Association depressive symptoms with memory function and social capital before and during COVID-19 in community-dwelling older adults in rural Japan: A retrospective study with a longitudinal data.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the impact of memory function and social capital on depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults in rural Japan. METHODS: A retrospective study with longitudinal data was conducted during COVID-19 from May 2021 to November 2021 (T2) in Kurogawa, Japan. The candidate population for this study was 145 with the following requirements: (1) older individuals aged 65 years or above who were registered in the Kurogawa study, and (2) those with previous data (from November 2016 to February 2020; T1 as pre-pandemic). Memory function was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory II delayed recall part A (LM II-DR). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Japanese version of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Social capital was evaluated through civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. Fear of the COVID-19 infection (FCV-19S) was evaluated. RESULTS: The final analysis included 96 participants (mean age = 81.0 years, SD = 4.8) Multivariate analysis for GDS-15 score by Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) revealed significant associations between LM II-DR (ß = -0.13, 95% CI: -0.21-0.05, p = 0.002) and FCV-19S during COVID-19 (ß = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01-0.15, p = 0.02) with GDS-15 score. However, civic participation, social cohesion and reciprocity were not associated with GDS-15 score. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults in rural Japan, memory function and fear of the COVID-19 infection were significantly associated with depressive symptoms in MMRM analysis. However, social capital was not associated with depressive symptoms. This highlights the need to address memory function and fear of the COVID-19 infection in interventions for older adults during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparison of the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm and Copenhagen Index for the preoperative assessment of Japanese women with ovarian tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA) and Copenhagen Index (CPH-I) in their ability to distinguish epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and malignant ovarian tumors (MLOT) from benign ovarian tumors (BeOT) in Japanese women. METHODS: Patients with pathologically diagnosed ovarian tumors were included in this study. The study validated the diagnostic performance of ROMA and CPH-I. RESULTS: Among the 463 Japanese women included in this study, 312 had BeOT, 99 had EOC, and 52 had other MLOT. The receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUCs) of ROMA (0.89) and CPH-I (0.89) for distinguishing EOC from BeOT were significantly higher than that of CA125 (0.82) (CA 125 vs. ROMA; p = 0.002, vs. CPH-I; p < 0.001). The ROC-AUCs of ROMA (0.82) and CPH-I (0.81) for distinguishing MLOT from BeOT were significantly higher than that of CA125 (0.75) (CA 125 vs. ROMA: p = 0.003, vs. CPH-I: p < 0.001). The sensitivity (SN)/specificity (SP) of ROMA and CPH-I for distinguishing EOC from BeOT at standard cut-off points were 69%/90%, and 69%/90%, respectively, those for distinguishing MLOT from BeOT were 54%/90%, and 55%/90%, respectively. CONCLUSION: ROMA and CPH-I performed comparably well and better than CA125 in distinguishing EOC from BeOT in Japanese women. ROMA and CHP-I should be used with caution in practical situations, where all histological possibilities for must be considered, because the SNs of ROMA and CPH-I were only 54% and 55%.

Clinical utility of artificial intelligence assistance in histopathologic review of lymph node metastasis for gastric adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Advances in whole-slide image capture and computer image analyses using deep learning technologies have enabled the development of computer-assisted diagnostics in pathology. Herein, we built a deep learning algorithm to detect lymph node (LN) metastasis on whole-slide images of LNs retrieved from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and evaluated its performance in clinical settings. METHODS: We randomly selected 18 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery with curative intent and were positive for LN metastasis at Chiba University Hospital. A ResNet-152-based assistance system was established to detect LN metastases and to outline regions that are highly probable for metastasis in LN images. Reference standards comprising 70 LN images from two different institutions were reviewed by six pathologists with or without algorithm assistance, and their diagnostic performances were compared between the two settings. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between these two settings regarding sensitivity, review time, or confidence levels in classifying macrometastases, isolated tumor cells, and metastasis-negative. Meanwhile, the sensitivity for detecting micrometastases significantly improved with algorithm assistance, although the review time was significantly longer than that without assistance. Analysis of the algorithm's sensitivity in detecting metastasis in the reference standard indicated an area under the curve of 0.869, whereas that for the detection of micrometastases was 0.785. CONCLUSIONS: A wide variety of histological types in gastric adenocarcinoma could account for these relatively low performances; however, this level of algorithm performance could suffice to help pathologists improve diagnostic accuracy.

Serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 was not altered by rTMS in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

AIM: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is one of the most effective and minimally invasive treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of rTMS in patients with TRD remains unclear. In recent years, the pathogenesis of depression has been closely associated with chronic inflammation and microglia are believed to play an important role in chronic inflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) plays an important role in microglial neuroinflammatory regulation. In this study, we investigated the changes in peripheral soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) before and after rTMS treatment in patients with TRD. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with TRD were enrolled in this frequency (10 Hz) rTMS study. Depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and serum sTREM2 concentrations were measured at baseline and the end of the 6-week rTMS treatment. RESULTS: This study showed that rTMS ameliorated depressive symptoms and partially improved cognitive dysfunction in TRD. However, rTMS treatment did not alter serum sTREM2 levels. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first sTREM2 study in patients with TRD who underwent rTMS treatment. These results suggest that serum sTREM2 may not be relevant for the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of rTMS in patients with TRD. Future studies should confirm the present findings using a larger patient sample and a sham rTMS procedure, as well as CSF sTREM2. Furthermore, a longitudinal study should be conducted to clarify the effects of rTMS on sTREM2 levels.

Serum oxytocin correlated with later logical memory in older Japanese women: A 7-year follow-up study.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between serum oxytocin and logical memory among older adults in rural Japan and clarify sex differences in this relationship. Measurements: The first survey was conducted from October 2009 to March 2011 (Time 1) and the second from November 2016 to September 2017 (Time 2). The final analysis for Time 1 included 385 participants (median age 75 years, interquartile range [IQR] 70-81 years) and that for Time 2 included 76 participants (median age 80 years, IQR 76-83 years). We assessed cognition, logical memory, and living conditions, and measured serum oxytocin levels. Logical memory was evaluated using the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory II delayed recall part A (LM II-DR). Serum oxytocin was measured using the enzyme immunoassay method. Results: The median (IQR) oxytocin level among men (n = 20) was 34 (16-78) pg/mL at Time 1 and 53 (28-140) pg/mL at Time 2. The median (IQR) oxytocin level among women (n = 56) was 117 (35-412) pg/mL at Time 1 and 76 (32-145) pg/mL at Time 2. The median oxytocin level among women at Time 2 was significantly lower than that at Time 1 (p = 0.004). The multivariate analysis showed that for women, LM II-DR score at Time 2 was positively associated with oxytocin level at Time 1 (p = 0.042) and negatively associated with age (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our study suggests that maintaining high oxytocin levels in older women may prevent age-related decline in logical memory.

The Use of Deep Learning-Based Computer Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Lymph Node Metastases of Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Objectives. The diversifying modalities of treatment for gastric cancer raise urgent demands for the rapid and precise diagnosis of metastases in regional lymph nodes, thereby significantly impact the workload of pathologists. Meanwhile, the recent advent of whole-slide scanners and deep-learning techniques have enabled the computer-assisted analysis of histopathological images, which could help to alleviate this impact. Thus, we developed a deep learning-based diagnostic algorithm to detect lymph node metastases of gastric adenocarcinoma and evaluated its performance. Methods. We randomly selected 20 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery as definitive treatment and were found to be node metastasis-positive. HEMATOXYLIN-eosin (HE) stained glass slides, including a total of 51 metastasis-positive nodes, were retrieved from the specimens of these cases. Other slides with 776 metastasis-negative nodes were also retrieved from other twenty cases with the same disease that were diagnosed as metastasis-negative by the final pathological examinations. All glass slides were digitized using a whole-slide scanner. A deep-learning algorithm to detect metastases was developed using the data in which metastasis-positive parts of the images were annotated by a well-trained pathologist, and its performance in detecting metastases was evaluated. Results. Cross-validation analysis indicated an area of 0.9994 under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Free-response receiver operating characteristic curve (FROC) analysis indicated a sensitivity of 1.00 with three false positives. Further evaluation using an independent dataset also showed similar level of accuracies. Conclusion. This deep learning-based diagnosis-aid system is a promising tool that can assist pathologists involved in gastric cancer care and reduce their workload.

Atmospheric muography for imaging and monitoring tropic cyclones.

Large-scale solid bodies on Earth such as volcanoes and man-made pyramids have been visualized with solid earth muography, and the recently invented technique, acqueous muography, has already demonstrated its capability to visualize ocean tides and tsunami. In this work, atmospheric muography, a technique to visualize and monitor the vertical profile of tropic cyclones (TCs) is presented for the first time. The density distribution and time-dependent behavior of several TCs which had approached Kagoshima, Japan, has been investigated with muography. The resultant time-sequential images captured their warm cores, and their movements were consistent with the TC trails and barometric pressure variations observed at meteorological stations. By combining multidirectional muographic images with barometric data, we anticipate that muography will become a useful tool to monitor the three-dimensional density distribution of a targeted mesoscale convective system.

Changes in the metabolites of cerebrospinal fluid induced by rTMS in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This study aimed to analyze changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites in patients with TRD after rTMS. Five patients with TRD were enrolled in a high frequency (10-Hz) rTMS study. The concentration of 72 CSF metabolites were measured at baseline and at the end of the 6-week rTMS treatment. rTMS significantly increased CSF niacinamide, kynurenine, and creatinine levels and significantly decreased CSF cystine levels, but not the levels of the other 68 CSF metabolites. This is the first CSF metabolomics study on patients with TRD who underwent rTMS.

Periodic sea-level oscillation in Tokyo Bay detected with the Tokyo-Bay seafloor hyper-kilometric submarine deep detector (TS-HKMSDD).

Meteorological-tsunami-like (or meteotsunami-like) periodic oscillation was muographically detected with the Tokyo-Bay Seafloor Hyper-Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector (TS-HKMSDD) deployed in the underwater highway called the Trans-Tokyo Bay Expressway or Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (TBAL). It was detected right after the arrival of the 2021 Typhoon-16 that passed through the region 400 km south of the bay. The measured oscillation period and decay time were respectively 3 h and 10 h. These measurements were found to be consistent with previous tide gauge measurements. Meteotsunamis are known to take place in bays and lakes, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of meteotsunamis are similar to seismic tsunamis. However, their generation and propagation mechanisms are not well understood. The current result indicates that a combination of muography and trans-bay or trans-lake underwater tunnels will offer an additional tool to measure meteotsunamis at locations where tide gauges are unavailable.

Expression of SATB2 in Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Lung: Frequent Immunopositivity of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma with a Diagnostic Pitfall.

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) are both classified as lung neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). It has recently been reported that the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (STAB2), known as a colorectal cancer marker, is also expressed in NECs occurring in various organs including the lung. However, few studies have examined any differences of SATB2 immunopositivity between SCLC and LCNEC. We investigated SATB2 expression in 45 SCLC and 14 LCNEC cases using immunohistochemistry as well as the expression of caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2) and keratin (KRT) 20. The LCNEC cases were more frequently positive for SATB2 (ten out of 14, 71%) than the SCLC ones (seventeen out of 45, 38%) with a statistically significance (P = 0.035). Furthermore, two LCNEC cases were positive for CDX2 while no positive findings were observed for any SCLC cases, the difference of which, however, was not statistically significant (P = 0.053). KRT20 was negative in all LCNEC and SCLC cases. These results require our attention when we use SATB2 and CDX2 as colorectal cancer markers because their expression in pulmonary NECs can lead to a misdiagnosis that the tumor is of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma, especially when the patient has a past history of colorectal cancer. Analyzing the relationship between the demographic/clinical variables and the SATB2 expression in the SCLC cases, just high Brinkman index (≥ 600) was significantly related to the positivity of SATB2 (P = 0.017), which is interesting considering the strong relationship between SCLC and smoking.

First results of undersea muography with the Tokyo-Bay Seafloor Hyper-Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector.

Tidal measurements are of great significance since they may provide us with essential data to apply towards protection of coastal communities and sea traffic. Currently, tide gauge stations and laser altimetry are commonly used for these measurements. On the other hand, muography sensors can be located underneath the seafloor inside an undersea tunnel where electric and telecommunication infrastructures are more readily available. In this work, the world's first under-seafloor particle detector array called the Tokyo-bay Seafloor Hyper-Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector (TS-HKMSDD) was deployed underneath the Tokyo-Bay seafloor for conducting submarine muography. The resultant 80-day consecutive time-sequential muographic data were converted to the tidal levels based on the parameters determined from the first-day astronomical tide height (ATH) data. The standard deviation between ATH and muographic results for the rest of a 79-day measurement period was 12.85 cm. We anticipate that if the length of the TS-HKMSDD is extended from 100 m to a full-scale as large as 9.6 km to provide continuous tidal information along the tunnel, this muography application will become an established standard, demonstrating its effectiveness as practical tide monitor for this heavy traffic waterway in Tokyo and in other important sea traffic areas worldwide.

Cerebral large artery stenosis and occlusion in POEMS syndrome.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency and risk factors for cerebral artery stenosis and occlusion in patients with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. METHODS: We reviewed results of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) in 61 patients with POEMS syndrome seen between 2010 and 2017. Stenosis or occlusion was assessed in the initial MRA/CTA. Multivariate analysis was used to identify risk factors for artery stenosis/occlusion. In an autopsy case, pathologic examination was conducted of the occluded middle cerebral arteries. RESULTS: Stenosis (> 50 %) or occlusion of the major cerebral arteries was found in 29 (47.5 %) patients on the initial MRA/CTA. The internal carotid artery was involved most frequently (32.8 %), followed by the anterior (21.3 %) and middle (16.4 %) cerebral arteries. The basilar (1.3 %) and vertebral (3.6 %) arteries were rarely affected. Cerebral infarction developed in eight (13.1 %) patients. The serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level was an independent predictor for stenosis/occlusion (odds ratio, 1.228; 95 % confidence interval, 1.042-1.447; P = 0.014). An autopsy study showed occluded middle cerebral arteries by fibrous and myxomatous thickening of intima with splitting of the internal elastic lamina. Follow-up MRA in 23 patients showed improved, worsened, and unchanged stenosis in 20.7 %, 8.7 %, and 69.6 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral large-vessel stenosis or occlusion is frequently seen in approximately half of patients with POEMS syndrome. Vasculopathy was related to serum VEGF levels and thereby disease activity. Assessment of cerebral vessels is recommended in these patients to improve management.

The changes in kynurenine metabolites induced by rTMS in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that is considered a valuable and promising technique for improving depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, the exact mechanism by which rTMS ameliorates depressive symptoms remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyzed the changes in metabolites of patients with TRD in the rTMS treatment, especially focusing on the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. METHODS: Thirteen participants with TRD were enrolled in a high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS study. Cognitive function, depressive symptoms and the concentration of plasma tryptophan (TRP) metabolites were measured at baseline and at the endpoint of rTMS treatment. RESULTS: rTMS treatment significantly improved depressive symptom scores and some subscales of cognitive dysfunction. The present study has demonstrated that rTMS treatment significantly increased plasma TRP levels and significantly decreased plasma serotonin levels, while plasma KYN and kynurenic acid level as well as KYN/TRP ratio remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first metabolomic study of patients with TRD undergoing rTMS treatment. To validate the present results, it is necessary to increase the number of cases including controls, use a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, and measure blood concentration over time in the course of rTMS treatment.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Carbon Monoxide-Induced Delayed Neuropsychiatric Sequelae: Case Report of Two Cases and Relevant Literature Review.

We herein report two cases with carbon monoxide- (CO-) induced delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in attempt suicide by charcoal burning. The two patients with CO-induced DNS were successfully treated with a total of more than 100 sessions of HBOT. Frontal assessment battery (FAB) was useful to examine the effectiveness of HBOT objectively. In the future study, a large-randomized trial is required to establish the efficacy of HBOT for the treatment of DNS.

Serum Oxytocin Levels and Logical Memory in Older People in Rural Japan.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum oxytocin (OT) and logical memory among older people in rural Japan. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using a survey conducted from October 2009 through March 2011. Most of the study was conducted as part of a national prevalence survey of dementia in Japan. The final sample comprised 385 community-dwelling people aged 65 years or older living in rural Japan. The mean age and standard deviation were 75.7 ± 6.76 years (144 men, mean age 75.0 ± 6.48 years; 241 women, mean age 76.2 ± 6.91 years). The participants underwent screening examinations for a prevalence survey of dementia. The screening examinations were the Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, and "logical memory A" from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMSR). We used the WMSR Logical Memory II delayed recall score (LM II-DR) to assess logical memory. Levels of serum OT were obtained using the enzyme immunoassay method. RESULTS: Serum OT levels were significantly higher among women than men. The present study revealed that serum OT levels were positively associated with LM II-DR in older women living in rural Japan in multiple linear regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggested a positive correlation between OT and logical memory in older women living in rural Japan.

Histopathologic Change of a Case of Gastric Oxyntic Neoplasm (Gastric Adenocarcinoma of Fundic Gland Mucosa Type) Through 5 Years With Concurrent Other Oxyntic Gland Lesions.

Some gastric epithelial neoplasms show predominant chief cell differentiation (oxyntic gland neoplasms), in which the entity of "gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type" was firstly designated, whereas a possible more aggressive subgroup "gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland mucosa type" (GA-FGM) was subsequently proposed. However, the histopathologic progression mode of these neoplasms has not been sufficiently reported. In this article, we describe a case of GA-FGM in which we could observe its progression during 5 years. The tumor was removed by endoscopic submucosal dissection 5 years after the first biopsy, which had already shown a feature of oxyntic gland neoplasm. During the follow-up period, the endoscopy revealed little change in the tumor appearance. However, the histology of endoscopic submucosal dissection showed submucosal extension with its histological progression. Besides, other oxyntic gland neoplasms of the stomach were observed metachronously or synchronously, giving an implication about a common pathogenetic basis of these lesions.

Changes in interleukin-1 beta induced by rTMS are significantly correlated with partial improvement of cognitive dysfunction in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study.

The impairment experienced by many individuals with depression is closely related to the cognitive symptoms of the disorder. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation method that provides a promising technique for improving cognitive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). It has recently been demonstrated that TRD is associated with increased inflammatory process. In the present study, we investigated whether a relationship exists between changes in cognitive function and those in inflammatory cytokines before and after rTMS treatment. Eleven patients with TRD were enrolled in a high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS study. Cognitive function, depressive symptoms and serum concentration of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured at baseline and at the endpoint of rTMS treatment. rTMS treatment significantly improved depressive symptom scores and some subscales of cognitive dysfunction. The present study has demonstrated that partial changes in cognitive function and changes in IL-1ß were significantly correlated. The partial improvement of cognitive dysfunction by rTMS in the present study might be attributable to the reduction of peripheral IL-1ß levels. The present results should be replicated for verification in future studies.

A multi-scanner study of MRI radiomics in uterine cervical cancer: prediction of in-field tumor control after definitive radiotherapy based on a machine learning method including peritumoral regions.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the most appropriate volume of interest (VOI) setting in prognostic prediction using pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomic analysis for cervical cancer (CC) treated with definitive radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study participants were 87 patients who had undergone pretreatment MRI and definitive radiotherapy for CC. VOItumor was created with tumor alone and VOI+4 mm-VOI+20 mm mechanically expanded by 4-20 mm around each VOItumor in axial T2-weighted images (T2WI) and an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. A model was constructed to predict recurrence within the irradiation field within 2 years after treatment using imaging features from the VOI of each sequence. Sorting ability was evaluated by area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) analysis. RESULTS: VOI expansion improved AUC-ROCs compared with the predictive models of VOItumor (0.59 and 0.67 in T2WI and ADC, respectively). The AUC-ROCs of the models with imaging features from expanded VOI+4 mm in T2WI and VOI+4 mm and VOI+8 mm in ADC were 0.82, 0.82, and 0.86, respectively. CONCLUSION: Recurrence could be predicted with high accuracy using expanded VOI for CC treated with definitive radiotherapy, suggesting that including the pathological characteristics of invasive margins in radiomics may improve predictive ability.

Histological features of skin and subcutaneous tissue in patients with breast cancer who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and their relationship to post-treatment edema.

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is a major complication of treatment for breast cancer. Although chemotherapy can cause lymphedema, there have been few reports about histological changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue after chemotherapy. The aim of our study was to determine whether chemotherapy affects blood and lymphatic vessels in the skin and subcutaneous fat and to investigate the relationship between these changes and extent of post-chemotherapy edema. METHODS: We compared histological findings in skin and subcutaneous fat of mastectomy specimens from 38 patients who had received NAC (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and 56 who had not (non-NAC) attending our institution from 2007 to 2016. Patients whose tumor may have affected the area examined were excluded. Blood and lymphatic vessels were identified by CD31 and D2-40, respectively. We assessed microvessel density (MVD), lymphatic microvessel density (MLVD), lumen cross-sectional area (LA), and amount of endothelium (AE) in blood and lymphatic vessels. To minimize surgical effects, we measured edema, defined as ≥ 15% thicker dorsal subcutaneous tissue than baseline, on the contralateral side. RESULTS: MVD, LA, and AE of blood vessels were greater and MLVD not significantly different in the skin of NAC patients than in that of non-NAC patients. MVD was greater and AE of blood vessels less in subcutaneous fat of NAC patients than in that of non-NAC patients. Patients with edema had significantly less AE of blood vessels in skin than did those without it. CONCLUSIONS: These pathological findings can help to identify patients who will develop edema and improve their treatment.