RESUMO
Mycobacteriosis in fish is a chronic progressive ubiquitous disease caused by Mycobacterium marinum, M. gordonae and M. fortuitum in most cases. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology and distribution of lesions in 322 freshwater ornamental fish across 36 species. Granulomatous inflammation was diagnosed by gross examination and histopathology testing in 188 fish (58.4%); acid-fast rods (AFR) were determined in only 96 (51.1%) fish from 19 species after Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The most often affected organs with AFR were the kidney (81.2%), digestive tract (54.1%), liver (48.2%), spleen (45.9%) and skin (21.2%); sporadically, AFR were found in the branchiae (9.4%) and gonads (4.7%). In 14 randomly selected fish originating from four different fish tanks, the distribution of mycobacterial infection was studied by culture examination of the skin, gills, muscle tissue, digestive tract, liver, spleen and kidney. In 12 fish, the species M. marinum, M. gordonae, M. fortuitum, M. triviale, and M. avium subsp. hominissuis (serotypes 6 and 8 and genotype IS901- and IS1245+) were detected; mixed infection caused by different mycobacterial species was documented in five of them.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/patologia , Água Doce , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Mycobacterium/fisiologia , Animais , República Tcheca , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Peixes , Inflamação , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/patologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) of serotype 2 and genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ was cultured from 21 naturally infected hens (Gallus domesticus) from one smallholder aviary. From a total of 330 samples taken from hens, 124 mycobacteria were detected. Out of which MAA was detected in 103 (35.7%) of 288 tissues, in 4 (19.0%) of 21 swabs of cloacae and in 9 (42.9%) of 21 faeces samples, 8 other conditionally pathogenic mycobacterial species were also isolated. Tuberculous (TB) lesions were found in the liver, spleen and intestinal organs of seven hens. The isolates of MAA (n=58) from 16 infected hens (7 with TB lesions and 9 without TB lesions) were found to be of 3 IS901 RFLP types AE (n=48), AD (n=4) and E (n=6), where these MAA isolates are highly virulent to hens. Mixed infections with IS901 RFLP types (AE and AD) and (AE and E) were also evident in seven hens. From a total of 35 examined environmental samples, 23 mycobacterial isolates were detected. Out of which four (17.4%) MAA isolates of IS901 RFLP type AE and 19 (82.6%) other isolates of conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria were detected. The finding of identical IS901 RFLP types from both tissues and faecal isolates confirms that infected domestic hens are the principal source of infection for other susceptible hosts and lead to the contamination of the surrounding environment. The presence of different IS901 RFLP types in tissue isolates may indicate the repeated incidence of MAA infection and the occurrence of polyclonal infection.
Assuntos
Microbiologia Ambiental , Mycobacterium avium/classificação , Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Tuberculose Aviária/microbiologia , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Galinhas , Cloaca/microbiologia , Diagnóstico , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Sorotipagem , Tuberculose Aviária/patologiaRESUMO
Avian tuberculosis was detected in one flock of 38 water birds of the families Ardeideae (n = 20) and Threskiornithidae (n = 18). Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA, serotype 1, genotype IS901+ and IS1245+) was more often (p = 0.01) detected in tissue and/or faecal samples in 18 (90.0%) birds form the Ardeideae family: little egret (Egretta garzetta), buff-backed heron (Bubulcus ibis), great white egret (Egretta alba), and bittern (Botaurus stellaris) in comparison to two (11.1%) birds from the Threskiornithidae family: sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus). Avian tuberculosis was not diagnosed in spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia). Tuberculous lesions were found in nine birds. MAA isolates of IS901 RFLP type F-C3 were present in all of the 20 infected birds and in all environmental isolates. A mixed infection with the MAA isolates of three RFLP types F-C3 (tissue isolate), G-C3, and T-C3 (faecal isolates) was found in one sacred ibis. All 20 tissue isolates of IS901 RFLP type F-C3 from 20 birds and 8 environmental MAA isolates were fully virulent in pullets, whilst the isolates of RFLP types G-C3 and T-C3 were non-virulent in pullets. All of the tested MAA isolates had the same IS1245 RFLP "bird profile". In 12 of 20 infected birds with MAA M.a. hominissuis isolates of serotypes 4, 8, 9 and genotype IS901- and IS1245+ were detected and in 8 other birds mycobacteria not belonging to the M. avium complex were found. The presence of MAA in the environment may be a source for further spread of the causal agent of avian tuberculosis among other groups of animals in zoological gardens, farm animals, and also among their keepers.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/veterinária , Mycobacterium avium/classificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Tuberculose Aviária/microbiologia , Tuberculose Aviária/transmissão , Animais , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Animais Selvagens/microbiologia , Animais de Zoológico/microbiologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Aves , Microbiologia Ambiental , Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium avium/patogenicidade , Sorotipagem/veterinária , Especificidade da Espécie , Tuberculose Aviária/patologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Some mycobacterial species (particularly Mycobacterium marinum) found in aquarium environments may cause chronic diseases in fish and cutaneous infections in humans, the so-called 'fish tank granuloma'. The presence and distribution of mycobacterial species in clinically healthy aquarium fish and their environment has not been adequately explored. The present study analysed the occurrence of mycobacteria in a decorative aquarium (Brno, South Moravia) and in five aquaria of a professional fish breeder (Bohumin, North Moravia). After Ziehl-Neelsen staining, acid-fast rods (AFR) were observed in six (14.3%) and mycobacteria were detected by culture in 18 (42.9%) of 42 tissue samples from 19 fish. Sixty-five samples of the aqueous environment from all six aquaria were examined; AFR were found in 16 (24.6%) and mycobacteria were detected by culture in 49 (75.4%) samples. Forty-one (70.7%) of 58 selected mycobacterial isolates were identified biochemically as follows: M. fortuitum, M. flavescens, M. chelonae, M. gordonae, M. terrae, M. triviale, M. diernhoferi, M. celatum, M. kansasii and M. intracellulare. The clinically important species for humans and fish, M. marinum, was not detected. Mycobacterium kansasii was isolated from one sample of the aquarium environment from North Moravia, which is a region of the Czech Republic with endemic incidence of M. kansasii in water. The incidence of other conditionally pathogenic mycobacterial species in healthy fish and in all investigated constituents of the aquarium environment including snails and crustaceans used for fish feeding, was quite high. Accordingly, mycobacterial species from aquarium environments may serve as a possible source of infection for both aquarium fish and immunodeficient fish handlers.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/veterinária , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ecossistema , Meio Ambiente , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Pesqueiros , Peixes , Incidência , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/epidemiologia , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/classificaçãoRESUMO
We defined the role of the syrphid fly Eristalis tenax in the survival and transmission of mycobacteria in pigs. The conditionally pathogenic mycobacterial (CPM) species Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from 10 % of liquid dung samples, and both M. chelonae and another CPM species M. fortuitum were isolated from 7 (78 %) of the examined E. tenax larvae collected from the same location. Mycobacteriosis of the lymph nodes of pigs from 3 infected farms was caused by M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, and M. fortuitum. M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. hominissuis of identical genotype and serotypes and M. fortuitum were isolated from 7 (1.9 %) larvae, 2 (7.4 %) puparia, and one (1.6 %) imago. The count of colony forming units isolated from larval skin covering (pouch) was higher (p < or = 0.01) than that isolated from the internal organs of larvae. These results showed the potential for E. tenax larvae to spread mycobacteria throughout pig herds and the surrounding environment.
Assuntos
Dípteros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Animais , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Larva/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium avium/patogenicidade , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The syrphid Eristalis tenax Linnaeus (Diptera: Syrphidae) may be found in and around dung storage pits at cattle farms at various developmental stages of their life cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in 1044 E. tenax samples at various developmental stages, as well as fresh and stored dung originating from nine cattle farms. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from one (1.5%) larva from the vicinity of three paratuberculosis-free herds of cattle. Mycobacterium a. paratuberculosis was isolated from 111 (21.4%) of E. tenax larvae collected from two of seven farms known to be infected with the causal agent of paratuberculosis. Mycobacteria were not isolated from any of the 340 pupae, 41 adults of 78 samples of exoskeletal exuviae. Mycobacterium a. paratuberculosis isolates from E. tenax larvae were of the IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1, identical to that detected in faecal samples from cattle herds infected with paratuberculosis. Larvae artificially infected with mycobacteria of IS900 RFLP type B-C9 did not contain statistically more CFU of identical IS900 RFLP type B-C9 in the intestinal tract and internal organs than on the body surface. These results show that M. a. paratuberculosis can survive in the intestinal tract and internal organs of E. tenax.
Assuntos
Dípteros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Esterco/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genética , Agricultura , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , República Tcheca , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Larva/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/fisiologia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Medição de Risco , EslováquiaRESUMO
Among 25,027 slaughter pigs raised in two farms, tuberculous lesions were detected in the lymph nodes of 898 (3.6%) of them. Tuberculous lesions were most commonly found in the mesenteric (601; 2.4%) and head (451; 1.8%) lymph nodes. Mycobacteria were isolated from 49 of 120 randomly selected mesenteric, head and bronchial lymph nodes with diagnosed tuberculosis originating from both farms. Forty six Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis, one M. chelonae and two M. fortuitum isolates were found in the lymph nodes of pigs. No statistically significant difference was detected between farms A and B for isolation rates of mycobacteria from the lymph nodes of pigs and their species composition. To investigate the source of the pigs' infections, culture examinations of 117 samples from the external environment were performed. Mycobacteria were isolated from 25 samples from the external environment (21.4%). Mycobacterial isolates were also detected in eleven (91.7%) and two (16.7%) of 12 used sawdust and 12 of non-used (fresh) sawdust samples, respectively. None of 12 wood shavings was culture-positive. Twelve of 13 sawdust isolates were classified as M. a. hominissuis of serotypes 6 and 8 and genotype IS901- and IS1245+; the remaining isolate was classified as species M. fortuitum. Other conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria were only isolated from 12 of the remaining 81 samples from the external environment (excluding bedding). A total of eight isolates (two pig and six sawdust samples originating from farms A and B) were examined by IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS1245 RFLP) analysis. These isolates produced five distinct IS1245 RFLP types with more than 20 bands. Based on identical IS1245 RFLP types of one pig isolate and two isolates of used sawdust from farm A, we have concluded that contaminated sawdust was the source of mycobacterial infection for pigs in our study.
Assuntos
Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/etiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/veterinária , Animais , República Tcheca , Genótipo , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/classificação , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/etiologia , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Sorotipagem/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/etiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mycobacteria were not isolated from any of 229 beetle imagoes of 29 species originating from 14 distinct localities in the Czech and Slovak Republics: 186 imagoes (34 samples) and 43 imagoes (12 samples) from the wild and herds with paratuberculosis infected ruminants, respectively. From 75 environmental samples taken from barns with infected ruminants, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from five scrapings of the floors in barns and a feed processing room. From bran and peat taken from pig farms, M. a. hominissuis was diagnosed in 13% of 72 samples and in 69% of 70 samples, respectively. M. a. avium was isolated from 2 (2.9%) and atypical mycobacteria from 12 (17.1%) peat samples. In the respective experiments, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus and Zophobas atratus Fabricius were infected in vitro with isolates of M. a. paratuberculosis of IS900 RFLP type B-C1 and M. a. avium of IS901 RFLP type F-C3. T. molitor larvae were also infected with M. a. hominissuis by naturally contaminated bran and peat. M. a. paratuberculosis and M. a. avium were diagnosed in larvae of both species on days 1 to 3 post infection (p.i.). M. a. hominissuis was isolated from T. molitor larvae fed by bran on days 4 to 9 p.i. and from imagoes on day 35 p.i. and from larvae fed by peat on days 4 to 14 p.i. RFLP types of all the isolates identified before infection and after isolation from larvae were identical. Thus, beetles could mechanically transmit mycobacteria, this hazard should be considered for both the implementation of control measures and feeding captive animals with larvae.
Assuntos
Besouros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Paratuberculose/transmissão , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Larva/microbiologia , Paratuberculose/epidemiologia , Paratuberculose/microbiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , ZoonosesRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Actinomycetales: Mycobacteriaceae) isolates of identical restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1 were isolated from: intestinal mucosa of two cows showing clinical signs of paratuberculosis, a specimen of the blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) captured while perched on these cattle intestines in a waste container at the site of the slaughter, and the blowflies C. vicina and Lucilia caesar Linnaeus captured the next day at the same site when no infected cattle with paratuberculosis were slaughtered. Subsequently, second-stage larvae of the blowflies C. vicina and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) were experimentally infected by feeding them liver from hens with avian tuberculosis caused by M. a. avium (serotype 1, genotype IS901+ and IS1245+) and small cuts of pork meat contaminated with M. a. hominissuis (serotype 8, genotype IS901- and IS1245+). Mycobacterium a. avium of identical serotype, genotype and RFLP type F-C3 was isolated from C. vicina larvae on days 4 and 11 post infection (p.i.) and from L. sericata larvae on day 4 p.i. Identical RFLP type B-C1 of M. a. paratuberculosis was isolated from adult C. vicina fed with artificially contaminated saccharose solution on day 2 p. i. Investigation of M. a. paratuberculosis distribution inside the adult C. vicina showed that the majority of Colony Forming Units (CFU) were isolated from the abdomen and head, fewer from the thorax and wings and none from the legs. Larvae and adults may participate in spreading causal agents of mycobacterial infections and this fact should be considered during sanitation of infected herds and in slaughterhouses when materials from animals affected by mycobacterial infections are processed.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Dípteros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Paratuberculose/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/genética , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Feminino , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
This study surveys 2,593,348 cattle slaughtered between 1996 and 2000, and further investigates 571 (0.02%) animals found to have tuberculous lesions. Culture of 346 randomly selected tissue samples from animals younger (n = 215) and older (n = 131) than 2 years, isolated mycobacteria from 91 animals (26.3%). These included 74 Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium isolates of IS901+ and IS1245+ genotype and serotype 2, 13M. avium subsp. hominissuis isolates of IS901- and IS1245+ genotype and serotypes 8 (n = 7) and 4 (n = 6), two M. chelonae, one M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (RFLP type B-C1), and one M. terrae. Culture of mesenteric lymph node samples obtained 66 isolates of M. avium complex (MAC) and four isolates of other mycobacterial species. M. bovis was significantly absent from all samples. Mycobacteria were more frequently (P = 0.01) isolated from tissues of animals under 2 years (34.4%) than animals over 2 years (13.0%). IS901 and IS1245 RFLP methods were used to type 17 randomly selected MAC isolates, virulent after intramuscular inoculation of pullets, from 17 different cattle herds. These revealed 11 distinct IS901 RFLP types and three IS1245 RFLP profiles. Polyclonal infection of individual animals was detected by IS901/IS1245 typing in 2 of the 17 selected isolates.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologia , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , República Tcheca , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/genética , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/genética , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose/veterinária , VirulênciaRESUMO
The potential transmission of the causal agent of paratuberculosis Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and avian tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (Actinomycetales: Mycobacteriaceae) by nymphs of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L. (Blattodea: Blattidae) was investigated by oral infection with mycobacterial suspensions and examination of their droppings and bodies. Both the subspecies of M. avium were isolated from droppings at 3 days post-infection and M. a. avium was found in homogenized bodies at 10 days post-infection. The identity of M. a. avium and M. a. paratuberculosis isolates was demonstrated by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The M. a. avium isolate used as the inoculum and the isolates from the bodies and droppings of the nymphs were shown to be virulent in chickens. The results show that orally infected nymphs of B. orientalis can harbour and shed viable and virulent mycobacteria. This hazard should be considered in the implementation of control measures against mycobacterial infections of animals and humans, which should include destruction of all developmental stages of cockroaches and prevention of their access to materials that can be contaminated by mycobacteria.
Assuntos
Aves/microbiologia , Baratas/microbiologia , Baratas/fisiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Paratuberculose/transmissão , Tuberculose Aviária/transmissão , Animais , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , Mycobacterium avium/genética , Mycobacterium avium/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
The objective of the study was to define the role of earthworms in the survival of mycobacteria in animal populations. In 13 sampling sites mycobacteria were detected in 53 (5.5%) samples of faeces and parenchymatous tissues from animals, in 25 (7.3%) environmental and in nine (8.2%) earthworm samples. In cattle and goat farms affected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) of IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1 was isolated from 37 (4.6%) faecal samples, three (1.4%) environmental and one (3.1%) earthworm sample. Investigations of aviaries affected by avian tuberculosis detected M. avium of genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ in six (7.9%) bird's faecal and in four (4.4%) environmental samples. M. avium (genotype IS901- and IS1245+) was detected in four (4.4%) and M. abscessus in one (1.1%) environmental sample. M. avium of genotype IS901- and IS1245+ and M. gastri were isolated from three (6.4%) earthworm samples. In pig farm with mycobacteriosis M. avium of genotype IS901- and IS1245+ was detected in five (20.0%) faecal samples from pigs and in four (12.9%) environmental samples. M. scrofulaceum was isolated in one (4.6%) sample of Lumbricus rubellus. In laboratory experiments identical RFLP types of M. paratuberculosis were isolated from bodies and faeces of earthworms 1-2 days after the last contact with the faeces contaminated with the same RFLP type of M. paratuberculosis. The results suggest that earthworms may become vectors of mycobacteria.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Animais Domésticos/parasitologia , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Oligoquetos/microbiologia , Paratuberculose/parasitologia , Animais , Animais Selvagens/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/transmissão , Aves , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Fezes/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/transmissão , Cabras , Paratuberculose/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissãoRESUMO
Mycobacteria were isolated from 14 (4.5%) of 314 samples, containing 7791 adult Diptera, which were collected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1997-2000. These flies were collected from three cattle herds with paratuberculosis, two pig herds with mycobacterial infections and one farm that kept both cattle and pigs and that did not have problems of mycobacterial infections. Mycobacterium intracellulare was isolated from Eristalis tenax Linnaeus (Diptera: Syrphidae) captured from a pig herd. Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (serotype 8) was isolated from flies of the genera Drosophila Fallen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Musca Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) originating from a pig herd. Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from Musca spp. and Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from dung flies of the genus Scatophaga Meigen (Diptera: Scatophagidae), Musca spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) captured in the same herd. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was isolated from S. calcitrans from the farm with both cattle and pigs. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was isolated from Scatophaga spp. collected from pastures grazed by one of the cattle herds and from Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia caesar Linnaeus (Diptera: Calliphoridae) captured in a slaughterhouse, where cattle infected with paratuberculosis were slaughtered. Mycobacterium phlei was isolated from flies of the genus Lucilia captured at a waste bin. These data indicate that mycobacteria may be spread by adult flies that have been in contact with material contaminated with these pathogens.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Dípteros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , República Tcheca , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/transmissão , Eslováquia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissãoRESUMO
Faecal (at least 3 months before slaughtering) and organ examinations were carried out in 611 animals (497 dairy, 69 dual-purpose and 44 beef cattle) originating from eight paratuberculosis infected cattle herds. The diagnosis in cattle was established by routine intestinal culture (ileum and the adjacent lymph nodes) after slaughter. In selected 132 animals, post-mortem intensive culture was performed on tissue samples collected from the gastrointestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, caecum, rectum) and the corresponding lymph nodes, submandibular, retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, liver and supramammary lymph nodes, kidney, liver and spleen. In 251 (41.1%) of all 611 animals, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis could be isolated from the faeces; in 164 (65.7%) out of 251 shedding animals the infection was detected in the ileum and adjacent lymph nodes. The detection of M. paratuberculosis by routine intestinal culture of faecal culture positive animals varied from 46.0% in animals shedding 1 CFU (colony forming unit), to 94.7% in massive shedders. On the contrary, M. paratuberculosis was detected by routine intestinal culture in 92 (25.5%) of the 360 faecal culture negative animals. Shedding animals had significantly higher (P<0.01) number of organisms in their organs than non-shedding animals. During the intensive tissue cultivation from selected 132 animals, 72 (54.5%) of them were positive. For the negative animals, no significant difference was found between the detection rate in organs examined after slaughter with routine and intensive method. However, in the subgroup of tissue culture positive animals a highly significant difference (P<0.01) was found by intensive examination (83.0%) compared with the routine examination (60.4%). Out of 72 tissue culture positive animals 73.6% of them harboured M. paratuberculosis in the gastrointestinal tract, 16.7% in the gastrointestinal tract and the parenchymatous organs, tracheobronchial and mandibular lymph nodes. The rest of the 9.7% of the infection was detected in the lymph nodes of head and lungs. Our study concerning the distribution of M. paratuberculosis by intensive examinations revealed a minimum effect of breed and production type on localisation of the agent. Thus, the results suggest that in case of an active infection, M. paratuberculosis can be localised in different organs of animals irrespective of their breed or production type.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Fezes/microbiologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Paratuberculose/diagnóstico , Animais , Bovinos , Técnicas de Cultura/veterinária , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Linfonodos/microbiologia , MasculinoRESUMO
The organs of 30 insectivorous mammals and 62 rodents from areas inhabited by people or livestock where cattle paratuberculosis or mycobacterial infections of swine had been found to occur were examined by cultivation during the monitoring of occurrence and spread of mycobacterioses in cattle and swine. Mycobacteria were found in the organs of 3 insectivores (10%) and 6 rodents (9.7%). Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from the organs of the lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) and the common vole (Microtus arvalis), and M. vaccae and M. avium subsp. avium (IS901+, serotype 1) from the organs of the common shrew (Sorex araneus). M. avium subsp. avium (IS901+, serotype 1) was also isolated from the organs of the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). Slow-growing mycobacteria of group III (according to Runyon) were isolated from the organs of the mouse (Mus musculus sensu lato) and the yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis). These findings had no connection with the epizootological situation in the nearby livestock. M. fortuitum was isolated from the organs of the common vole (M. arvalis) caught in a field within easy reach of a swine breeding herd. M. fortuitum was also identified in the lymph nodes and droppings of this swine herd, as well as in the straw, scrapings from the floor of stalls, troughs and banisters, as well as from larvae and imagoes of dipterous insects. These results demonstrate the possibility that insectivores and small rodents can spread the causative agents of mycobacteria in wild and domestic animals.
Assuntos
Eulipotyphla/microbiologia , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Roedores/microbiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Abrigo para Animais , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Suínos , Vísceras/imunologia , Vísceras/microbiologiaRESUMO
Cytochrome P450-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD) activities in 14-day-old chick embryo livers were determined 24 h after pretreatment with selected widespread aromatic environmental contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorobenzene, and dialkylesters of phthalic acid, and compared with the inducing potencies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and the coplanar and mono-o-chlorinated PCBs. The effects of other model inducers, i.e. phenobarbital and pyrazole, were also examined. Specificity of EROD induction was estimated with regard to contaminants frequently present in environmental samples and dose-response curves for EROD induction were determined. A strong induction (comparable with that by mono-o-chlorinated biphenyl treatment) by dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene or benzo[b]fluoranthene was found, but the maximal level of EROD activity inducible by TCDD was not achieved, partly due to the high toxicity of the tested PAHs. 3-Methylcholanthrene showed moderate inducing potencies; benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene and 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl appeared to be weak inducers. Other PAHs and PCBs tested, as well as hexachlorobenzene, dialkyl phthalates, phenobarbital and pyrazole had no marked effects on the EROD level. ECOD activities were increased non-specifically by TCDD, 3-methylcholanthrene, hexachlorobenzene and phenobarbital. A significant enhancement of PROD activity by TCDD and related inducers was observed, while phenobarbital induced the PROD activity only weakly; SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the chicken phenobarbital-inducible cytochromes P4502H with apparent molecular weights 50 kDa were not markedly induced by the TCDD- or 3-methylcholanthrene treatments. Inhibition of EROD and PROD by 9-hydroxyellipticine, a specific inhibitor of rat hepatic cytochrome P4501A1, revealed that PROD induction by TCDD and other P4501A-inducers was probably a result of a broader substrate specificity of chick embryo P4501A. Measurement of EROD activities in chick embryo liver is highly sensitive, specific and suitable for the determination of TCDD-type toxicity of new drugs, agrochemicals, and industrial pollutants.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Oxirredutases/biossíntese , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , O-Dealquilase 7-Alcoxicumarina/biossíntese , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/biossíntese , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B1/biossíntese , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/metabolismo , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/metabolismoRESUMO
Cytochromes P450-dependent monooxygenase activities were determined and compared in mouse liver microsomes and in hepatoma cell homogenates after exposure to prototype inducers of individual P450 enzymes. In vivo inductions of levels of mouse hepatic monooxygenase activities have been found as effective biochemical markers of toxicity potentials of a series of classes of xenobiotics (CYP1A induction for toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related pollutants; CYP2E induction for dialkylnitrosamines and organic solvents, e.g. acetone and ethanol; CYP2B and CYP3A induction for phenobarbital- and dexamethasone-type of xenobiotics). A specific induction of CYP1A-dependent O-dealkylase activities by TCDD was found in Hepa-1 and Hep G2 cell cultures, but no in vitro induction of other P450 enzymes was found after the treatment with phenobarbital, acetone or dexamethasone. Therefore, mouse liver is a suitable in vivo system for the testing of inducing effects of xenobiotics on all relevant P450 forms, while hepatoma cell cultures are usable only for the bioassay of TCDD-like toxicity.
Assuntos
Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Fígado/enzimologia , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Embrião de Galinha , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/enzimologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were extracted from river sediments by various extraction methods. The amount of individual pollutants was determined analytically and data compared with biological assays. These were based on the induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYPIA1) after treatment with sediment fractions in two different biological model systems, a mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa-1 and a chick embryo. In the hepatoma cell culture Hepa-1 significant correlations with analytical results were found for fractions containing PCDD/Fs and planar and mono-ortho-chlorinated PCBs. However for PAH fraction an undesirable decrease of P450 1A1 induction was observed in higher concentrations of this fraction. This decrease was not observed in the chick embryo liver microsomes and biological responses towards the PAH fractions correlated with analytical data. Comparative investigations demonstrated that the chicken embryo hepatic microsomes were more sensitive for PAHs, and the hepatoma cell line Hepa-1 for PCDD/Fs and planar and mono-ortho-chlorinated PCBs.
Assuntos
Benzofuranos/toxicidade , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Compostos Policíclicos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Benzofuranos/análise , Benzofuranos/isolamento & purificação , Bioensaio , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Embrião de Galinha , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1 , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/biossíntese , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Monitoramento Ambiental , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Doce , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/embriologia , Fígado/enzimologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Oxirredutases/biossíntese , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/isolamento & purificação , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/isolamento & purificação , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/toxicidade , Compostos Policíclicos/análise , Compostos Policíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Cloacal swabs, collected from 756 wild synanthropic and exoanthropic birds of 57 species in the Czech Republic, yielded 32 strains of Salmonella typhimurium [phage types (PT) 141, 104 and 41], six isolates of S. enteritidis (PT 8, 4 and 6e), and one each of S. panama and S. anatum. Except for one S. enteritidis isolate from a grey-lag goose (Anser anser) and one S. typhimurium isolate from a coot (Fulica atra), all of the other strains were derived from black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus), of which 24.7% were found to be infected. The black-headed gull might play a role in the dispersal of pathogenic salmonellae.