Cells involved in extracellular matrix remodeling after acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of VEGF165 gene transfer in the process of remodeling of the extracellular matrix after an acute myocardial infarct. METHODS: Wistar rats were submitted to myocardial infarction, after the ligation of the left descending artery, and the left ventricle ejection fraction was used to classify the infarcts into large and small. The animals were divided into groups of ten, according to the size of infarcted area (large or small), and received or not VEGF165 treatment. Evaluation of different markers was performed using immunohistochemistry and digital quantification. The primary antibodies used in the analysis were anti-fibronectin, anti-vimentin, anti-CD44, anti-E-cadherin, anti-CD24, anti-alpha-1-actin, and anti-PCNA. The results were expressed as mean and standard error, and analyzed by ANOVA, considering statistically significant if p≤0.05. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the expression of undifferentiated cell markers, such as fibronectin (protein present in the extracellular matrix) and CD44 (glycoprotein present in the endothelial cells). However, there was decreased expression of vimentin and PCNA, indicating a possible decrease in the process of cell proliferation after treatment with VEGF165. Markers of differentiated cells, E-cadherin (adhesion protein between myocardial cells), CD24 (protein present in the blood vessels), and alpha-1-actin (specific myocyte marker), showed higher expression in the groups submitted to gene therapy, compared to non-treated group. The value obtained by the relation between alpha-1-actin and vimentin was approximately three times higher in the groups treated with VEGF165, suggesting greater tissue differentiation. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated the important role of myocytes in the process of tissue remodeling, confirming that VEGF165 seems to provide a protective effect in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct.

Cells involved in extracellular matrix remodeling after acute myocardial infarction / Células envolvidas no remodelamento da matriz extracelular após infarto agudo do miocárdio

Objective Evaluate the effects of VEGF165 gene transfer in the process of remodeling of the extracellular matrix after an acute myocardial infarct. Methods Wistar rats were submitted to myocardial infarction, after the ligation of the left descending artery, and the left ventricle ejection fraction was used to classify the infarcts into large and small. The animals were divided into groups of ten, according to the size of infarcted area (large or small), and received or not VEGF165 treatment. Evaluation of different markers was performed using immunohistochemistry and digital quantification. The primary antibodies used in the analysis were anti-fibronectin, anti-vimentin, anti-CD44, anti-E-cadherin, anti-CD24, anti-alpha-1-actin, and anti-PCNA. The results were expressed as mean and standard error, and analyzed by ANOVA, considering statistically significant if p≤0.05. Results There was a significant increase in the expression of undifferentiated cell markers, such as fibronectin (protein present in the extracellular matrix) and CD44 (glycoprotein present in the endothelial cells). However, there was decreased expression of vimentin and PCNA, indicating a possible decrease in the process of cell proliferation after treatment with VEGF165. Markers of differentiated cells, E-cadherin (adhesion protein between myocardial cells), CD24 (protein present in the blood vessels), and alpha-1-actin (specific myocyte marker), showed higher expression in the groups submitted to gene therapy, compared to non-treated group. The value obtained by the relation between alpha-1-actin and vimentin was approximately three times higher in the groups treated with VEGF165, suggesting greater tissue differentiation. Conclusion The results demonstrated the important role of myocytes in the process of tissue remodeling, confirming that VEGF165 seems to provide a protective effect in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct. .

Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da transferência gênica do VEGF165 no processo de remodelamento da matriz extracelular após infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos Ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao infarto do miocárdio por ligação da artéria coronária descendente esquerda, e a fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo foi utilizada para classificar os infartos em grandes e pequenos. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de dez animais, de acordo com o tamanho do infarto (grande ou pequeno), e receberam ou não tratamento com o VEGF165. A avaliação dos diferentes marcadores foi realizada por imuno-histoquímica e quantificação digital. Os anticorpos primários utilizados foram antifibronectina, antivimentina, anti- CD44, anti-E-caderina, anti-CD24, anti-alfa-1-actina e anti-PCNA. Os resultados foram representados como média e erro padrão, e analisados por ANOVA, sendo considerado estatisticamente significativo se p≤0,05. Resultados Houve aumento significativo da expressão de marcadores de células indiferenciadas, como fibronectina (proteína presente na matriz extracelular) e CD44 (glicoproteína presente nas células endoteliais). Entretanto, houve diminuição da expressão de vimentina e PCNA, indicando possível diminuição do processo de proliferação celular após o tratamento com VEGF165. Os marcadores de células diferenciadas, E-caderina (proteína de adesão entre as células do miocárdio), CD24 (proteína presente nos vasos sanguíneos) e alfa-1-actina (marcador especifico de miócitos) também apresentaram maior expressão nos grupos submetidos à terapia gênica, comparativamente com o grupo não tratado. O valor obtido pela relação entre alfa-1-actina e vimentina foi aproximadamente três vezes maior nos grupos tratados com VEGF165, indicando maior diferenciação tecidual. Conclusão O papel dos miócitos se mostrou importante no processo de remodelamento tecidual, confirmando que o VEGF165 parece conferir um efeito protetor no tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio. .

Long-term effects for acute phase myocardial infarct VEGF165 gene transfer cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac remodeling is ultimately regulated by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We investigated the important role that growth factors play in the regulation of ECM remodeling that occurs as a consequence of myocardium damage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats were submitted to the ligation of the left anterior coronary artery and pcDNA3-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(165) was immediately injected intramyocardially in the treated group. The animals were divided into large size myocardium infarction (LMI) and small size myocardium infarction, with or without gene transfer. The plasmid-containing DNA encoding VEGF(165) was injected into the cardiac muscle and its effect was observed on the ECM components. Glycosaminoglycans were identified and quantified by agarose gel based electrophoresis and ELISA as well as immunocytochemistry to examine specific cathepsin B, heparanase, and syndecan-4 changes. The amounts of hyaluronic acid (HA; p < 0.005), DS, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate (p < 0.001) were significantly increased in the LMI treated group in comparison to the other groups, which correlates with the decrease in the expression of heparanase. A decrease in the molecular mass of HA was found in the scar tissue of treated group. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained strongly support the idea that changes in the ECM and its components are important determinants of cardiac remodeling after myocardium infarct and may be essential for inflammatory response and attempt to stabilize the damage and provide a compensatory mechanisms to maintain cardiac output since the ECM components analyzed are involved with angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation.

Glycosaminoglycan synthesis and shedding induced by growth factors are cell and compound specific.

The interactions between growth factors and sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been extensively studied. The aim of this study is to investigate if growth factors would show specificity of action on the synthesis and shedding of sulphated GAG, using two different cell lines: endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The cells were grown in the presence or absence of growth factors: EGF, FGF2, VEGF121, VEGF165. Transfection assays were also performed using recombinant pcDNA3.1, containing VEGF165 cDNA. In order to analyse the different types of GAG the cells were metabolically labelled with [(35)S]-sulphate. At low doses, VEGF121 was the only growth factor able to increase both the synthesis and secretion of heparan sulphate (HS) in endothelial cells. Over expression of VEGF165 stimulated HS synthesis in both cells. The combined results showed that growth factors affect GAG synthesis in a cell specific and dose dependent manner.