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This study evaluated the growth performance and parasite load of angelfish juveniles Pterophyllum scalare kept at different stocking densities using two rearing systems. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (4x2) with four stocking densities (0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 g/L), two type of aquarium tanks (glass and ceramic aquariums), and four replicates. The experiment lasted 60 days using 148 juvenile fish (3.05 ± 0.09 g) randomly placed in 32 aquariums (50 L) equipped with filters and aeration. All fish received two meals a day ad libitum (8:00 and 16:00). Water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total ammonia were measured. At the end of the experiment, all fish were measured and weighed to determine growth performance and then subjected to parasitological analysis. The data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test (p<0.05). No effects on growth performance at different stocking densities were observed. However, there was an increase in Capillaria pterophylli infestation in the high stocking density within ceramic aquariums. Thus, this study recommends the use of 1.0 g/L for the intensive aquaculture system of freshwater angelfish, and applying cleaning management to avoid parasite infestation, particularly in ceramic aquariums.
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Carga Parasitária , Densidade Demográfica , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Aquicultura/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with the development of several pathologies and chronic infection in humans. The inefficiency of the available treatments and the challenge in developing a protective vaccine highlight the need to produce effective immunotherapeutic tools. The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) plays an important role in the HTLV-1 persistence, conferring a survival advantage to infected cells by reducing the HTLV-1 proteins expression, allowing infected cells to evade immune surveillance, and enhancing cell proliferation leading to increased proviral load. METHODS: We have generated a recombinant Modified Virus Vaccinia Ankara (MVA-HBZ) and a plasmid DNA (pcDNA3.1(+)-HBZ) expressing a multiepitope protein based on peptides of HBZ to study the immunogenic potential of this viral-derived protein in BALB/c mice model. Mice were immunized in a prime-boost heterologous protocol and their splenocytes (T CD4+ and T CD8+) were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry and the humoral response was evaluated by ELISA using HBZ protein produced in prokaryotic vector as antigen. RESULTS: T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes cells stimulated by HBZ-peptides (HBZ42-50 and HBZ157-176) showed polyfunctional double positive responses for TNF-α/IFN-γ, and TNF-α/IL-2. Moreover, T CD8+ cells presented a tendency in the activation of effector memory cells producing granzyme B (CD44+High/CD62L-Low), and the activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) and cytotoxic responses in immunized mice were inferred through the production of granzyme B by effector memory T cells and the expression of CD107a by CD8+ T cells. The overall data is consistent with a directive and effector recall response, which may be able to operate actively in the elimination of HTLV-1-infected cells and, consequently, in the reduction of the proviral load. Sera from immunized mice, differently from those of control animals, showed IgG-anti-HBZ production by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the potential of the HBZ multiepitope protein expressed from plasmid DNA and a poxviral vector as candidates for therapeutic vaccine.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Vacinas de DNA , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Granzimas/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Vacinas de DNA/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Vaccinia virus/genética , DNA , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica , Proteínas dos Retroviridae/genéticaRESUMO
This study aimed to search parasites in 333 ornamental fish from five Brazilian states (Ceará, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina). Fish were sent from eight farms located in the municipalities of Fortaleza, Patrocínio do Muriaé, São Francisco do Glória, Cascavel, Timbó, Iguape, Jacareí and Mairinque. All fish received anesthesia earlier to euthanasia procedures. After the search for parasites, it was verified that 70.6% (235/333) of fishes were infected by at least one type of parasite, being 12 types of parasites identified: monogeneans, digenean metacercariae, cestodes, nematodes, Lernaea cyprinacea, trichodinids, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, diplomonad flagellates, Ichthyobodo sp., Chilodonella sp., and Tetrahymena sp. The proportion of infected fishes among the farms is compared through statistical tests, besides, animal handling adopted in each farm is also discussed. The importance of ensuring fish health in order to make the ornamental freshwater fish industry economically viable and reduce losses in production is highlighted.
Assuntos
Fazendeiros , Doenças dos Peixes , Animais , Humanos , Brasil , Doenças dos Peixes/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Água DoceRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chemical-mechanical caries removal (CMCR) products are in constant evolution and were recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic as substitutes for conventional caries removal. AIM: Characterize the worldwide scientific literature about CMCR products, over the years, by means of a critical review. DESIGN: Electronic search was performed on Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Embase up to November 2020. Year, journal, country of authors, and type of study were the data extracted from the retrieved studies. Additional data of the clinical studies and systematic reviews were investigated. RESULTS: 2221 records were identified, 397 selected. 2011-2020 period concentrates higher number of publications (n = 169), in the Journal of Dental Research (n = 51), developed in Brazil (n = 45) and India (n = 44). Most studies were in vitro (n = 211) and clinical trials (n = 101). Carisolv™ (n = 48) and Papacarie Duo Gel™ (n = 33) were the most used products, prescript in isolated usage (n = 101), and compared with drills (n = 77). CMCR were more studied in primary teeth (n = 78), receiving glass ionomer cement (GIC) (n = 51) as restorative material. The most evaluated outcomes were time spent (n = 48) and pain (n = 41). Clinical application of CMCR takes more time than other techniques, but can also reduce patient anxiety, pain, and need for anesthesia. CONCLUSION: In vitro and clinical studies with CMCR products have been increasing, mostly carried out in developing countries, evaluating Carisolv™ and Papacarie Duo Gel™. Clinical studies tend to evaluate the time spent and pain compared to drills for removing caries in primary teeth, posteriorly restored with GIC. CMCR clinical application reduces anxiety, pain, and need for anesthesia, despite increase treatments' time.
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COVID-19 , Cárie Dentária , Humanos , Dente Decíduo , Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária , Pandemias , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Cimentos de Ionômeros de Vidro , DorRESUMO
PURPOSE: To compare the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) associated with Brix3000™ to ART considering treatment time, pain experienced, and acceptability to children. METHODS: This study was accepted in Research Ethics Committee in July 2019 (number 3469402). Healthy patients (n = 20) aged 3-9 years, with at least one primary molar with occlusal dentine caries without cusp involvement were randomly allocated to either the ART + Brix3000™ group or the ART-only group. The sample was characterised by sex, age, tooth location and caries experience. Time spent and pain experience scores were recorded at prophylaxis, caries removal and restoration. The pain experience (intense, moderate, or mild) was evaluated by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability-revised scale (FLACC-r). Acceptability was assessed by a five-point hedonic facial scale (dichotomised into 'like' and 'indifferent/dislike' bins) and by an open-question interview. Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were applied to discern differences in time, pain/sample characterisation and acceptability, respectively. RESULTS: The ART + Brix3000™ group required 8.6 ± 3.1 min to remove caries tissue, whereas the ART group required only 4.8 ± 2.0 min (p = 0.03). The total time spent with treatments was 13.1 ± 4.0 min for ART + Brix3000™, and 9.8 ± 2.7 min for ART (p = 0.03). There was no difference in pain experience and acceptability found among the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the ART + Brix3000™ technique demanded more treatment time than the ART alone, there were no differences in either pain experience or acceptability.
Assuntos
Tratamento Dentário Restaurador sem Trauma , Cárie Dentária , Criança , Humanos , Tratamento Dentário Restaurador sem Trauma/métodos , Papaína/uso terapêutico , Dente Decíduo , Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , DorRESUMO
Quasi-liquid solid electrolytes are a promising alternative for next-generation Li batteries. These systems combine the safety of solid electrolytes with the desired properties of liquids and are typically formed by solutions of Li salts in ionic liquids incorporated into solid matrices. Here, we present a fundamental understanding of the transport properties in solutions of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][TFSI]), either in bulk form or incorporated in a boron nitride (BN) matrix. We performed a series of quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiments that, given the high incoherent neutron scattering cross section of hydrogen, allowed us to focus on the Emim+ dynamics. First, [Emim][TFSI]/LiTFSI solutions (0.5 and 2.5 mol·kg-1) were investigated and we show how the increase in the concentration reduces the Emim+ mobility and increases the activation energy of their long-range motions. Then, the 0.5 mol·kg-1 solution was incorporated into the BN matrix and we report that the diffusivities of the Emim+ cations that remain mobile under confinement are highly accelerated in comparison with the bulk sample and the activation energy of these motions is drastically reduced. We present the experimental evidence that this effect is related to the content of the Emim+ cations immobilized near the surfaces of the BN pores.
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Abstract We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo.
Resumo Relatamos a primeira ocorrência de Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Em 2018, espécimes adultos foram enviados por residentes e a pesquisa na propriedade constatou a presença de um grande foco associado a um ninho marsupial. Este achado reforça a importância da espécie no estado de São Paulo, serve de alerta para a vigilância epidemiológica e amplia a área de colonização da espécie no estado de São Paulo.
Assuntos
Animais , Panstrongylus , Triatominae , Reduviidae , BrasilRESUMO
We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo.
Assuntos
Panstrongylus , Reduviidae , Triatominae , Animais , BrasilRESUMO
The aim of this study was to develop and to validate a UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates to support preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation with cold (2-8 °C) methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), evaporation of the supernatant to dryness, and reconstitution of the dry-extracts in 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5. Separation was achieved on a Waters UPLC HSS T3 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) maintained at 50 °C and using gradient elution with a total runtime of 6.7 min. Mobile phase A consisted of 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5 and mobile phase B of 0.1% formic acid in methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). Detection was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The method was validated within a linear range of 1-2,000 ng/mL, 10-20,000 ng/mL, and 0.5-200 ng/mL for morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide, respectively. In human plasma, the intra- and inter-run precision of all analytes, including the lower limit of quantification levels, were ≤ 15.8%, and the accuracies were between 88.1 and 111.9%. It has been shown that calibration standards prepared in control human plasma can be used for the quantification of the analytes in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in mice.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Derivados da Morfina/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Animais , Modelos Lineares , Camundongos , Derivados da Morfina/análise , Derivados da Morfina/química , Derivados da Morfina/farmacocinética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo
Relatamos a primeira ocorrência de Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Em 2018, espécimes adultos foram enviados por residentes e a pesquisa na propriedade constatou a presença de um grande foco associado a um ninho marsupial. Este achado reforça a importância da espécie no estado de São Paulo, serve de alerta para a vigilância epidemiológica e amplia a área de colonização da espécie no estado de São Paulo.
RESUMO
Evidence is mounting that the race of living organisms for adaptation to the chemicals synthesized by their neighbors may drive community structures. Here, an ecoevolutionary model for community assembly through resource competition, toxin-mediated interactions (allelopathy), and evolutionary branching is investigated. We found that stable communities with increasing biodiversity can emerge at weak allelopathic suppression, but strong chemical warfare drastically impairs diversity. For successive invasion events, the allelopathic interaction networks exhibit, respectively, Gaussian and Weibull degree distributions at weak and strong allelopathy. For the branching process dynamics, degrees scale as power laws truncated by stretched exponentials in both regimes. In addition, allelochemical interactions tend to be arranged in modules with low clustering coefficients and disassortative behavior to ensure community stability. So, in a homogeneous environment, species-rich communities can be assembled only at the context of a weak biochemical warfare between organisms, and even under this regime species interact with only a few others.
Assuntos
Alelopatia , Evolução Molecular , Modelos Biológicos , Biodiversidade , Distribuição Normal , Feromônios/metabolismoRESUMO
We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo
RESUMO
This work evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of A-Live (phytogenic) either individually or in combination with Aquaform (potassium diformate, acidifier) on juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, innate immune parameters, gut microbiome, and resistance against Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis challenge. Each experimental group contained 140 fishes (34.3 ± 0.33) in two 150L tanks. The experimental design consisted of five groups: a negative control; treated groups (G1, G2, G3) supplemented with different concentrations of A-Live and Aquaform in the feed; and a positive control (PC) for pathogen infection. Groups G1, G2, G3, and PC were challenged with Francisella spp. after 15 days. After infection, the mortality was significantly lower in groups G1, G2, and G3 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, these groups showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in daily weight gain, feed conversion rate, and specific growth rate. The PC group presented increase (p < 0.05) in the leukocytes and neutrophils number. Innate immunity parameters showed no difference between treatments after infection. Microbiome analysis revealed an increased number of bacteria belonging to the Vibrionaceae family after pathogen infection suggesting a secondary pathogen function of these bacteria. These results validate the beneficial effects of these products in tilapia farming.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Formiatos/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Animais , Aquicultura/métodos , Ciclídeos/microbiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência à Doença/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Francisella/efeitos dos fármacos , Francisella/imunologia , Francisella/isolamento & purificação , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to present a strategy for the detection of the RHD pseudogene (RHDψ) based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. BACKGROUND: The D-negative phenotype is associated with many genetic alterations. In populations with African ancestry, this phenotype commonly results from the silent variant RHDψ. The evaluation of RHDψ is essential for correct inference of the RhD phenotype in order to avoid false-positive results. METHODS: We utilised a new method for the simultaneous detection of RHDψ and a fragment from exon 5 of the wild-type RHD gene based on duplex real-time PCR assay. RESULTS: The PCR assay allowed specific detection of RHDψ. There was complete agreement between the results generated by the new test and the results generated by molecular analysis performed using end-point PCR methods previously described. CONCLUSIONS: The assay developed is easy to execute and presents the potential for routine use at blood banks and other associated facilities where it is desired to determine the presence of RHDψ.
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Éxons , Pseudogenes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/genética , HumanosRESUMO
Abstract This study evaluated the parasite fauna on the gills of spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus captured in the dry and rainy seasons in the coast of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Eight parasite species were identified belonging to the following taxa: Monogenea (Haliotrema caraïbensis, Haliotrema caballeroi and Haliotrema golvani); Crustacea (Rocinela signata, Hamaticolax scutigerulus and Caligidae gen. sp.) and Cestoda (Nybelinia indica and Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti). The most prevalent parasites were: Monogenea (100%), H. scutigerulus (35%), N. indica (11.7%), R. signata (8.3%), Caligidae gen. sp. (3.33%) and P. noodti (0.83%). Values of infestation are compared to other studies, and the uncommon occurrence of Trypanorhyncha on the gills suggests that the spotted goatfish could be an intermediate host for the parasite.
Resumo O presente estudo investigou a fauna parasitária das brânquias do peixe conhecido como saramunete Pseudupeneus maculatus, capturados nas estações seca e chuvosa na costa do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Oito espécies de parasitos foram identificadas, pertencentes aos seguintes táxons: Monogenea (Haliotrema caraïbensis, Haliotrema caballeroi e Haliotrema golvani); Crustacea (Rocinela signata, Hamaticolax scutigerulus e Caligidae gen. sp.) e Cestoda (Nybelinia indica e Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti). Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram: Monogenea (100%), H. scutigerulus (35%), N. indica (11,7%), R. signata (8,3%), Caligidae gen. sp. (3,33%) e P. noodti (0,83%). Os valores de infestação são comparados a outros estudos, e a ocorrência incomum de cestóides Trypanorhyncha sugere que o saramunete pode ser um hospedeiro intermediário para o parasito.
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Animais , Perciformes/parasitologia , Cestoides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Parasitos , Estações do Ano , Especificidade da Espécie , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Copépodes , Peixes/classificação , Brânquias/parasitologiaRESUMO
Microorganisms and plants very commonly release toxic secondary chemical compounds (allelochemicals) that inhibit or kill sensitive strains or individuals from their own or other species. In this work we study a model that describes two species interacting through allelopathic suppression and competing for resources. Employing linear stability analysis, the conditions for coexistence or extinction of species in spatially homogeneous systems were determined. We found that the borders between the regimes of bistability, coexistence, and the extinction of the weaker by the stronger competitor, are altered by allelopathic interactions. In addition, traveling wave solutions for one species invasion were obtained considering the spatially explicit nature of the model. Our findings indicate that the minimum speed of the invasion wavefronts depends primarily on the competition coefficients and the parameters characterizing the species' functional responses to their allelochemicals. As a general rule, the species provided with the most effective chemical weapons dominates the population dynamics. Finally, we found a tristability at the coexistence region due to the combination of allelopathy and patchy population distributions in space. So, our model provides a distinct mechanism, independent of social behaviors, that produces such unexpected tristability impossible in classical competition models involving one-to-one individual interactions.
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Alelopatia , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the prevalence of oral cancer in Brazil according to the clinical stage, anatomical location, alcoholism and smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data referring to 31,217 cases of oral cancer, from 2000 to 2010, were obtained from the Integrator Module of the Hospital Registry of Cancer. Inconsistent data ("non-classified" cases) was eliminated and 21,160 cases were analyzed. The frequency distribution according to clinical stage, anatomical location, alcoholism and smoking was analyzed descriptively and through a binary logistic regression model (α<0.05). The clinical stage (dependent variable) was dichotomized in early stage (I and II) or advanced stage (III and IV). The year of diagnosis, anatomical location and deleterious habits (alcoholism and smoking) were considered independent variables. RESULTS: The most frequent characteristics were: oropharynx location (n=3856, 18.41%), clinical stage IV (n=11924, 56.09%) and combined use of alcohol and tobacco (n=19226; 61.59%). The year 2009 (p<0.01, PR = 1.162, CI-95%=1.053-1.283) and location at the base of tongue (p<0.01, PR = 2.485, CI-95% = 2.182-2.807) presented a higher prevalence ratio for advanced stage oral cancer. The combined use of alcohol and tobacco showed a higher prevalence rate for the advanced clinical stage of cancer (p<0.01, PR =1.449, CI-95%=1.382-1.520) if compared to individuals without habits, or just alcoholics. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prevalence of advanced stage of oral cancer is related to the localization at the base of the tongue and to the concomitant use of alcohol and tobacco. Therefore, it can be suggested that all these characteristics lead to a worse prognosis of oral cancer.
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Alcoolismo/complicações , Neoplasias Bucais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Bucais/etiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , PrevalênciaRESUMO
This study evaluated the parasite fauna on the gills of spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus captured in the dry and rainy seasons in the coast of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Eight parasite species were identified belonging to the following taxa: Monogenea (Haliotrema caraïbensis, Haliotrema caballeroi and Haliotrema golvani); Crustacea (Rocinela signata, Hamaticolax scutigerulus and Caligidae gen. sp.) and Cestoda (Nybelinia indica and Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti). The most prevalent parasites were: Monogenea (100%), H. scutigerulus (35%), N. indica (11.7%), R. signata (8.3%), Caligidae gen. sp. (3.33%) and P. noodti (0.83%). Values of infestation are compared to other studies, and the uncommon occurrence of Trypanorhyncha on the gills suggests that the spotted goatfish could be an intermediate host for the parasite.
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Cestoides , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Perciformes/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cestoides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Copépodes , Peixes/classificação , Brânquias/parasitologia , Parasitos , Prevalência , Estações do Ano , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The aim of this study is to select and isolate autochthonous bacteria with probiotic potential for use in a supplemented diet for bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus. A total of 20 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated. Nine out of these were used in the following in vitro assays: antagonism against pathogenic bacteria (ANT), antimicrobial activity from extracellular compounds (MIC), tolerance to bile salts (TBS), pH reduction, protease production, sensitivity to antimicrobial tetracycline, cell viability, growth rate and doubling time. Using these data was defined an ideotype (ideal strain) based on the best results. Distances were estimated with the Mahalanobis (D2) test, and the best candidates, presenting the shortest ideotype distances, were considered to be used. The best strain was found to be Lactobacillus plantarum because it presented 10.00 ± 0.50 mm of ANT against Aeromonas hydrophila, 3.99 ± 0.01 of MIC independent of pathogenic bacteria, 85.07 ± 0.01 of TBS, 4.20 ± 0.02 of final pH, 17.67 ± 1.15 of protease production, 13.50 ± 2.00 sensitivity to antimicrobial tetracycline, 9.36 ± 0.04 of cell viability, 0.20 ± 0.00 of growth rate and 3.46 ± 0.00 doubling time. Therefore this probiotic candidate was then supplemented (2.045 ± 1.07 × 107 colony forming unities. g-1) into the diets of bullfrog tadpoles for a period of 42 days. At the end of the trial, samples of blood and intestines were collected to verify the haematological alterations and the intestinal morphology using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Tadpoles fed the supplemented diet showed successful lactic acid bacterium colonisation, an increased number of circulating thrombocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and LG-PAS+ and also an increase in the length and density of intestinal microvilli. This study shows the feasibility of using probiotics isolated from farmed bullfrogs as a supplement in the diets of tadpoles, providing a promising alternative for modulating the health of these animals.