Physiological and biochemical responses to caffeine and microplastics in Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Caffeine (Caff) is one of the most widely used substances in the human diet and a well-recognized drug. Its input into surface waters is remarkable, but biological effects on aquatic organisms are unclear, particularly in combination with pollutants of suspected modulatory activity, like microplastics (MP). The aim of this study was to reveal the impact on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamark, 1819) of Caff (20.0 µg L-1) in the environmentally relevant combination (Mix) with MP 1 mg L-1 (size 35-50 µm) after the exposure for 14 days. Untreated and exposed to Caff and MP separately groups were also examined. Cell viability and cell volume regulation in hemocytes and digestive cells, as well as the indexes of oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and metallothioneins levels, and caspase-3 activity in digestive gland were assessed. MP and Mix reduced Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activities and level of lipid peroxidation, but increased the digestive gland cell viability, GSH/GSSG ratio (by 1.4-1.5-fold), metallothioneins level and their Zn content, while Caff did not affect oxidative stress indexes and metallothionein-related Zn chelation. Protein carbonyls were not targeted in all exposures. The distinguishing feature of the Caff group was the decline (2-fold) in caspase-3 activity and low cell viability. The multi-stress effect of Mix was shown by the worsening of the volume regulation of digestive cells and confirmed by discriminant analysis of biochemical indexes. The special capabilities of M. galloprovincialis as a sentinel organism make it an excellent bio-indicator reflecting the multi-stress effects in sub-chronic exposures to potentially harmful substances. The identification of the modulation of individual effects in combined exposure increases the need to base monitoring programs on studies of multi-stress effects in sub-chronic exposures.

[Application of electrowelding technologies in videothoracoscopic pulmonary surgery].

Experience of videothoracoscopic pulmonary resection, using nonsuture electrowelding technology in 42 patients, was summarized. Using such technology application have guaranteed the lowering of prime cost of endoscopic intervention, in several patients it made possible to avoid a mechanical suturing application. After the operation all the patients are alive, the morbidity rate was 7.1%, a stationary treatment of a patient have constituted 5.7 days at average.

[Experience of application of nonsuture electrowelding technologies in thoracic surgery].

Experience of application of nonsuture electrowelding technologies (NEWT) was analyzed while performing open and miniinvasive thoracoscopic operations in 116 patients. No essential differences were revealed while comparing domestic and foreign electrowelding surgical instruments. Possibility of wide application of NEWT in miniinvasive videothoracoscopic surgery was demonstrated.

[Actomyosin ATPase activity of skeletal muscles and the markers of tissue damage in the blood of rats under prolonged chronic alcoholization].

The activity of creatine kinase and indices of lipid metabolism in the blood and also actomyosin ATPase activity of skeletal muscles of rats under chronic 8-month alcohol abuse were investigated. It is shown that actomyosin K+-ATPase activity of skeletal muscles increases from two months of ethanol use, but actomyosin Mg2+-ATPase activity decreases during 6-8 months of alcoholization. From two months of ethanol use the creatine kinase activity, as an enzyme marker of muscle tissue damage, statistically significantly increases during all the period of the animals alcoholization. The level of total lipid increases after two months of alcohol consumption (in blood plasma by 30% and in erythrocyte mass by 65%). For longer periods of alcoholization (4-8 months) the level of lipids remains almost the same, whereas in erythrocyte mass it does not differ from control values. The level of diene conjugates in the blood plasma reduces and the amount of ketone derivatives of fatty acid residues increases that points to the inhibition of some components of the antioxidant system that control detoxification of hydroperoxides of fatty acids and also to activation of free radical damage of tissues. There were no significant changes of lipid peroxidation level in erythrocyte mass at any stage of alcoholization.

[Peculiarities of the lower extremities perfusion in patients with complicated diabetic foot syndrome].

Analysis of the microcirculation indices in 246 patients, suffering diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), was presented. For a neuropathic form of DFS characteristic is lowering of the arterioles tone and enhancement of the blood volume in them, witnessed by raising of constant component of the blood flow. General worsening of perfusion is caused by lowering of endothelial secretion activation, and as well as neurogenic and myogenic control mechanisms. Occurrence of neurogenic regulation disorder is witnessed by the neurogenic oscillations lowering, the neurogenic and myogenic tone raising. In ischemic form of DFS there was noted the perfusion disorder, connected with reduction of the arterial inflow volume. The indices changes witness the disorder of sympathetic regulation of microcirculation and arteriole-venular reactions. The change of the perfusion indices, caused by a congestion processes in arterioles and venules, is characteristic for the mixed form of DFS. The perfusion control mechanisms was noted, as a consequence of the endothelial secretion lowering and the neurogenic and myogenic mechanisms activation of a control. The neurogenic and myogenic tone raising occurs depending on the sympathetic component activity, causing the arterioles diameter reduction.

[Possibilities of improving of videothoracoscopic operations for spontaneous pneumothorax].

A 15-years experience of videothoracoscopic operations in the treatment of 616 patients, suffering spontaneous pneumothorax, was summarized. The methods of videothoracoscopic operations, depending on the volume and localization of pathological process in pulmonary tissues, were depicted. The stages of endoscopic surgical intervention for spontaneous pneumothorax were analyzed. The disease recurrence, while using videothoracoscopic operations, have occurred in 3.6% of patients. All the patients are alive.

[Effect of electromagnetic field of extremely low frequency on ATPase activity of actomyosin].

The Mg2+/Ca2+ and K(+)-ATPase actomyosin activity of rabbit skeletal muscle was evaluated by the Fiske-Subbarow method during a five-hour exposition of protein solutions in electromagnetic field of extremely low frequency of 8 Hz and 25 microT induction. The results of the study of the ATPase activity of actomyosin upon electromagnetic exposure have shown statistically significant changes that are characterized by a rather complex time dynamics. After 1, 2 and 4 hours of exposure of protein solutions the effect of ELF EMF exposure inhibits the ATPase activity compared to control samples, which are not exposed to the magnetic field. By the third and fifth hours of exposure to the electromagnetic field, there is a significant increase in the ATPase activity of actomyosin. It should be noted that a similar pattern of change in enzyme activity was universal, both for the environment by Mg2+ and Ca2+, and in the absence of these ions in the buffer. This can evidence for Ca(2+)-independent ways of the infuence of electromagnetic field (EMP) on biologic objects. In our opinion, the above effects are explained by EMP influence on the dynamic properties of actomyosin solutions, which are based on the processes of spontaneous dynamic formation of structure.

[Application of combined videothoracoscopic resection in thoracic surgery].

The method of combined videothoracoscopic atypical pulmonary resection, permitting to apply endostaplers and standard staplers in one intervention procedure, was elaborated. The method was applied in 47 patients in various pulmonary diseases without severe complications, all the patients are alive. Economic expedience of the method application, permitting to reduce usage of endostaplers, was shown.

[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries for thoracic diseases and trauma].

The experience of videothoracoscopic operations, performed for various diseases of the thoracic organs, was summarized. The reduction of the operation traumaticity, the complications rate, lethality, the patients rehabilitation duration permits to consider videothoracoscopic operations as the method of choice in many thoracic diseases and trauma.

[Application of early videothoracoscopic pulmonary decortication in the treatment of an acute pleural empyema and suppurated clotted hemothorax].

There was presented the experience of performance of videothoracoscopic pulmonary decortications in 22 patients, suffering suppurated clotted hemothorax, and in 188--an acute pleural empyema. In 97.3% patients the cessation of purulent process and pulmonary volume restoration were achieved. Residual cavities with the pulmonary nonairtightness signs were revealed in 3 (1.4%) patients, the empyema recurrence--in 1 (0.5%), suppuration of the wound, made by thoracic port--in 1 (0.5%), all the patients are alive.

[Endoscopic operations on the trachea and bronchi].

The experience of performance of 1425 endoscopic recanalization operations, done in 864 patients for the tumor and cicatricial stenosis of trachea and bronchi, was summarized. The methods were depicted of endoscopic destruction as a definite treatment or as a successful stage of the combined treatment. The possibility there was shown of the lasers and electrocoagulation application for the respiratory ways stenosis recanalization. The passability of respiratory ways restoration was achieved in 85.2% of patients. Lethality after endoscopic operations had constituted 1.6%.

[Role of video-assisted thoracoscopic operation in the treatment of later complications of the chest injury].

The experience reported of videothoracoscopical operations in 62 patients with late complications of chest trauma occurring after penetrating open wounds of chest--in 16 patients and in 46 one--with closed trauma. Good clinical effects achieved in 98% of the patients. The reported complications after video-assisted thoracoscopical operations--4 purulent inflammation of thoracoportal incisions, 3--marginal pleuritis. After the operation all the patients are alive.

[Surgical treatment of non-tumorous stenosis of the esophagus].

Experience of different types of esophagoplasty at nontumours stenosis of esophagus at 61 patient is resulted. Possible variants of esophagoplasty are described by both a stomach and a colon, and also stages of implementation. The analysis of postoperation complications, probability of their origin depending on the method of esophagoplasty, possibility of prophylaxis is conducted. Good results are attained at 78.5% of patients, lethality make 3.3%.

[The performance of video-assisted thoracoscopic operations for later complications of thoracic trauma].

There was presented the experience of videothoracoscopic operations performance in 62 patients, suffering late complications of thoracic trauma, which had occurred after perforating woundings--in 16 and the closed trauma--in 46. Good clinical effect was achieved in 98% of injured persons. All the patients are alive.

[Application of discrete plasmapheresis in complex treatment of patients with sepsis].

There were examined 226 patients, in whom sepsis had occurred as a consequence of purulent-inflammatory diseases of soft tissues. The discrete plasmapheresis application in complex of intensive therapy had promoted the rapidest elimination of homeostasis disorders in the survived patients, but the influence on the lethality level was not revealed.

[The role of videothoracoscopic operations in diagnosis and treatment of penetrating thoracic trauma].

The experience of videothoracoscopic operations performance on the base of the regional hospital thoracic department in 62 injured persons, suffering penetrating thoracic trauma, is adduced. Tactics and methods of treatment of these patients, using modern technologies and endoscopic interventions are depicted. Comparative analysis of the various methods efficacy was conducted, there results, advantages and faults were estimated. The recommendations concerning application of methods of treatment in various clinical situations are given.

[Possibilities of videothoracoscopic pulmonary resection in thoracic surgery].

The experience of videothoracoscopic pulmonary resection performance in various diseases in 183 patients was summarized. The methods of endoscopic and videoassisted pulmonary resection, including those conducted for peripheral cancer, using home-made and foreign suture apparatuses, were depicted. The indications were adduced for performance of diagnostic and curative videothoracoscopic operations, possibilities of their application, advantages in comparison with open operative procedures were adduced.

[Methods of videothoracoscopic biopsy of lung].

The biopsy of lung with the purpose of pathological process verification is an obligatory condition in diagnostics of disseminated diseases of lungs. The methods of videothoracoscopic operations and video-assisted biopsy of lung at 37 patients are described, their advantages and deficiencies. The duration of pain syndrome, cosmetic effect depending on the method of operative intervention and using of domestic or foreign sewing together vehicles were considered. Morphological verification is got in all patients. All patients alive.