Portuguese translation and validation of the YQOL ­ FD (Youth Quality of Life Instrument­Facial Differences) for brazilian adolescents with craniofacial deformities / Tradução e validação em português do YQOL - FD (Youth Quality of Life Instrument ­ Facial Differences) para adolescentes brasileiros com deformidades craniofaciais

The Youth Quality of Life­Facial Differences (YQOL-FD), validated in the United States in 2005, was developed at the University of Washington by the Seattle Quality of Life Group (SeaQol), to evaluate quality of life of adolescents with facial deformities. Because no Portuguese version exists, the measure was not viable in Brazil. This study aimed to obtain linguistic and psychometric validation of a version of the YQOL-FD in Portuguese. Twenty-five patients with cleft lip and palate and five without facial deformity participated in Traumatology and Maxillofacial Prosthesis Surgery Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo. The linguistic validation of the YQOL-FD was carried out by a team consisting of the researcher, as project manager, two native Portuguese-speaking consultants fluent in English, and one native English-speaking consultant fluent in Portuguese. After translation and back-translation, a Portuguese version was obtained, which was applied in a pilot test (n = 10); after the final adjustments the Seattle Quality of Life Group approved the official version of the YQOL-FD in Portuguese. To obtain the psychometric validation, we requested the participation of 20 patients with cleft lip and palate who answered the questionnaire twice in a range of 7 to 15 days. The Cronbach's alpha test was applied in the 48-item block, showing a high degree of internal consistency (0.949). The Wilcoxon Signal Post Test was applied to verify if the test and retest values were similar; the general agreement was 4/5 = 80%, indicating high reproducibility. It was concluded that the Portuguese version of the YQOL-FD is adequate for evaluating Quality of Life of Brazilian adolescents with craniofacial deformities.

O YQOL-FD (Youth Quality of Life ­ Facial Differences) validado nos EUA em 2005, foi desenvolvido na Universidade de Washington, pelo Seattle Qualitity of Life Group (SeaQol), com a finalidade de avaliar a qualidade de vida de adolescentes com deformidades faciais. Por não apresentar uma versão no idioma português o seu uso não poderia ser viabilizado no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conseguir a validação linguística e a validação psicométrica de uma versão do YQOL-FD, no idioma português do Brasil. Participaram deste estudo 25 pacientes com Fissura de Lábio e Palato (FLP) e 5 sem qualquer deformidade facial, em atendimento na Clínica do Departamento de Cirurgia Traumatologia e Prótese Maxilofacial da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. A validação linguística do YQOL-FD foi realizada por uma equipe constituída pelo pesquisador, como gerente de projeto, por 2 consultores nativos da língua portuguesa muito fluentes em inglês e por 1 consultor nativo de língua inglesa com fluência em português. Após a tradução e a retrotradução obteve-se uma versão em português, a qual foi aplicada em um teste piloto, com n = 10, sendo 5 adolescentes com FLP e 5 sem FLP, que após os acertos finais permitiu que o SeaQol aprovasse a versão oficial do YQOL ­ FD em português. Para a obtenção da validação psicométrica solicitou-se a participação de 20 pacientes com FLP que responderam ao questionário por 2 vezes em um intervalo de 7 a 15 dias. O teste de Cronbach foi aplicado no bloco de 48 itens mostrando alto grau de consistência interna (0,949). Na aplicação do Teste dos Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon, com o intuito de verificar se os valores do teste (t) e do re-teste (rt) são semelhantes, foi possível observar que a concordância geral é de 4/5 = 80%, portanto uma reprodutibilidade elevada. Concluiu-se que o YQOL­FD na versão em português pode ser utilizado como instrumento adequado para a avaliação da Qualidade de Vida dos adolescentes brasileiros com deformidade carniofacial.

Finite element analysis of stability and functional stress with implant-supported maxillary obturator prostheses.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Maxillary resections jeopardize the stability and functional stress generated by implanted-supported prostheses. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability and functional stress caused by implanted-supported obturator prostheses in simulated maxillary resections of an edentulous maxilla corresponding to Okay Classes Ib, II, and III, with no surgical reconstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Implants were positioned in the residual maxilla, and bar-clip retention systems were designed for each experimental model. The 3-dimensional models of the maxillary resection and corresponding implanted-supported obturator prosthesis, constructed from a computed tomography scan, were used to develop a finite element mesh. Loads were simultaneously applied to the occlusal (80 N) and anterior (35 N) platforms corresponding to the prosthetic teeth. Qualitative analysis was based on the scale of maximum principal stress; values obtained by means of quantitative analysis were expressed in MPa. RESULTS: The implant-supported obturator prostheses tended to rotate toward the surgical resection, the region with no osseous support. Tensile and compressive stresses in the gingival mucosa and in the cortical bone increased as the osseous support and the numbers of implants and clips diminished. CONCLUSIONS: All evaluated bar-clip retention systems displayed a tendency toward dislodgment of the obturator prosthesis, increasing as the osseous resection area amplified. The osseous tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the bar-clip retention system for Okay Classes Ib, II, and III maxillectomy may not be favorable to the survival rate of implants.

Porosity, residual monomer and water sorption of conventional heat-cured, microwave-cured and cross-linked acrylic resins

This study compared the residual monomer release, water sorption and superfi cial porosity of different resins commonly employed in eye prostheses: heat-cured (HC); microwave-cured (MC) and self-curing cross-linked acrylic resins (SC). Four groups were established: G1, HC / water bath cycle; G2, MC / microwave cycle; G3, HC / microwave cycle; G4, SC. The amount of residual monomer was similar in G1 and G3, lower in G2 and higher in G4. Water sorption was similar in all groups. G2 showed more superfi cial porosity, and G1 and G3 were similar in this regard. Neither the conventional heat-curing cycle nor the microwave cycle affected the amount of residual monomer or porosity of the conventional heat-cured acrylic resin. Water sorption was not affected by the type of resin or polymerization cycle used. Residual monomer release and porosity were related to the type of resin employed rather than the polymerization cycle they were submitted to.

Aesthetic evaluation of the nasolabial region in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate comparing expert versus nonexperience health professionals.

Esthetic evaluation of cleft lip and palate rehabilitation outcomes may assist in the determination of new surgical interventions and aid in reevaluation of treatment protocols. Our objective was to compare esthetics assessments of the nasolabial region in children with a unilateral cleft lip and palate between healthcare professionals who were experienced in the treatment of cleft lip and palate and those who were inexperienced. The study group included 55 patients between 6 and 12 years of age who had already undergone primary reconstructive surgery for unilateral cleft lip. Standardized digital photographs were obtained, and the esthetic features of the nose, lip, and nasolabial region were evaluated. We used only cropped photographic images in the assessments of healthcare professionals with and without experience in cleft lip and palate. Interrater analysis revealed highly reliable assessments made by both the experienced and inexperienced professionals. There was no statistically significant difference in the esthetic attractiveness of the lip and nose between the experienced and inexperienced professionals. Compared with the inexperienced professionals, the experienced professional evaluators showed higher satisfaction with the esthetic appearance of the nasolabial region; however, no difference was observed in the analysis of the lip or nose alone.

Accuracy of face castings employing thermoplastic custom trays for facial molding

AIM: To evaluate the dimensional stability of a new facial molding technique using thermoplastic custom molding tray. METHODS: The designs established demarcation of facial anthropometrics landmarks, making linear measurements with a digital caliper. Facial molding was carried out using thermoplastic custom trays, constructing a facial plaster cast with the anthropometric landmarks already transferred by measuring the linear dimensions on the plaster cast and statistical analysis. RESULTS: All linear measurements in the palpebral and labial regions presented statistically significant distortions. Only one of the linear measurements from the orbital region did not demonstrate any significant distortion. The nasal region presented the least amount of distortion. CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically significant, distortions were due to the method of breathing and were considered to be clinically irrelevant. The reduction in the working time, the comfort provided to the patient and the dimensional accuracy of the plaster cast obtained by the facial molding technique using custom perforated molding tray suggest that this technique should be employed for making facial prostheses.

Peri-orbital bone dimensional analysis using computed tomography for placement of osseointegrated implants

Craniofacial osseointegrated implants enabled producing implant-retained facial prosthesis, namelythe orbital prosthesis. Aim: To evaluate the length and width of the bone structure of the peri-orbitalregion and to present the method validation. Methods: Computed tomography scans of 30 dryhuman skulls were obtained in order to register linear length and width measurements of the periorbitalregion. Two examiners made the measurements twice with intervals of at least 7 daysbetween them. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the paired Student’s t-test wasused as inferential technique (SAS, α=0.05). Results: In most cases, the intra- and inter-examinervariations were not significant (p>0.05). Therefore, the method proposed was considered asprecise and valid for the measurement of the peri-orbital region. The measured points correspondto the hours of a clock. The major lengths were observed at 1 h (18.32 mm) for the left peri-orbitalbone and at 11h (19.28 mm) for the right peri-orbital bone, followed by the points situated at 2h(13.05 mm) and 12h (11.37 mm) for the left side and at 10 h (12.34 mm) and 12 h (11.56 mm) forthe right side. It was verified that the three points with lowest values followed the same anatomicalsequence in the supraorbital rim for the right and left orbits, showing compatibility with the insertionof the intraoral osseointegrated implants. The medial wall of both orbits did not present sufficientlength to allow the insertion of intraoral or craniofacial implants. Conclusions: The largest widthpoints were observed in the supraorbital rim and in the infralateral region of both orbits and thoseof smallest width were found in the supralateral region of both orbits.

Finite element analysis of maxillary bone stress caused by Aramany Class IV obturator prostheses.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The retention of an Aramany Class IV removable partial dental prosthesis can be compromised by a lack of support. The biomechanics of this obturator prosthesis result in an unusual stress distribution on the residual maxillary bone. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the biomechanics of an Aramany Class IV obturator prosthesis with finite element analysis and a digital 3-dimensional (3-D) model developed from a computed tomography scan; bone stress was evaluated according to the load placed on the prosthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-D model of an Aramany Class IV maxillary resection and prosthesis was constructed. This model was used to develop a finite element mesh. A 120 N load was applied to the occlusal and incisal platforms corresponding to the prosthetic teeth. Qualitative analysis was based on the scale of maximum principal stress; values obtained through quantitative analysis were expressed in MPa. RESULTS: Under posterior load, tensile and compressive stresses were observed; the tensile stress was greater than the compressive stress, regardless of the bone region, and the greatest compressive stress was observed on the anterior palate near the midline. Under an anterior load, tensile stress was observed in all of the evaluated bone regions; the tensile stress was greater than the compressive stress, regardless of the bone region. CONCLUSIONS: The Aramany Class IV obturator prosthesis tended to rotate toward the surgical resection when subjected to posterior or anterior loads. The amount of tensile and compressive stress caused by the Aramany Class IV obturator prosthesis did not exceed the physiological limits of the maxillary bone tissue. (J Prosthet Dent 2012;107:336-342).

Cleft lip and palate: recommendations for dental anesthetic procedure based on anatomic evidences.

Patients with cleft lip and palate usually present dental anomalies of number, shape, structure and position in the cleft area and the general dentist is frequently asked to restore or extract those teeth. Considering that several anatomic variations are expected in teeth adjacent to cleft areas and that knowledge of these variations by general dentists is required for optimal treatment, the objectives of this paper are: 1) to describe changes in the innervation pattern of anterior teeth and soft tissue caused by the presence of a cleft, 2) to describe a local anesthetic procedure in unilateral and bilateral clefts, and 3) to provide recommendations to improve anesthetic procedures in patients with cleft lip and palate. The cases of 2 patients are presented: one with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, and the other with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The patients underwent local anesthesia in the cleft area in order to extract teeth with poor bone support. The modified anesthetic procedure, respecting the altered course of nerves in the cleft maxilla and soft tissue alterations at the cleft site, was accomplished successfully and the tooth extraction was performed with no pain to the patients. General dentists should be aware of the anatomic variations in nerve courses in the cleft area to offer high quality treatment to patients with cleft lip and palate.

Cleft lip and palate: recommendations for dental anesthetic procedure based on anatomic evidences

Patients with cleft lip and palate usually present dental anomalies of number, shape, structure and position in the cleft area and the general dentist is frequently asked to restore or extract those teeth. Considering that several anatomic variations are expected in teeth adjacent to cleft areas and that knowledge of these variations by general dentists is required for optimal treatment, the objectives of this paper are: 1) to describe changes in the innervation pattern of anterior teeth and soft tissue caused by the presence of a cleft, 2) to describe a local anesthetic procedure in unilateral and bilateral clefts, and 3) to provide recommendations to improve anesthetic procedures in patients with cleft lip and palate. The cases of 2 patients are presented: one with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, and the other with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The patients underwent local anesthesia in the cleft area in order to extract teeth with poor bone support. The modified anesthetic procedure, respecting the altered course of nerves in the cleft maxilla and soft tissue alterations at the cleft site, was accomplished successfully and the tooth extraction was performed with no pain to the patients. General dentists should be aware of the anatomic variations in nerve courses in the cleft area to offer high quality treatment to patients with cleft lip and palate.

Sistemas de Retenção em Prótese Obturadora Cirúrgica Para Pacientes Maxilectomizados / Retention Systems in Surgical Obturator Prostheses for Patients Subjected to Maxillary Resections

Objetivo: Avaliar sistemas de retenção a grampo em próteses obturadoras cirúrgicas em diferentes ressecções maxilares.Método: Diferentes modelos maxilares, confeccionados em resina acrílica ativada quimicamente (RAAQ), receberam próteses obturadoras cirúrgicas, sendo a amostra constituída pelos grupos: Grupo 1 - grampo circunferencial (grampo C) no 1º e no 2º molares superiores do lado oposto à ressecção e arco labial de Hawley (G1a - Classe II de Aramany, G1b - Classe II de Aramany sem canino superior e G1c - Classe I de Aramany); Grupo 2 û grampo C no 1º e no 2º pré-molar e no 1º e 2º molar (G2 - Classe I de Aramany). A ciclagem mecânica ocorreu com intervalos de 0, 28, 120, e 360 ciclos de inserção e remoção, considerando-se quatro remoções diárias por um período de três meses; testes de resistência à tração foram realizados no início e após cada intervalo da ciclagem mecânica.Resultados: Todos os grupos apresentaram diminuição da retenção ao longo da ciclagem. O grupo G2 se manteve superior em todos os momentos avaliados, seguido em ordem decrescente pelos grupos G1a, G1b e G1c. A redução da retenção nos grupos 1a, 1b e 1c não foi estatisticamente significante até o ciclo 120. O grupo G2 apresentou redução significante da retenção no ciclo 28, não significante no ciclo 120, mas significante no ciclo 360.Conclusão: A substituição do arco de Hawley por grampos circunferencias nos pré-molares proporciona maior retenção. A retenção proporcionada pelo sistema com arco labial de Hawley é dependente da amplitude da perda, onde quanto maior a perda menor a retenção; a expressiva perda de retenção após o período de 1 mês sugere a necessidade de ativação periódica dos sistemas de retenção

Objective: To evaluate clasp retention systems in surgical obturator prostheses after different maxillary resections.Method: Different chemically activated acrylic resin maxillary models received surgical obturator prostheses, in a sample constituted by the following groups: Group 1 - circumferential clasp (C clasp) in the first and second maxillary molars contralateral to the resection and Hawley labial bow (G1a - Aramany Class II, G1b - Aramany Class II without maxillary canine and G1c - Aramany Class I); Group 2 - C clasp in the first and second premolar and in the first and second molar (G2 -Aramany Class I). Mechanical cycling was performed at intervals of 0, 28, 120 and 360 insertion/removal cycles, considering four daily removals during a 3-month period. Tensile strength tests were performed in the beginning and at each interval of the mechanical cycling.Results: All groups presented a decrease of retention along the cycling period. The group G2 was superior to the others at all evaluated moments, followed by the groups G1a, G1b and G1c in a decreasing order. The decrease of the retention in the groups G1a, G1b and G1c was not statistically significant up to cycle 120. Group G2 presented a significant reduction of retention at cycle 28, non-significant at cycle 120 and significant again at cycle 360.Conclusion: The substitution of Hawley labial bow by circumferential clasps in the premolars provided greater retention. The retention provided by the system with Hawley labial bow depends on the amplitude of loss, in such a way that the greater the loss, the lower the retention; the significant retention loss after 1 month suggests the need of periodic activation of the retention systems

Avaliação Comparativa de Duas Técnicas de Moldagem da Cavidade Anoftálmica / Comparative Evaluation of Two Impression Techniques of the Anophthalmic Socket

Objetivo: A correta adaptação da prótese ocular na cavidade anoftálmica é fundamental para que ocorra uma boa mobilidade da prótese ocular, aspecto primordial na dissimulação da condição artificial presente em uma prótese ocular. Este trabalho avalia comparativamente a técnica de moldagem com seringa e seringa com moldeira acrílica em um grupo de 15 pacientes submetidos à enucleação do globo ocular. Método: Os grupos de estudo, constituídos de acordo com as técnicas de moldagem, foram avaliados mediante a confecção de corpos de prova em resina acrílica de lenta polimerização para observação do diâmetro transversal, diâmetro vertical e área das moldagens. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos à captação de imagens com lupa estereoscópica e câmara digital e as imagens foram processadas no programa ImageLab 2000®. Resultados: A análise estatística Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon (p≤0,05) mostrou que o diâmetro transverso foi semelhante em ambas as técnicas de moldagem. O menor diâmetro vertical observado com a técnica da seringa foi estatisticamente significante (p≤0,05). A área da superfície da mucosa da cavidade anoftálmica abrangida pela moldagem foi significantemente maior na técnica de moldagem com seringa e moldeira acrílica (p≤0,05). Conclusão: A técnica de moldagem com seringa e moldeira acrílica proporciona melhor direcionamento do material de moldagem no sentido súpero-inferior, o que determina uma maior área de contato da prótese com a superfície da mucosa. Considerando que a mobilidade de uma prótese ocular é dependente de uma boa adaptação da prótese na superfície da mucosa, pode-se inferir que a técnica de moldagem com seringa e moldeira acrílica acoplada deverá favorecer a mobilidade e a estética das próteses oculares

Objective: An excellent adaptation of the ocular prosthesis to the walls of the anophthalmic socket is fundamental to attain a good mobility of the artificial eye, a primordial aspect in dissimulating the artificial aspect of the prosthesis. This study compares the direct syringe impression technique to the impression taked with syringe and acrylic stock tray in a group of 15 patients submitted to eye enucleation. Methods: The study groups were established according to the impression technique employed and evaluated by means of specimens made of heat polymerizing resin in relation to transversal diameter, vertical diameter and area. The specimens were submitted to a stereoscopic glass and the images generated by a digital camera were processed by the software ImageLab 2000®. Results: The Wilcoxon rank-signed test (p≤0.05) showed that the transversal diameter was similar in both impression techniques. However, the smaller vertical diameter provided by the direct syringe technique was statiscally significant (p≤0.05). The area of the mucous surface of the anophthalmic socket registered during the impression taken with syringe and acrylic tray was significantly larger (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The syringe and acrylic tray impression technique provides a better distribution of the impression material, mainly in the superoinferior direction, and this accounts for the larger contact of the prosthesis with the mucous surface. Considering that the mobility of the ocular prosthesis is dependent of a good adaptation of the prosthesis on the mucous surface, the syringe and acrylic tray impression technique shall improve the mobility and aesthetics of ocular prosthesis

Dimensional accuracy of computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufactured orbital prostheses.

PURPOSE: The aim of this research was to assess the dimensional accuracy of orbital prostheses based on reversed images generated by computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) using computed tomography (CT) scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans of the faces of 15 adults, men and women older than 25 years of age not bearing any congenital or acquired craniofacial defects, were processed using CAD software to produce 30 reversed three-dimensional models of the orbital region. These models were then processed using the CAM system by means of selective laser sintering to generate surface prototypes of the volunteers' orbital regions. Two moulage impressions of the faces of each volunteer were taken to manufacture 15 pairs of casts. Orbital defects were created on the right or left side of each cast. The surface prototypes were adapted to the casts and then flasked to fabricate silicone prostheses. The establishment of anthropometric landmarks on the orbital region and facial midline allowed for the data collection of 31 linear measurements, used to assess the dimensional accuracy of the orbital prostheses and their location on the face. RESULTS: The comparative analyses of the linear measurements taken from the orbital prostheses and the opposite sides that originated the surface prototypes demonstrated that the orbital prostheses presented similar vertical, transversal, and oblique dimensions, as well as similar depth. There was no transverse or oblique displacement of the prostheses. CONCLUSION: From a clinical perspective, the small differences observed after analyzing all 31 linear measurements did not indicate facial asymmetry. The dimensional accuracy of the orbital prostheses suggested that the CAD/CAM system assessed herein may be applicable for clinical purposes.

Prevalência da fissura de úvula em familiares de fissurados lábio-palatinos / Cleft uvula prevalence in relatives of cleft lip and palate individuals

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a prevalência da fissura de úvula (FU) é maior em familiares de portadores de fissura labiopalatina em relação à população em geral. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com um grupo de estudo composto por 136 familiares de pacientes fissurados e com um grupo controle formado por 287 indivíduos sem história familiar de qualquer deformidade craniofacial. A metodologia consistiu em inspeção da cavidade oral por 2 examinadores, com luz direcionada ao palato posterior e auxílio de abaixador de língua e jatos de ar para elicitar o reflexo do vômito e definir e extensão da FU, segundo a classificação de Meskin. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência da FU no grupo de estudo foi 2,9:100, sendo todas classificadas como parciais 25% de extensão, e no grupo controle 2,4:100, sendo que prevaleceu a parcial 25%. Concluiu-se que a FU não prevalece em familiares de portadores de fissuras labiopalatinas; não há correlação com o gênero e a fissura de úvula parcial 25% foi a mais incidente.

The goal of this study was to verify if the prevalence of cleft uvula is higher in families of cleft palate individuals than in the general population. The study group was composed of 136 relatives of cleft individuals and the control group was composed of 287 individuals without family history of cleft palate. The methodology consisted of oral examination by two examiners, with depression of the tongue to elicit the vomit reflex and air jets to define the cleft extension according to Meskin’s classification. The results showed that the study group presented a 2,9:100 prevalence of cleft uvula being all classified as partial 25% of extension and the control group showed a prevalence of 2,4:100, with higher occurrence of partial 25% of extension. In conclusion, the cleft uvula does not prevail in relatives of cleft palate individuals in relation to the general population, there is no sex correlation and the cleft uvula classified as partial 25% of extension has higher incidence.

Candida albicans in patients with oronasal communication and obturator prostheses.

Patients using obturator prostheses often present denture-induced stomatitis. In order to detect the presence of oral Candida albicans in patients with oronasal communications and to evaluate the effectiveness of a topical antifungal treatment, cytological smears obtained from the buccal and palatal mucosa of 10 adult patients, and from the nasal acrylic surface of their obturator prostheses were examined. A therapeutic protocol comprising the use of oral nystatin (Mycostatin) and prosthesis disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was prescribed for all patients. Seven patients were positive for C. albicans in the mucosa, with 1 negative result for the prosthetic surface in this group of patients. Post-treatment evaluation revealed the absence of C. albicans on prosthesis surface and on the oral mucosa of all patients. The severity of the candidal infection was significantly higher in the palatal mucosa than in the buccal mucosa, but similar in the palatal mucosa and prosthesis surface, indicating that the mucosa underlying the prosthesis is more susceptible to infection. The therapeutic protocol was effective in all cases, which emphasizes the need for denture disinfection in order to avoid reinfection of the mucosa.

Candida albicans in patients with oronasal communication and obturator prostheses

Patients using obturator prostheses often present denture-induced stomatitis. In order to detect the presence of oral Candida albicans in patients with oronasal communications and to evaluate the effectiveness of a topical antifungal treatment, cytological smears obtained from the buccal and palatal mucosa of 10 adult patients, and from the nasal acrylic surface of their obturator prostheses were examined. A therapeutic protocol comprising the use of oral nystatin (Mycostatin®) and prosthesis disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was prescribed for all patients. Seven patients were positive for C. albicans in the mucosa, with 1 negative result for the prosthetic surface in this group of patients. Post-treatment evaluation revealed the absence of C. albicans on prosthesis surface and on the oral mucosa of all patients. The severity of the candidal infection was significantly higher in the palatal mucosa than in the buccal mucosa, but similar in the palatal mucosa and prosthesis surface, indicating that the mucosa underlying the prosthesis is more susceptible to infection. The therapeutic protocol was effective in all cases, which emphasizes the need for denture disinfection in order to avoid reinfection of the mucosa.

Os pacientes portadores de prótese obturadora freqüentemente apresentam estomatite protética. Com o objetivo de detectar a presença de Candida albicans oral em pacientes com comunicação oronasal e avaliar a eficácia de um tratamento tópico antifúngico foi realizada citologia esfoliativa da mucosa palatina e jugal e da superfície acrílica nasal da prótese obturadora. O protocolo terapêutico consistiu de nistatina (Mycostatin®) para tratamento da mucosa oral e uma solução de hipoclorito de sódio para desinfecção da prótese. Sete pacientes (70 por cento) apresentaram resultado positivo para C. albicans na mucosa, com um resultado negativo para a superfície protética neste grupo. A avaliação após o tratamento revelou ausência de C. albicans na mucosa oral de todos os pacientes, bem como na superfície protética. A infecção por C. albicans das mucosas jugal e palatina diferiram significantemente, enquanto que a mucosa palatina e a superfície protética apresentaram valores semelhantes. O grau de infecção da mucosa palatina foi significantemente maior quando comparado àquele da mucosa jugal e semelhante ao apresentado pela prótese, sugerindo que a mucosa subjacente à prótese é mais susceptível à infecção. O protocolo terapêutico foi efetivo em todos os casos, o que enfatiza a necessidade da desinfecção protética para se evitar a reinfecção da mucosa oral.

Magnetic retention and bar-clip attachment for implant-retained auricular prostheses: a comparative analysis.

Retention systems for implant-retained auricular prostheses using either bar-clip attachments with 2 or 3 clips or retention with 2 or 3 magnets were wear tested (insertion and removal cycles) to simulate clinical periods of use. Measurements were taken at intervals of 540 cycles, which represents a period of use of approximately 6 months, for up to 3,240 cycles. Assessments of retentive force were carried out before, during, and after the wear test. Statistical analysis indicated that the bar-clip systems provided higher retention than the magnetic systems. The bar-clip attachment with 2 clips showed a significant loss of retentive force after wear testing (P < .05), suggesting lower durability and shorter clinical life. The retention provided by the bar-clip attachment with 3 clips remained stronger than that provided by all other systems tested. At the end of the wear test, the magnetic systems showed very little loss of retention but were still less retentive than the bar-clip systems, suggesting higher durability under clinical simulation despite the lower retention initially provided.

Avaliação comparativa de técnicas de escultura para prótese auricular / Comparative evaluation of sculpture techniques in auricular prostheses

Embora fundamentatada em pontos anatômicos de referência, atécnica de escultura à mão livre se afeita às variações individuais, dependendo da habilidade do operador em transferir dados anatômicos em uma situação tridimensional. Com o objetivo de minimizar essa dependência e facilitar a trasferência de dados antropométricos para escultura de prótese auricular foi realizada uma avaliação comparativa de uma técnica de escultura à mão liver e guiada por imagem impressa em transparência. Pontos antropométricos foram demarcados em modelos em gesso da orelha externa direita de 15 indivíduos adultos voluntários, estabelecendo-se as medidas lineares a serem observadas. Os modelos foram escaneados e as imagens obtidas foram revertidas e impressas em transparências. O Grupo Controle foi constituído por 15 modelos de gesso e o Grupo de Estudo foi composto pelas 15 esculuras à mão livre e 15 eculturas guiadas pela transparência. Embora as medidas lineares 6-3 (ponto auricular superior ao ponto auricular inferior) e 7-5 (ponto auricular posterior ao ponto otobásio superior) tenham sido reproduzidas de modo semelhante por ambas as técnicas de escultura, em todas as outras medidas a escultura guiada apresentou coeficientes de variação bastante próximos àqueles dos modelos de gesso, sugerindo melhor reprodutibilidade por esta técnica de escultura. A análise estatística Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon (p<=0,05), utilizada para comparação das medidas obtidas nas técnicas de escultura e entre as duas técnicas de escultura, apontou que, no geral, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o modelo e as técnicas de escultura guiada por imagem revertida da orelha externa impressa em transparência mostrou melhores resultados, facilitando a transferência de medidas lineares a serem observadas durante a escultura de prótese auricular

The pediatric patient at a maxillofacial service: Eye prosthesis.

Congenital absence or loss of the ocular globe during childhood causes psycho-social and cosmetic disorders and compromise the normal development of the orbital region. The literature relating to congenital or acquired etiology, due to trauma or disease, demonstrates the necessity of prevention and early detection in order to minimize the sequelae and disturbances in orbital growth. Installation of an eye prosthesis is essential to the rehabilitation process, so as to produce satisfactory development of the region. In order to characterize a profile of the child patient with this condition, a survey was carried out at the Prosthetic Eye sector, Out-patient Clinic, Discipline of Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), during the period from 1988 to 2003. The 124 (14.02%) patients within the age group of 0-13 years registered for ocular prosthesis were divided into a first group of 64 patients (51.62%) with 0-7 years, and a second group of 60 patients (48.38%) with 8-13 years. Fifty nine were girls and 65 were boys. No statistical significance was observed regarding the distribution of genders in the two analyzed age groups (p = 0.069). However, there was statistical significance at the level of 0.01 in relation to etiology, with higher prevalence of congenital and pathological disturbances in the younger group and traumatic occurrences in the older group. The etiology also presented variation according to the gender, at the significance level of 0.05, where girls presented three times less trauma than boys in the older age group. The necessity of prosthetic ocular repair was evenly distributed along the childhood period and the eye losses that required prosthetic treatment equally affected both genders. However, the etiology of eye loss varied according to the considered gender and age bracket.

The pediatric patient at a maxillofacial service: eye prosthesis / O paciente pediátrico em um serviço de prótese bucomaxilofacial: prótese ocular

Congenital absence or loss of the ocular globe during childhood causes psycho-social and cosmetic disorders and compromise the normal development of the orbital region. The literature relating to congenital or acquired etiology, due to trauma or disease, demonstrates the necessity of prevention and early detection in order to minimize the sequelae and disturbances in orbital growth. Installation of an eye prosthesis is essential to the rehabilitation process, so as to produce satisfactory development of the region. In order to characterize a profile of the child patient with this condition, a survey was carried out at the Prosthetic Eye sector, Out-patient Clinic, Discipline of Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), during the period from 1988 to 2003. The 124 (14.02 percent) patients within the age group of 0-13 years registered for ocular prosthesis were divided into a first group of 64 patients (51.62 percent) with 0-7 years, and a second group of 60 patients (48.38 percent) with 8-13 years. Fifty nine were girls and 65 were boys. No statistical significance was observed regarding the distribution of genders in the two analyzed age groups (p = 0.069). However, there was statistical significance at the level of 0.01 in relation to etiology, with higher prevalence of congenital and pathological disturbances in the younger group and traumatic occurrences in the older group. The etiology also presented variation according to the gender, at the significance level of 0.05, where girls presented three times less trauma than boys in the older age group. The necessity of prosthetic ocular repair was evenly distributed along the childhood period and the eye losses that required prosthetic treatment equally affected both genders. However, the etiology of eye loss varied according to the considered gender and age bracket.

A ausência congênita ou a perda do bulbo ocular na infância acarretam distúrbios estéticos e psico-sociais e comprometem o desenvolvimento normal da região orbitária. A literatura relacionada à etiologia congênita ou adquirida, devido a trauma ou doença, demonstra a necessidade da prevenção e da detecção precoce para minimizar as seqüelas e os distúrbios de crescimento orbital. A reabilitação implica a instalação de uma prótese ocular visando favorecer o desenvolvimento harmonioso da região. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o perfil do paciente infantil foi realizado um levantamento junto ao Setor de Prótese Ocular do Ambulatório da Disciplina de Prótese Bucomaxilofacial da FOUSP abrangendo o período de 1988 a 2003. As 124 (14,02 por cento) crianças registradas encontravam-se distribuídas em 64 (51,62 por cento) na faixa etária de 0 a 7 anos e 60 (48,38 por cento) na de 8 a 13 anos de idade, sendo 59 meninas e 65 meninos. A análise estatística revelou que a variação das ocorrências dos gêneros masculino e feminino nas faixas etárias não é significante (p = 0.069). Entretanto, a etiologia da perda variou segundo as faixas etárias consideradas, com um nível de significância de 0,01, apresentando uma maior prevalência de distúrbios congênitos e patológicos na faixa etária mais jovem e trauma na mais velha. A etiologia alterou-se de acordo com os gêneros com uma significância de 0,05, tendo as meninas apresentado três vezes menos trauma que os meninos na faixa etária mais velha. A necessidade de tratamento protético apresentou-se igualmente distribuída ao longo da infância e as perdas oculares que implicam reabilitação protética ocorreram igualmente nos gêneros masculino e feminino. Entretanto, a etiologia da perda ocular variou em função do gênero e da faixa etária considerada.

Study of dimensional alterations of the orbit following loss of the eye.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the dimensional alterations in the anterior region of the orbit after enucleation or evisceration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of orbital areas and perimeters of 17 patients with unilateral removal of the ocular bulb was performed, and posteroanterior radiographic examination was carried out by a single specialist, who had been previously calibrated. RESULTS: Data obtained from measurements confirmed the clinically observed facial asymmetry. CONCLUSION: The observation of asymmetry in the anterior orbital area, confirmed by our results, indicates early treatment to prevent orbital disturbances and will aid in the planning of prosthetic rehabilitation.