Predictores de demora en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo primario en el infarto de miocardio diagnosticado en hospitales sin hemodinámica / Time from electrocardiographic diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction to guidewire crossing in patients transferred to a hospital for primary angioplasty: factors associated with delay

Objetivos: Identificar variables predictoras del retraso hasta la angioplastia primaria, en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMEST) trasladados desde el medio extrahospitalario o desde hospitales sin hemodinámica. Método: Estudio de cohortes, retrospectivo, realizado entre 2008 y 2018 en un hospital universitario receptor de pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMEST y que requirieron angioplastia primaria. Se realizó un análisis multivariable de regresión logística y lineal para identificar variables predictoras de demora de tiempo de electrocardiograma (ECG) diagnóstico hasta el paso de guía. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.039 pacientes en el estudio. Doscientos noventa y seis pacientes (28,4%) presentaban tiempos ECG diagnóstico-paso de guía > 120 minutos. Las variables asociadas a tiempos prolongados de angioplastia primaria fueron la edad avanzada [odds ratio (OR) = 1,02; IC 95%: 1,01-1,04] la insuficiencia cardiaca grave al ingreso (OR = 2,28; IC 95%: 1,23-4,22), la cirugía cardiaca previa de bypass (OR = 10,01; IC 95%: 2,60-41,81), la muerte súbita extrahospitalaria recuperada (OR = 4,34; IC 95%: 1,84-10,32), la localización lateral del infarto (OR = 1,64; IC 95%: 1,06-2,51), el primer contacto con hospital sin disponibilidad de hemodinámica (OR = 1,52; IC 95%: 1,05- 2,21), la atención fuera de horas (OR = 1,46; IC 95%: 1,06-2,02) y finalmente la distancia en kilómetros al centro con hemodinámica (OR = 1,04; IC 95%: 1,03-1,05). Conclusiones: En los pacientes con IAMEST que requirieron traslado a un centro con hemodinámica, la demora en la realización de la angioplastia primaria se relacionó con factores clínicos, con características del infarto y logísticas. (AU)

Objective: To identify predictors of primary angioplasty delay in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) transported from out-of-hospital sites or from hospitals without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) suites. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of cases between 2008 and 2018 in a university hospital receiving patients diagnosed with STEMI who required a PCI. We performed linear and multivariate regression analyses to identify factors that predicted delay in interpreting a diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) until the guidewire passed the lesion (diagnosis–guidewire-crossing time). Results: A total of 1039 cases were studied; 296 patients (28.4%) had delays of more than 120 minutes between STEMI diagnosis and guidewire crossing. Factors associated with PCI delay were advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04]), severe heart failure on admission (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.23–4.22), history of cardiac bypass surgery (OR = 10.01; 95% CI, 2.60–41.81), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OR = 4.34; 95% CI, 1.84–10.32), lateral ischemia (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06–2.51), first medical attention in a hospital without a PCI suite (OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.05–2.21), first medical attention outside regular working hours (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06–2.02), and distance in kilometers to a PCI suite (OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03–1.05). Conclusions: Patients with STEMI who required transport to a hospital with a PCI suite experienced primary angioplasty delays. Delays were related to logistical and clinical factors as well as to infarction characteristics. (AU)

Predictors of primary percutaneous coronary intervention delay in cases of myocardial infarction diagnosed in hospitals without hemodynamic support systems / Predictores de demora en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo primario en el infarto de miocardio diagnosticado en hospitales sin hemodinámica.

OBJECTIVES: The need for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in hospitals without hemodynamic support capability is associated with delays between first medical contact (FMC) and reperfusion. It is important to identify factors involved in delays, particularly if they are relevant to the organization of emergency services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of a registry of patients treated in hospitals without advanced hemodynamic support systems in a catchment area with an established care network for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The registry included care times. RESULTS: The network served 2542 patients with a mean (SD) age of 63 (13) years. FMC-to-reperfusion time was within 120 minutes in 42% of the cases. Nine of the hospitals had a chest-pain unit in the emergency department, and this factor was an independent predictor of FMC-to-reperfusion times of 120 minutes or less (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.54­0.77; P < .0001); the time was shortened by 11 minutes in such hospitals. FMC-to-reperfusion was delayed beyond 120 minutes in relation to the following factors: shock and need for intubation at start of care, age, gender, FMC at night, left bundle branch block, and Killip class. One-month and 1-year mortality rates increased in hospitals without hemodynamic support systems in proportion to reperfusion delay, by 1.7% and 3.5% if the delay was 106 minutes or less and by 7.3% and 12.4% if the delay was 176 minutes or longer (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: FMC-to-reperfusion time in STEMI exceeds recommendations in 58% of the hospitals without hemodynamic support systems and delay is inversely proportional to the availability of an emergency department chest pain unit. One-month and 1-year mortality is proportional to the degree of delay.

OBJETIVO: La indicación de intervencionismo coronario percutáneo primario (ICPP) en hospitales sin hemodinámica (HSH) se asocia con tiempos primera asistencia-apertura de la arteria (TPA) prolongados. Es pertinente identificar los factores implicados, especialmente aquellos relacionados con la organización de los servicios de urgencias. METODO: Análisis de un registro de pacientes atendidos en HSH en una región sanitaria con una red asistencial para infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMEST) establecida y de sus tiempos de actuación. RESULTADOS: En 2.542 pacientes, de edad 63 ± 13 años, se alcanzó un TPA 120 minutos en un 42% de casos. En 9 de los 16 HSH analizados existía un box de dolor torácico en el área de urgencias, que se comportó como factor predictor independiente de un TPA 120 minutos [OR 0,64 (IC 95% 0,54-0,77), p 0,001], con una reducción de 11 minutos de este. Se asociaron de forma independiente con un TPA superior a 120 minutos la intubación y shock durante la primera asistencia, edad, sexo, atención en horario nocturno, bloqueo de rama izquierda y la clase Killip. La mortalidad al mes y al año aumentó en los HSH proporcionalmente al TPA (1,7% y 3,5% si TPA 106 minutos y del 7,3% y 12,4% si TPA 176 minutos, p 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El TPA alcanzado en activaciones procedentes de HSH supera las recomendaciones en el 58% de casos y se relaciona inversamente con la disponibilidad de un box de dolor torácico en urgencias. La mortalidad al mes y al año es proporcional al grado de retraso en la reperfusión.

Long-term risk of cardiovascular events after detecting silent coronary atheromatosis using computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Coronary calcium score (CCS) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) assessments using multidetector computed tomography are invaluable for atheromatosis screening. We studied their usefulness in cardiovascular risk assessments, and compared evaluations using the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm with those from CTA and CSS assessments in terms of their ability to predict cardiovascular events in Mediterranean patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-six asymptomatic patients whose mean age was 55.4 years, 89.5% of whom were men, were evaluated using CTA and CCS and followed for more than 10 years. The CTA and CCS risk predictions were compared with those determined using the SCORE algorithm designed for low-risk populations. RESULTS: Coronary lesions were present in 140 (53.4%) patients. Of the lesions, 17% were noncalcified, 17% were mixed, and 66% were calcified; in addition, 24.2% of the patients who had lesions had cardiovascular events during follow-up (P<0.00001), but just 2.9% of the patients without lesions. Detection of atheromatosis using computed tomography was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease events at more than 10 years [odds ratio (OR): 6.828; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.001-23.305; P=0.002]. This OR was higher than that obtained for intermediate-risk individuals (OR: 4.818; 95% CI: 1.360-17.075; P=0.015) and lower than that determined for high-risk individuals (OR: 9.395; 95% CI: 2.489-35.460; P=0.001) using the SCORE algorithm, and higher that that determined for CCS assessments (OR: 3.916; 95% CI: 1.572-9.751; P=0.03). More cardiovascular events were associated with higher amounts of calcium. CONCLUSION: The detection of atheromatosis using the CCS and CTA was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events at more than 10 years. CTA and CCS assessments had a higher OR than that associated with assessments of patients at intermediate risk using the SCORE algorithm.

[A new artificial intelligence tool for assessing symptoms in patients seeking emergency department care: the Mediktor application]. / Experiencia de Mediktor®: un nuevo evaluador de síntomas basado en inteligencia artificial para pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze agreement between diagnoses issued by the Mediktor application and those of an attending physician, and to evaluate the usefulness of this application in patients who seek emergency care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study in a tertiary care university hospital emergency department. Patients with medical problems and surgical conditions (surgery and injuries) who did not require immediate emergency care responded to the Mediktor questions on a portable computer tablet. The software analyzed the answers and provided a list of 10 possible preliminary diagnoses in order of likelihood. The patient and the attending physician were blinded to the list to so that the usual care process would not be altered. The level of agreement between the physician's diagnosis and the Mediktor diagnosis was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1015 patients were included; 622 cases were considered valid for study. Cases were excluded if the patients did not meet the inclusion criteria, they did not have a discharge diagnosis, they had a final diagnosis expressed as a symptom or their final diagnosis was not included in the Mediktor database. The physician's diagnosis (the gold standard) coincided with one of the 10 MEDIKTOR diagnoses in 91.3% of the cases, with one of the first 3 diagnoses in 75.4%, and with the first diagnosis in 42.9%. Sensitivity was over 92% and specificity over 91% in the majority of common diagnostic groups; the κ statistic ranged from 0.24 to 0.98. CONCLUSION: The Mediktor application is a reliable diagnostic aid for the most prevalent problems treated in a hospital emergency department. The general public finds it easy to use.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la concordancia entre los diagnósticos emitidos por Mediktor® con el realizado por el médico responsable, así como valorar la utilidad de este dispositivo en pacientes que acuden a un servicio de urgencias (SU). METODO: Estudio observacional prospectivo realizado en el SU de un hospital terciario universitario. A los pacientes con patologías médicas y quirúrgicas (cirugía y traumatología) que no precisaban asistencia médica inmediata se les entregó una tableta digital para responder al interrogatorio de Mediktor®. Según las respuestas, el software adjudicaba un listado de 10 prediagnósticos ordenados por probabilidad, que se ocultaban al paciente y al médico responsable, para no modificar el proceso habitual. Posteriormente se analizó el grado de coincidencia entre el diagnóstico médico y los diagnósticos ofrecidos por Mediktor®. RESULTADOS: 1.015 pacientes fueron incluidos, de los que 622 se consideraron casos válidos para el estudio. Se excluyeron los pacientes que no cumplían los criterios de inclusión, sin diagnóstico al alta, con diagnóstico final expresado como síntoma y aquellos con diagnósticos no incluidos en Mediktor®. Las coincidencias entre el diagnóstico médico (patrón oro) y los diez diagnósticos de Mediktor® fueron de un 91,3%, en los tres primeros diagnósticos de un 75,4% y en el primer diagnóstico de un 42,9%. Según los grupos de diagnósticos más frecuentes, se objetivó una sensibilidad > 92% y una especificidad > 91% en la mayoría de ellos, con un índice kappa que osciló entre el 0,24 y el 0,98. CONCLUSIONES: Mediktor® es una herramienta fiable para ayudar al diagnóstico de las enfermedades más prevalentes de un SU y fácil de utilizar por el público en general.

Experiencia de Mediktor(R): un nuevo evaluador de síntomas basado en inteligencia artificial para pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias / A new artificial intelligence tool for assessing symptoms in patients seeking emergency department care: the Mediktor application

Objetivo. Analizar la concordancia entre los diagnósticos emitidos por MediktorR con el realizado por el médico responsable, así como valorar la utilidad de este dispositivo en pacientes que acuden a un servicio de urgencias (SU). Método. Estudio observacional prospectivo realizado en el SU de un hospital terciario universitario. A los pacientes con patologías médicas y quirúrgicas (cirugia y traumatologia) que no precisaban asistencia médica inmediata se les entrego una tableta digital para responder al interrogatorio de MediktorR. Según las respuestas, el software adjudicaba un listado de 10 prediagnosticos ordenados por probabilidad, que se ocultaban al paciente y al médico responsable, para no modificar el proceso habitual. Posteriormente se analizó el grado de coincidencia entre el diagnóstico médico y los diagnósticos ofrecidos por MediktorR. Resultados. 1.015 pacientes fueron incluidos, de los que 622 se consideraron casos válidos para el estudio. Se excluyeron los pacientes que no cumplían los criterios de inclusión, sin diagnostico al alta, con diagnostico final expresado como síntoma y aquellos con diagnósticos no incluidos en MediktorR. Las coincidencias entre el diagnostico medico (patrón oro) y los diez diagnósticos de MediktorR fueron de un 91,3%, en los tres primeros diagnósticos de un 75,4% y en el primer diagnóstico de un 42,9%. Según los grupos de diagnósticos más frecuentes, se objetivo una sensibilidad > 92% y una especificidad > 91% en la mayoría de ellos, con un índice kappa que oscilo entre el 0,24 y el 0,98. Conclusiones. MediktorR es una herramienta fiable para ayudar al diagnóstico de las enfermedades más prevalentes de un SU y fácil de utilizar por el público en general (AU)

Objectives. To analyze agreement between diagnoses issued by the Mediktor application and those of an attending physician, and to evaluate the usefulness of this application in patients who seek emergency care. Methods. Prospective observational study in a tertiary care university hospital emergency department. Patients with medical problems and surgical conditions (surgery and injuries) who did not require immediate emergency care responded to the Mediktor questions on a portable computer tablet. The software analyzed the answers and provided a list of 10 possible preliminary diagnoses in order of likelihood. The patient and the attending physician were blinded to the list to so that the usual care process would not be altered. The level of agreement between the physician's diagnosis and the Mediktor diagnosis was analyzed. Results. A total of 1015 patients were included; 622 cases were considered valid for study. Cases were excluded if the patients did not meet the inclusion criteria, they did not have a discharge diagnosis, they had a final diagnosis expressed as a symptom or their final diagnosis was not included in the Mediktor database. The physician's diagnosis (the gold standard) coincided with one of the 10 MEDIKTOR diagnoses in 91.3% of the cases, with one of the first 3 diagnoses in 75.4%, and with the first diagnosis in 42.9%. Sensitivity was over 92% and specificity over 91% in the majority of common diagnostic groups; the κ statistic ranged from 0.24 to 0.98. Conclusions. The Mediktor application is a reliable diagnostic aid for the most prevalent problems treated in a hospital emergency department. The general public finds it easy to use (AU)

Estrategias de reperfusión en hospitales sin intervención coronaria percutánea primaria. Respuesta / No disponible

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Predictores de la demora en la reperfusión de pacientes con IAMCEST que reciben angioplastia primaria. Impacto del lugar de primera asistencia / Predictors of late reperfusion in STEMI patients undergoing primary angioplasty. Impact of the place of first medical contact

Introducción y objetivos: El beneficio de la angioplastia primaria puede reducirse si se producen demoras hasta la reperfusión, y es preciso identificar los factores implicados. Métodos: Análisis del registro Codi Infart de Cataluña y el tiempo transcurrido hasta la angioplastia según el lugar de primera asistencia médica. Resultados: En 3.832 pacientes, la primera asistencia se produjo en un 18% en centros de atención primaria y un 37% en hospitales sin hemodinámica. Hubo mayores demoras en estos 2 grupos que en los casos atendidos por el sistema de emergencias extrahospitalario o en hospitales con hemodinámica (p < 0,0001, resultados en medianas): tiempo primera asistencia-indicación angioplastia, 42 min en ambos (total, 35 min); primera asistencia-apertura de la arteria, 131 y 143 min respectivamente (total, 121 min); tiempo total de isquemia, 230 y 260 min (total, 215 min). El tiempo primera asistencia-apertura de la arteria > 120 min mostró fuerte asociación con la primera asistencia en centros sin hemodinámica (odds ratio = 4,96; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 4,14-5,93) y edad, cirugía coronaria previa, primera asistencia en horario nocturno, electrocardiograma no diagnóstico y clase Killip ≥ III. La mortalidad al mes y al año fue del 5,6 y el 8,7% y se relacionó independientemente con la edad, el retraso hasta la angioplastia, la clase Killip ≥ II y la primera asistencia en un hospital con hemodinámica. Conclusiones: La primera asistencia de los pacientes tributarios de angioplastia primaria se produce en un centro sin hemodinámica en más de la mitad de casos y es un importante factor predictor de retraso hasta la apertura de la arteria (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The benefit of primary angioplasty may be reduced if there are delays to reperfusion. Identification of the variables associated with these delays could improve health care. Methods: Analysis of the Codi Infart registry of Catalonia and of the time to angioplasty depending on the place of first medical contact. Results: In 3832 patients analyzed, first medical contact took place in primary care centers in 18% and in hospitals without a catheterization laboratory in 37%. Delays were longer in these 2 groups than in patients attended by the outpatient emergency medical system or by hospitals with a catheterization laboratory (P < .0001, results in median): first medical contact to reperfusion indication time was 42 minutes in both (overall 35 minutes); first medical contact to artery opening time was 131 and 143 minutes, respectively (overall 121 minutes); total ischemia time was 230 and 260 minutes (overall 215 minutes). First medical contact to artery opening time > 120 minutes was strongly associated with first medical contact in a center without a catheterization laboratory (OR, 4.96; 95% confidence interval, 4.14-5.93), and other factors such as age, previous coronary surgery, first medical contact during evening hours, nondiagnostic electrocardiogram, and Killip class ≥ III. Mortality at 30 days and 1 year was 5.6% and 8.7% and was independently associated with age, longer delay to angioplasty, Killip class ≥ II, and first medical contact in a center with a catheterization laboratory. Conclusions: In more than 50% of patients requiring primary angioplasty, the first medical contact occurs in centers without a catheterization laboratory, which is an important predictor of delay from diagnosis to artery opening (AU)

Predictors of Late Reperfusion in STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty. Impact of the Place of First Medical Contact.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The benefit of primary angioplasty may be reduced if there are delays to reperfusion. Identification of the variables associated with these delays could improve health care. METHODS: Analysis of the Codi Infart registry of Catalonia and of the time to angioplasty depending on the place of first medical contact. RESULTS: In 3832 patients analyzed, first medical contact took place in primary care centers in 18% and in hospitals without a catheterization laboratory in 37%. Delays were longer in these 2 groups than in patients attended by the outpatient emergency medical system or by hospitals with a catheterization laboratory (P < .0001, results in median): first medical contact to reperfusion indication time was 42minutes in both (overall 35minutes); first medical contact to artery opening time was 131 and 143minutes, respectively (overall 121minutes); total ischemia time was 230 and 260minutes (overall 215minutes). First medical contact to artery opening time > 120minutes was strongly associated with first medical contact in a center without a catheterization laboratory (OR, 4.96; 95% confidence interval, 4.14-5.93), and other factors such as age, previous coronary surgery, first medical contact during evening hours, nondiagnostic electrocardiogram, and Killip class ≥ III. Mortality at 30 days and 1 year was 5.6% and 8.7% and was independently associated with age, longer delay to angioplasty, Killip class ≥ II, and first medical contact in a center with a catheterization laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: In more than 50% of patients requiring primary angioplasty, the first medical contact occurs in centers without a catheterization laboratory, which is an important predictor of delay from diagnosis to artery opening.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en el edema agudo de pulmón / Non-Invasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

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