La4Ga2S8O3: A Rare-Earth Gallium Oxysulfide with Disulfide Ions.

Band gap engineering using multiple anions is an established approach to novel photocatalysts that exhibit suitable band gap energies for water splitting and high photocorrosion resistance. However, few studies have been conducted on photocatalysts with polyanions, including polychalcogenide ions. Here, we present a new quaternary gallium oxysulfide with disulfide pairs (S2)2-, La4Ga2S8O3, grown out of a KI molten salt. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the oxysulfide crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with lattice constants of a = 18.3330(6) Å, b = 13.0590(5) Å, and c = 5.9022(3) Å. In the crystal structure, the GaS4-based zigzag chains and OLa4-based fluorite-like strips are independently arranged in two dimensions, which alternately stack via the disulfide pairs along the third direction. The oxysulfide is a direct-type semiconductor with a band gap of 2.45 eV. First-principles calculations combined with X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements show that S 3p states derived from the disulfide pairs dominate the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum, and these band-edge positions are suitable for the oxidation and reduction of water. Our comprehensive study based on the electronic structure suggests that the disulfide pairs make La4Ga2S8O3 a potential photocatalyst for water splitting under visible-light irradiation.

Crystal structure of the cubic double-perovskite Sr2Cr0.84Ni0.09Os1.07O6.

The crystal structure of the cubic double-perovskite Sr2Cr0.84Ni0.09Os1.07O6, grown at high pressure, was solved using intensity data measured at 113 K. The Os site was modelled with a partial Ni occupancy, and the Cr site was modelled with both Os and Ni partial occupancy. The refined structure shows that this cubic form is stable at 113 K.

Impact of bismuth-doping on enhanced radiative recombination in lead-free double-perovskite nanocrystals.

Lead-free double-perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have received considerable attention as promising candidates for environmentally friendly optical applications. Furthermore, double-perovskite nanostructures are known to be physically stable compared to most other inorganic halide perovskites, with a generic chemical formula of ABX3 (e.g., A = Cs+; B = Sn2+ or Ge2+; X = Cl-, Br-, I-, or their combination). However, relevant experimental studies on the photophysical properties are still insufficient for Pb-free double-perovskite NCs. Herein, we synthesized Cs2Ag0.65Na0.35InCl6 NCs doped with bismuth (Bi3+) ions and investigated their photophysical properties to reveal the role of the dopant on the enhanced photoemission properties. Specifically, it was found that the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) increased up to 33.2% by 2% Bi-doping. The optical bandgap of the NCs decreased from 3.47 eV to 3.41 eV as the amount of the dopant increased from 2% to 15%. To find out the effect of Bi-doping, the temperature-dependent PL properties of the undoped and doped NCs were investigated by utilizing steady-state and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. With increasing the temperature from 20 K to 300 K, the PL intensities of the doped NCs decreased slower than the undoped ones. The correlated average PL lifetimes of both the bismuth-doped and undoped NCs decreased with increasing the temperature. The experimental results revealed that all the NC samples showed thermal quenching with the temperature increasing, and the PL quenching was suppressed in bismuth-doped NCs.

Repeatable Actuations of Organic Single Crystal Fibers Driven by Thermosalient-Phase-Transition-Induced Buckling.

Thermosalient crystals are molecular solids that exhibit explosive motions, such as sudden breaks and jumps, due to temperature-induced structural phase transitions between two polymorphs. Therefore, the development of molecular actuators with superior speed and power by deriving mechanical work from explosive motion is a fascinating concept. However, thermosalient transitions often cause crystal disintegration, which hampers repeatable phase transitions between the polymorphs. Here, it is reported that single crystal nano/microfibers of 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrabromobenzene (TBB), whose bulk crystals exhibit thermosalient behavior at ≈40 °C, can repeatedly transform between the low and high temperature polymorphs without disintegration. The structural tolerance against phase transition is attributed to the high flexibility of the nano/microfibers. It is observed that a structure consisting of a TBB fiber with both ends pinned to the substrate repeatedly buckles and straightens when the temperature is varied between 30 and 40 °C. It is demonstrated that buckling can lead to large displacement actuation as compared to a simple length change of the fiber. Moreover, the force generated by the buckling fiber is estimated and it is found that it can generate a force large enough to flick an object ≈104 times heavier than the fiber itself into the air against gravity.

Triple A-Site Cation Ordering in the Ferrimagnetic Y2CuGaMn4O12 Perovskite.

A new member of A-site columnar-ordered A2A'A″B4O12 quadruple perovskites with the composition of Y2CuGaMn4O12 was prepared by a high-pressure, high-temperature method at 6 GPa and about 1500 K. Its crystal structure and cation distributions were studied by powder synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction. There is a triple A-site cation ordering with some degrees of anti-site disorder among sites occupied by 3d transition metals: [Y2]A[Cu0.8Mn0.2]A'[Ga0.8Mn0.2]A″[Mn3.6Cu0.2Ga0.2]BO12. It has the space group P42/nmc (no. 137) between 1.5 and 873 K with a = 7.33884 Å and c = 7.66251 Å at 297 K. Despite anti-site disorder, it exhibits a long-range ferrimagnetic order at TC = 115 K with the ordered moment of 2.19 µB at each B site and 0.89 µB at the A' or A″ site. Magnetic moments are aligned along the c axis; all moments are ordered ferromagnetically at the B sites, and the moments at the A' or A″ site are ordered in the opposite direction. Cu2+ doping drastically changes magnetic properties as "parent" Y2MnGaMn4O12 just shows spin-glass magnetic properties without long-range ordering. Anisotropic thermal expansion was observed in Y2CuGaMn4O12: the lattice parameter a almost linearly decreases from 1.5 K to TC and then monotonically increases up to 873 K (almost linearly from 300 K); the parameter c monotonically increases from 1.5 to 300 K and then decreases up to 600 K.

Fullerene C70/porphyrin hybrid nanoarchitectures: single-cocrystal nanoribbons with ambipolar charge transport properties.

In recent years, supramolecular cocrystals containing organic donors and acceptors have been explored as active components in organic field-effect transistors (FETs). Herein, we report the synthesis of novel single-cocrystal nanoribbons with ambipolar charge transport characteristics from C70 and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (3,5-TPP) in a 3 : 2 ratio. The C70/3,5-TPP nanoribbons exhibited a new strong absorption band in the near-infrared region, indicating the presence of charge-transfer interactions between C70 and 3,5-TPP in the cocrystals. We elucidated the mechanism of the charge-transport properties of the nanoribbons using photoemission yield spectroscopy in air and theoretical calculations. A strong interaction between porphyrins in the one-dimensional porphyrin chains formed in C70/3,5-TPP nanoribbons, which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, plays a crucial role in their hole transport properties.

Magnetic and Magnetostrictive Behaviors of Laves-Phase Rare-Earth-Transition-Metal Compounds Tb1-xDyxCo1.95.

The magnetic morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was first discovered in Laves-phase magnetoelastic system Tb-Dy-Co alloys (PRL 104, 197201 (2010)). However, the composition-dependent and temperature-dependent magnetostrictive behavior for this system, which is crucial to both practical application and the understanding of transitions across the MPB, is still lacking. In this work, the composition-dependence and temperature-dependence of magnetostriction for Tb1-xDyxCo1.95 (x = 0.3~0.8) are presented. In a ferrimagnetic state (as selected 100 K in the present work), the near-MPB compositions x = 0.6 and 0.7, exhibit the largest saturation magnetization MS and the lowest coercive field HC; by contrast, the off-MPB composition x = 0.5, exhibits the largest magnetostriction, the lowest MS, and the largest HC. Besides, a sign change of magnetostriction is observed, which occurs with the magnetic transition across the MPB. Our results suggest the combining effect from the lattice strain induced from structure phase transition, and the influence of the MPB on magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This work may stimulate the research interests on the transition behavior around the MPB and its relationship with physical properties, and also provide guidance in designing high-performance magnetostrictive materials for practical applications.

Photosensitizer Encryption with Aggregation Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Production.

Chromophores that generate singlet oxygen (1O2) in water are essential to developing noninvasive disease treatments using photodynamic therapy (PDT). A facile approach for formation of stable colloidal nanoparticles of 1O2 photosensitizers, which exhibit aggregation enhanced 1O2 generation in water toward applications as PDT agents, is reported. Chromophore encryption within a fuchsonarene macrocyclic scaffold insulates the photosensitizer from aggregation induced deactivation pathways, enabling a higher chromophore density than typical 1O2 generating nanoparticles. Aggregation enhanced 1O2 generation in water is observed, and variation in molecular structure allows for regulation of the physical properties of the nanoparticles which ultimately affects the 1O2 generation. In vitro activity and the ability of the particles to pass through the cell membrane into the cytoplasm is demonstrated using confocal fluorescence microscopy with HeLa cells. Photosensitizer encryption in rigid macrocycles, such as fuchsonarenes, offers new prospects for the production of biocompatible nanoarchitectures for applications involving 1O2 generation.

Redetermination of the crystal structure of RhPb2 from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, revealing a rhodium deficiency.

RhPb2 (rhodium dilead) is a superconductor crystallizing in the CuAl2 structure type (space group I4/mcm). The Rh and Pb atoms are located at the 4a (site symmetry 422) and 8h (m.2m) sites, respectively. The crystal structure is composed of [RhPb8] anti-prisms, which share their square faces along the c axis and the edges in the direction perpendicular to the c axis. We have succeeded in growing single crystals of RhPb2 and have re-determined the crystal structure on basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. In comparison with the previous structure studies using powder X-ray diffraction data [Wallbaum (1943 ▸). Z. Metallkd. 35, 218-221; Havinga et al. (1972 ▸). J. Less-Common Met. 27, 169-186], the current structure analysis of RhPb2 leads to more precise unit-cell parameters and fractional coordinates, together with anisotropic displacement parameters for the two atoms. In addition and likewise different from the previous studies, we have found a slight deficiency of Rh in RhPb2, leading to a refined formula of Rh0.950 (9)Pb2.

La3 Ga3 Ge2 S3 O10 : An Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Oxysulfide Designed by Anion-Directed Band Gap Engineering.

Chalcogenide-containing compounds have been widely studied as infrared nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. However, they have never been applied in the ultraviolet (UV) region owing to the high energy levels of chalcogen anions, leading to band gap narrowing. We report the synthesis of a new UV NLO oxysulfide La3 Ga3 Ge2 S3 O10 with an exceptionally wide band gap of 4.70 eV due to from the unique anion-ordered frameworks comprising 1D 1 ∞ [(Ga3/5 Ge2/5 )3 S3 O3 ] triangular tubes and 0D (Ga3/5 Ge2/5 )2 O7 dimers of corner-sharing (Ga/Ge)S2 O2 and (Ga/Ge)O4 tetrahedra, respectively. Second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements revealed that La3 Ga3 Ge2 S3 O10 was phase matchable with twice the SHG response of KH2 PO4 . The results of theoretical calculations suggest that the strong SHG response is mainly attributable to the S-3p and O-2p orbitals in the occupied states. The anion-directed band-gap engineering may give insights into the application of NLO oxychalcogenides in the UV regions.

Free-standing membranes from the chemical exfoliation of mesoporous amorphous titania thin film.

Thin films are typically bound to their substrate, limiting their integration on rough, porous, curved or chemically/thermally sensitive surfaces. Instead of employing tedious and expensive back-etching processes, specific chemical routes can enable the exfoliation of such thin structures. Herein, we demonstrate that an alkaline treatment can exfoliate a hybrid thin film comprising amorphous titania embedded in well-ordered block-copolymer micelles, which can be redeposited elsewhere. We provide sufficient evidence of the preservation of pore ordering and the importance of neutralizing the solution to spare the system from the redissolution of the titania species.

Revisiting properties of edge-bridged bromide tantalum clusters in the solid-state, in solution and vice versa: an intertwined experimental and modelling approach.

Edge-bridged halide tantalum clusters based on the {Ta6Br12}4+ core have been the topic of many physicostructural investigations both in solution and in the solid-state. Despite a large number of studies, the fundamental correlations between compositions, local symmetry, electronic structures of [{Ta6Bri12}La6]m+/n- cluster units (L = Br or H2O, in solution and in the solid-state), redox states, and vibrational and absorption properties are still not well established. Using K4[{Ta6Bri12}Bra6] as a starting precursor (i: inner and a: apical), we have investigated the behavior of the [{Ta6Bri12}Bra6]4- cluster unit in terms of oxidation properties and chemical modifications both in solution (water and organic solvent) and after recrystallization. A wide range of experimental techniques in combination with quantum chemical simulations afford new data that allow the puzzling behavior of the cluster units in response to changes in their environment to be revealed. Apical ligands undergo changes like modifications of interatomic distances to complete substitutions in solution that modify noticeably the cluster physical properties. Changes in the oxidation state of the cluster units also occur, which modify significantly their physical properties, including optical properties, which can thus be used as fingerprints. A subtle balance exists between the number of substituted apical ligands and the cluster oxidation state. This study provides new information about the exact nature of the species formed during the transition from the solid-state to solutions and vice versa. This shows new perspectives on optimization protocols for the design of Ta6 cluster-based materials.

Flux Crystal Growth, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a Ternary Chromium Disulfide Ba9Cr4S19 with Unusual Cr4S15 Tetramer Units.

A new ternary chromium disulfide, Ba9Cr4S19, has been grown out of BaCl2 molten salt. Single-crystal structure analysis revealed that it crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C 2/c with lattice parameters: a = 12.795(3) Å, b = 11.3269(2) Å, c = 23.2057(6) Å, ß = 104.041(3)°, and Z = 4. Ba9Cr4S19 comprises four face-sharing Cr-centered octahedra with disulfide ions occupying sites on each terminal face. The resulting Cr4S15 tetramer units are isolated by nonmagnetic Ba-centered polyhedra in the ab plane and barium disulfide (=Ba4(S2)2) layers along the c-axis. Following the structure analysis, the title compound should be expressed as [Ba2+]9[Cr3+]4[(S2)2-]4[S2-]11, which is also consistent with Cr2p X-ray photoemission spectra showing trivalent states of the Cr atoms. The unique Cr-based zero-dimensional structure with the formation of these disulfide ions can be achieved for the first time in ternary chromium sulfides, which adopt 1-3 dimensional frameworks of Cr-centered polyhedra.

Long-Range Order in Supramolecular π Assemblies in Discrete Multidecker Naphthalenediimides.

We report herein the solution and solid-state studies of conformationally flexible multidecker naphthalenediimides (NDIs) in which the chromophoric NDI units intramolecularly assemble into a series of discrete π-stacks. The X-ray crystallography reveals the existence of exclusively all-syn NDIs orientations in lower congeners while all-anti in a higher congener, suggesting short- to long-range π···π interactions throughout the slipped πNDI chromophoric array. The UV/vis and fluorescence spectra evaluate the discrete π-stacks by remarkable optical changes upon cooling in solution. Furthermore, we carried out a systematic electrochemical investigation to gain an insight into redox properties of the long-range π-stacked structures. The higher congener (5NDI) shows a ten-electron reversible reduction process in a small working potential window (∼0.8 V). To our knowledge, this is an unusual observation in an organic molecular system to undergo up to ten-electron reduction. These results pave the way to design multidecker π-stacks in which structural control with specific electronic properties would be engineered.

Structural Transition with a Sharp Change in the Electrical Resistivity and Spin-Orbit Mott Insulating State in a Rhenium Oxide, Sr3Re2O9.

We report the successful synthesis, crystal structure, and electrical properties of Sr3Re2O9, which contains Re6+ with the 5d1 configuration. This compound is isostructural with Ba3Re2O9 and shows a first-order structural phase transition at ∼370 K. The low-temperature (LT) phase crystallizes in a hettotype structure of Ba3Re2O9, which is different from that of the LT phase of Sr3W2O9, suggesting that the electronic state of Re6+ plays an important role in determining the crystal structure of the LT phase. The structural transition is accompanied by a sharp change in the electrical resistivity. This is likely a metal-insulator transition, as suggested by the electronic band calculation and magnetic susceptibility. In the LT phase, the ReO6 octahedra are rotated in a pseudo-a0a0a+ manner in Glazer notation, which corresponds to C-type orbital ordering. Paramagnetic dipole moments were confirmed to exist in the LT phase by muon spin rotation and relaxation measurements. However, the dipole moments shrink greatly because of the strong spin-orbit coupling in the Re ions. Thus, the electronic state of the LT phase corresponds to a Mott insulating state with strong spin-orbit interactions at the Re sites.

Pyrazinacenes exhibit on-surface oxidation-state-dependent conformational and self-assembly behaviours.

Acenes and azaacenes lie at the core of molecular materials' applications due to their important optical and electronic features. A critical aspect is provided by their heteroatom multiplicity, which can strongly affect their properties. Here we report pyrazinacenes containing the dihydro-decaazapentacene and dihydro-octaazatetracene chromophores and compare their properties/functions as a model case at an oxidizing metal substrate. We find a distinguished, oxidation-state-dependent conformational adaptation and self-assembly behaviour and discuss the analogies and differences of planar benzo-substituted decaazapentacene and octaazatetracene forms. Our broad experimental and theoretical study reveals that decaazapentacene is stable against oxidation but unstable against reduction, which is in contrast to pentacene, its C-H only analogue. Decaazapentacenes studied here combine a planar molecular backbone with conformationally flexible substituents. They provide a rich model case to understand the properties of a redox-switchable π-electronic system in solution and at interfaces. Pyrazinacenes represent an unusual class of redox-active chromophores.

Two-Step Divergent Synthesis of Monodisperse and Ultra-Long Bottlebrush Polymers from an Easily Purifiable ROMP Monomer.

The longest bottlebrush polymers reported so far (up to 7 µm in length) were synthesized in two steps from a norbornene derivative bearing two 2-bromoisobutylate moieties (NB). The key to this achievement is the excellent reactivity of NB in ring opening metathesis polymerization, which proceeded in a well-controlled manner with quantitative conversion of NB for monomer-initiator ratios ranging up to 10,000. The resultant polymer derived from NB was readily converted to various bottlebrush polymers in a divergent synthetic route by grafting vinyl monomers from the 2-bromoisobutylate units in NB via atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure of the ultra-long bottlebrush polymer was directly observed using atomic force microscopy.

Amino-Functionalization of Vinyl-Substituted Aromatic Diimides by Quantitative and Catalyst-Free Hydroamination*.

Development of facile and versatile synthetic tools for decorating π-conjugated molecules has attracted considerable interest because of their potential application in creating novel functional π-systems. Reported herein are quantitative catalyst-free hydroamination reactions of a series of aromatic diimide compounds having vinyl groups at the π-core, which have been confirmed by NMR, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, mass analysis, and single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. Kinetic studies revealed that the hydroamination reaction of a vinyl-substituted naphthalenediimide with an aliphatic amine proceeded rapidly under benign conditions. Similarly, the two vinyl groups attached to aromatic diimides reacted with amines simultaneously, resulting in the formation of amine bisadducts and macromolecules. An amino group appended perylenediimide through an ethylene spacer at the π-core exhibited distinct fluorescence switching in response to acid and base.

Langbeinite Phosphates KPbM2(PO4)3 (M = Cr, Fe): Synthesis, Structure, Thermal Expansion, and Magnetic Properties Investigation.

New langbeinite-type phosphates KPbCr2(PO4)3 and KPbFe2(PO4)3 are synthesized by solution method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Rietveld refinement reveals that both of the compounds crystallize in the cubic system with P213 space group, and the calculated lattice parameters for Cr and Fe phases are 9.7332(2) and 9.8325(7) Å, respectively. The electron micrographs confirm the crystalline nature of the samples from their surface morphologies. Infrared spectra display the characteristic features of P-O and M-O vibrational bands for both of the phases. Thermal analysis of KPbCr2(PO4)3 and KPbFe2(PO4)3 indicates that they are thermally stable up to 1273 K. The axial thermal expansion is studied by high-temperature X-ray diffraction between 298 and 1073 K. The average thermal expansion coefficients of KPbCr2(PO4)3 and KPbFe2(PO4)3 are identified as 8.9 × 10-6 and 10.8 × 10-6 K-1, respectively. Magnetic study reveals both of the compounds follow Curie-Weiss behavior in the higher-temperature region, and antiferromagnetic interactions are dominant.

Na Doping in PbTe: Solubility, Band Convergence, Phase Boundary Mapping, and Thermoelectric Properties.

Many monumental breakthroughs in p-type PbTe thermoelectrics are driven by optimizing a Pb0.98Na0.02Te matrix. However, recent works found that x > 0.02 in Pb1-xNaxTe further improves the thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, despite being above the expected Na solubility limit. We explain the origins of improved performance from excess Na doping through computation and experiments on Pb1-xNaxTe with 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.04. High temperature X-ray diffraction and Hall carrier concentration measurements show enhanced Na solubility at high temperatures when x > 0.02 but no improvement in carrier concentration, indicating that Na is entering the lattice but is electrically compensated by high intrinsic defect concentrations. The higher Na concentration leads to band convergence between the light L and heavy Σ valence bands in PbTe, suppressing bipolar conduction and increasing the Seebeck coefficient. This results in a high temperature zT nearing 2 for Pb0.96Na0.04Te, ∼25% higher than traditionally reported values for pristine PbTe-Na. Further, we apply a phase diagram approach to explain the origins of increased solubility from excess Na doping and offer strategies for repeatable synthesis of high zT Na-doped materials. A starting matrix of simple, high performing Pb0.96Na0.04Te synthesized following our guidelines may be superior to Pb0.98Na0.02Te for continued zT optimization in p-type PbTe materials.