de 95% 1,07 a 5,89, p = 0,033) e problemas para dormir às vezes (RC= 1,94, IC de 95% 1,23 a 3,06, p = 0,004) tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar PBV. Os fatores sociodemográficos (escolaridade dos pais, renda mensal familiar) e fatores comportamentais não foram associados ao PBV. Em conclusão, PBV em crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 11 anos foi associado ao envolvimento em episódios de bullying escolar e problemas para dormir.

Bruxism is characterize by rhythmic and non-rhythmic masticatory muscle activity that can be named in sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). Emotional and psychological factors are closely related to this activity. School bullying can cause emotional changes in students, so there is a hypothesis that the practice of school bullying could predispose to SB and AB. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a case-control study nested in a cross-sectional study, an association between probable awake bruxism (PAB) and bullying among children and adolescents, aged 8 to 11 years, enrolled of public and private schools from Lavras, Brazil. The sample of this study was consisted by children/adolescents who participated in the crosssectional study previously carried out and their parents/caregivers. Children/adolescents were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of the PAB. The case group was composed by 190 children/adolescents with PAB and the control group was composed by 190 children/adolescents without PAB. The groups were matched for sex and age at a proportion of 1:1. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire about their child's sleep characteristics and another questionnaire about sociodemographic factors. The children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about customs, sleep quality and occurrence of PAB and the Brazilian version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ). An intraoral clinical examination to assess tooth wear by attrition was conducted by a single examiner, previously calibrated. The diagnosis of PAB was based on the frequency of reports by children and adolescents added to the information on the diagnosis of tooth wear by attrition assessed in a clinical examination. All data were evaluated using the SPSS for Windows program (version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA). Descriptive analysis and unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to verify the strength of association between PAB and bullying. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were provided. Statistical significance was estimated at p <0.05. Among the 380 participants, 176 (46.3%) were boys and 204 (53.7%) were girls. Overall number of children and adolescents involved in bullying was 23.2% (n = 88), 65.9% (n = 58) had PAB. Children and adolescents who were bullies-victims of bullying (OR= 2,92, IC 95% 1,07 a 7,95, p = 0,036) and those who were victims of bullying (OR = 1,93, IC 95% 1,04 a 3,57, p = 0,037) were more likely to present PAB than children and adolescents who were not involved in episodes of bullying at school. Children/adolescents that reported sleep problems (OR= 2,51, IC de 95% 1,07 a 5,89, p = 0,033) and sleep problems sometimes (OR= 1,94, IC de 95% 1,23 a 3,06, p = 0,004), are more likely to have PAB. Sociodemographic factors (schooling, monthly family income) and behavioral factors were not associated with PAB. In conclusion, PAB in children and adolescents aged 8 to 11 years was associated with involvement in episodes of school bullying and sleep problems.