Calcitriol Treatment Decreases Cell Migration, Viability and ß-Catenin Signaling in Oral Dysplasia.

Nearly 90% of oral cancers are characterized as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), representing the sixth most common type of cancer. OSCC usually evolves from oral potentially malignant disorders that, in some cases, are histologically consistent with a oral dysplasia. The levels of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3; calcitriol), the active form of vitamin D3, have been shown to be decreased in patients with oral dysplasia and OSCC. Moreover, treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 has been proven beneficial in OSCC by inhibiting the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, a signaling route that promotes cell migration, proliferation, and viability. However, whether this inhibition mechanism occurs in oral dysplasia is unknown. To approach this question, we used dysplastic oral keratinocyte cultures and oral explants (ex vivo model of oral dysplasia) treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 48 h. Following treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3, both in vitro and ex vivo models of oral dysplasia showed decreased levels of nuclear ß-catenin by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Consistently, reduced protein and mRNA levels of the Wnt/ß-catenin target gene survivin were observed after treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)2D3 promoted membranous localization of E-cadherin and nuclear localization of vitamin D receptor (VDR). Functionally, DOK cells treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 displayed diminished cell migration and viability in vitro.

Inhibition of PORCN Blocks Wnt Signaling to Attenuate Progression of Oral Carcinogenesis.

PURPOSE: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is commonly preceded by potentially malignant lesions, referred to as oral dysplasia. We recently reported that oral dysplasia is associated with aberrant activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, due to overexpression of Wnt ligands in a Porcupine (PORCN)-dependent manner. Pharmacologic inhibition of PORCN precludes Wnt secretion and has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach to treat established cancers. Nevertheless, there are no studies that explore the effects of PORCN inhibition at the different stages of oral carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed a model of tobacco-induced oral cancer in vitro, where dysplastic oral keratinocytes (DOK) were transformed into oral carcinoma cells (DOK-TC), and assessed the effects of inhibiting PORCN with the C59 inhibitor. Similarly, an in vivo model of oral carcinogenesis and ex vivo samples derived from patients diagnosed with oral dysplasia and OSCC were treated with C59. RESULTS: Both in vitro and ex vivo oral carcinogenesis approaches revealed decreased levels of nuclear ß-catenin and Wnt3a, as observed by immunofluorescence and IHC analyses. Consistently, reduced protein and mRNA levels of survivin were observed after treatment with C59. Functionally, treatment with C59 in vitro resulted in diminished cell migration, viability, and invasion. Finally, by using an in vivo model of oral carcinogenesis, we found that treatment with C59 prevented the development of OSCC by reducing the size and number of oral tumor lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibition of Wnt ligand secretion with C59 represents a feasible treatment to prevent the progression of early oral lesions toward OSCC.

"Célula de Patología Oral - Hospital Digital": una estrategia de teleodontología para reducir desigualdades en el acceso a la atención odontológica en la especialidad de patología oral y maxilofacial en Chile

En junio 2020, en un escenario de confinamiento por cuarentenas y con restricción de la atención odontológica por la pandemia del COVID-19, comienza la implementación en Chile de una herramienta basada en la generación de interconsultas electrónicas asincrónicas a un especialista en patología oral y maxilofacial geográficamente distante, bajo la dirección de Hospital Digital de Ministerio de Salud. Esta nueva herramienta de teleodontología, denominada "Célula de Patología Oral", tiene como objetivo fortalecer la Red Asistencial de salud con un modelo de atención a distancia enfocado en la persona, permitiendo mejorar el acceso y oportunidad en la atención de salud en la especialidad de Patología Oral y Maxilofacial a través Tecnología de Información y Comunicaciones. La Célula de Patología Oral ha demostrado contribuir a la accesibilidad y reducir las desigualdades en la atención de la salud bucal, en una de las especialidades odontológicas implicadas en el diagnóstico de lesiones graves como son el cáncer oral y otras lesiones orales de alta prioridad durante la pandemia por la enfermedad debido a SARS-CoV2.

In June 2020, in a confinement scenario and with restriction of dental care due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, a tool based on the generation of asynchronous electronic consultations by a geographically distant specialist in oral and maxillofacial pathology was implemented under the direction of the Digital Hospital of the Ministry of Health. This new dentistry tool, called " Célula de Patología Oral", aims to strengthen the Health Assistance Network with a remote care model focused on the patient, allowing the improvement of health care access and opportunity in the specialty of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, through Information and Communication Technology. The "Célula de Patología Oral" has proven to contribute to accessibility and to reduce inequalities in oral health care, in a dental specialty involved in the diagnosis of serious disease such as oral cancer and other high-priority oral diseases during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic.

Cistoadenoma de glándula salival menor en paladar: Reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura

El cistoadenoma es un tumor epitelial benigno de baja frecuencia en glándulas salivales, que habitualmente se presenta como una masa de crecimiento lento. En glándulas salivales menores se localiza habitualmente en labio, paladar y mucosa yugal, cuyo diagnóstico diferencial representa un desafío desde el punto de vista clínico. El propósito de este reporte es presentar 2 casos de cistoadenoma en paladar, con énfasis en sus características clínicas y diagnóstico diferencial.

Cystadenoma is an uncommon benign epithelial tumor of the salivary glands, which usually appears as a slow-growing mass. In minor salivary glands, it is usually located in the lip, palate and buccal mucosa, whose differential diagnosis is a clinical challenge. The purpose of this report is to present 2 cases of palate cystadenoma, with emphasis on their clinical characteristics and differential diagnosis.

Tumor Odontogénico Adenomatoide Quístico, presentación inusual. Reporte de dos casos

RESUMEN: El tumor odontogénico adenomatoide es un tumor benigno, poco común, que corresponde al 2-7% de los tumores odontogénicos. Se presenta con mayor prevalencia en la segunda década de vida y se ubica preferentemente en maxilar anterior. Es una lesión encapsulada, no agresiva, de crecimiento lento, que puede pasar desapercibida durante años. Deriva del epitelio odontogénico, y se caracteriza histológicamente por células epiteliales dispuestas en nidos, remolinos o cordones con escaso tejido conjuntivo. Puede presentar estructuras canaliculares un patrón ductiforme, con calcificaciones y presenta cápsula. El presente estudio reporta dos casos, el primero es una mujer de 30 años y el segundo el de un hombre de 36 años, ambos con un tumor odontogénico adenomatoide ubicado en zona maxilar anterior derecha, asintomático, sin asociación con diente incluido y de presentación quística a nivel imagenológico e histopatológico. Se discuten características clínicas, radiográficas, histopatológicas y terapéuticas de los casos.

ABSTRACT: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is a benign, rare tumor that accounts for 2-7% of odontogenic tumors. It appears with greater prevalence in the second decade of life and is located preferentially in the anterior maxilla. It is a slow-growing, non-aggressive, encapsulated lesion that can go unnoticed for years. It is derived from the odontogenic epithelium, and is characterized histologically by epithelial cells arranged in nests, eddies, or cords with little connective tissue. It may have canalicular structures and a ductiform pattern, with calcifications and it has a capsule. The present study reports two cases, the first is a 30-year-old woman and the second is a 36-year-old man, both with an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor located in the right anterior maxillary area, asymptomatic, without association with an included tooth and cystic presentation at the imaging and histopathological levels. The clinical, radiographic, histopathological and therapeutic characteristics of the cases are discussed.

Hypovitaminosis D, oral potentially malignant disorders, and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant oral disorders (OPMDs) could be associated with low levels of vitamin D. This systematic review aimed to determine the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with OPMDs and OSCC. Material and Methods: This review was conducted according to Cochrane guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42020207382) on literature retrieved from the PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. The antecedents extracted were study design, methodology, sample (country, number of patients, age, and sex), oral manifestations (type of lesion, location, prevalence, and follow-up), serum vitamin D levels or use of vitamin D supplements, results, and conclusions. Results: Twelve articles were selected. Some of the most relevant findings were alterations in vitamin D could favor the progress of OPMDs to OSCC. Higher levels of vitamin D can increase levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD3+ T lymphocytes in intratumoral tissue. The normalization of vitamin D levels in patients with OSCC can increased cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, favoring antitumor immune response. Vitamin D supplemented can lower adverse effects associated with chemotherapy like mucositis and pain. Tobacco can increase risk of developing OSCC altering vitamin D levels. Conclusions: Hypovitaminosis D could increase risk of developing OSCC from OPMDs, thus altering the immune response and it is associated with a lower survival rate in patients with OSCC, a greater recurrence of tumors in patients who underwent surgical treatment, and an increase in adverse reactions to chemotherapy. The use of vitamin D supplements can be a complement to primary therapy to prevent the recurrence of lesions and reduce adverse events associated with treatment.(AU)

Reactive arthritis: images.

Reactive arthritis is an extremely rare spondyloarthritis that affects the peripheral joints and spine, resulting in common symptoms such as arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis, and mucocutaneous lesions. On rare occasions, oral lesions such as circinate erosions on the hard and soft palate, gums, tongue, and cheeks may occur. Reactive arthritis may develop during or after genitourinary or gastrointestinal bacterial infections such as Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Chlamydia. A 36-year-old man presented with circinate balanitis, urethral discharge, oligoarthralgia, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and erythematous lesions on the palate. Culture examination showed presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and antibiotic treatment resulted in improvement of conjunctivitis and the lesions on the penis. However, severe oligoarthralgia, palatal erosions that increased in severity and size, and depilated areas on the tongue were observed. The definitive diagnosis was reactive arthritis. The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections is increasing, highlighting the need to increase awareness of associated risks such as reactive arthritis. Moreover, consideration of non-specific oral manifestations in a systemic context may aid in effective diagnosis and treatment, suggesting the need for multidisciplinary teams.

Salivary characteristics may be associated with burning mouth syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) it is characterized by burning and uncomfortable sensations with no clinical alterations or laboratory findings. The evaluation of the salivary characteristics of people with BMS can help the understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition. This case-control study aimed to trace the salivary profile of women with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 40 women with BMS and 40 control women were recruited. Unstimulated salivary flow rate (uSFR), pH, salivary cortisol levels, salivary viscosity, and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14 questioner) were determined. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: For uSFR, mean values obtained for BMS and for control group respectively were 0.35 and 0.61 mL/min; for pH, 7.23 and 7.34; for cortisol levels, 0.36 and 0.15 µg/dL; for viscosity values, 31.1 and 45.01 mPas and for OHIP-14 scores, 21.7 and 5.7. To uSFR, cortisol levels, viscosity values and OHIP-14 scores, differences were statistically significant. Salivary cortisol levels and OHIP-14 scores were correlated positively (rho = 0.624; p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BMS women have lower uSFR and salivary viscosity and higher salivary cortisol levels that were associated with worse quality of life, compared with the control group. Key words:Xerostomia, Burning mouth syndrome, Viscosity.

Sobrevida de carcinoma oral de células escamosas: reporte de la Universidad de Chile / Survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma: report of the University of Chile

RESUMEN: El carcinoma oral de células escamosas es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente en la cavidad oral. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre supervivencia general en pacientes con cáncer oral son escasos en Chile. Objetivo: Determinar las características sociodemográficas y la supervivencia general de pacientes diagnosticados con carcinoma en labio y cavidad oral en el Servicio de Anatomía Patológica de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron los casos de carcinoma oral de células escamosas diagnosticados entre los años 2000-2012. Se incluyeron sólo los primeros diagnósticos y las recidivas fueron excluidas. Resultados: De 134 casos registrados, 120 cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El 60% correspondió a hombres (razón hombre-mujer 1,3:1) y la media de edad fue 63 años. La supervivencia general a dos años fue 48,3% y a cinco años 33,9% según estimación de Kaplan-Meier. Se detectó una mayor supervivencia en el grupo de pacientes que tenían menos de 55 años (p<0,05). 79,2% de los casos fallecidos registra como causa de muerte cáncer oral. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje de personas diagnosticadas fueron hombres y adultos mayores. La supervivencia general a cinco años fue menor a lo determinado en reportes nacionales previos. Los adultos de 55 años y mayores presentaron una menor supervivencia general.

ABSTRACT: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of oral cavity. Research about general survival rates in patients with oral cancer is limited in Chile. Objective: To determine the sociodemographic characteristics and general survival of patients diagnosed with lip and oral carcinoma in the Pathological Anatomy Service at the School of Dentistry, University of Chile. Material and methods: All cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma selected were diagnosed between the years 2000 and 2012. All cases included in this study corresponded to the first diagnosis and tumor recurrence was excluded. Results: The 134 registered cases, 120 were selected with inclusion criteria. 60% were men (male and female ratio of 1.3: 1) and median age 63 year-old. Overall survival at two years was 48.3% and at five years 33.9%, according to Kaplan-Meier estimate. A higher survival was detected in the group of patients younger than 55 years old (p <0.05). In 79.2% of dead patients, the cause of death was registered as oral cancer. Conclusions: The highest percentage of patients diagnosed was men and elders. Five-year survival was lower than previously reported in national reports. Adults aged 55 years and older had a lower overall survival.

Evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada sobre competencias comunicativas y psicosociales en odontología / Objective structured clinical examination of or about health communication and psychosocial factors in Dentistry

Introducción: La Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile, en el contexto de su innovación curricular, desarrolló una evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada de carácter formativo utilizando la metodología de pacientes simulados y enfocada a las habilidades comunicacionales que debe tener el estudiante para el adecuado desarrollo de una entrevista clínica. Objetivo: Describir el desempeño, en cuanto a habilidades comunicacionales e identificación de factores psicosociales, durante la realización de esta actividad, de estudiantes de segundo año. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio no experimental, transversal, descriptivo, con un muestreo intencionado de 32 estudiantes. Los pacientes simulados y el grupo de pares evaluaron el desempeño de los 32 estudiantes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos a través de tablas de frecuencia y se evaluó la diferencia en la percepción de desempeño entre paciente simulado y grupo de pares mediante chi al cuadrado. Resultados: Los estudiantes no lograron un buen desempeño al indagar por aspectos socioemocionales del paciente, ni al asegurarse de que el paciente comprendiera las indicaciones del dentista. La percepción de los pacientes simulados y los pares observadores difiere en casi todos los aspectos evaluados, menos en la amabilidad del estudiante participante. Conclusiones: Los pacientes simulados son más estrictos a la hora de evaluar las habilidades comunicacionales y psicosociales de los estudiantes, en comparación con el grupo de pares. La consideración de los factores psicosociales y las habilidades comunicacionales constituyen un factor débil al término del segundo año de formación del odontólogo

Introduction: The School of Dentistry of the Universidad de Chile has done an objective structured clinical evaluation centered on communicative competencies that a student should have for the proper development of a clinical interview. Aim: To describe the perception of achievement, in the matter of communicative and psychosocial competencies in students of second grade acting in this activity, on the career of dentistry at Universidad de Chile. Subjects and methods: This is a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study, with a purposive sampling of 32 students. The simulated patients and the group of pairs evaluated the achievement of 32 students on the activity. Descriptive analysis was done through frequency tables. In addition, the difference on perception of achievement between simulated patient and group of pairs was evaluated through chi-squared test. Results: The students did not achieve a satisfactory performance when socioemotional attributes were probed, neither when verifying patient's understanding about dentist's indications. The perception of simulated patients and observer pairs disagrees on almost all attributes assessed, excepting the kindness of the performing student. Conclusions: Simulated patients are more stringent when they evaluate communicative and psychosocial abilities of the students, contrasting with the group of pairs. Psychosocial and communicative attributes are still a weakness on dentist's preparation

Diversity, frequency and antifungal resistance of Candida species in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine number, species of Candida and Candida resistance to antifungal therapy according to the metabolic control state and the associated salivary changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of non-stimulated saliva were collected from 52 patients with DM2. Salivary pH was measured and cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar and the values of CFU/ml were calculated. The species were presumptively identified using CHROMagar Candida® plates, and identification was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). C. albicans isolates were cultured on SGA tetracycline agar with nystatin and fluconazole diffusion disks to measure susceptibility. RESULTS: Sixty six percent of the yeasts isolated were Candida albicans, followed by C. glabrata (20.7%). In patients with decompensated DM2, there was an inverse association between HbA1c value and salivary pH. At higher levels of salivary acidification, a greater diversity and quantity of yeasts of the genus Candida were observed. With nystatin, higher inhibition was observed at lower pH. CONCLUSIONS: The antifungal therapies could be more effective if it consider, qualitative salivary characteristics as pH, that could determine the susceptibility of species of Candida to at least to nystatin, which is the most used antifungal for treatment to oral candidiasis in patients with DM2.

Salivary gland dysfunction markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease of the carbohydrate metabolism that, when not rigorously controlled, compromises systemic and organ integrity, thereby causing renal diseases, blindness, neuropathy, arteriosclerosis, infections, and glandular dysfunction, including the salivary glands. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative parameters of salivary alteration, which are indicators of salivary gland dysfunction, and the level of metabolic control of type 2 diabetes patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A convenience sample of 74 voluntary patients with type 2 DM was selected, each of whom donated a sample of unstimulated saliva. Salivary parameters such as salivary flow rate, protein concentration, pH, and xerostomia were studied. RESULTS: There is a positive relationship between the level of metabolic control measured with HbA1 and the protein concentration in saliva (Spearman rho = 0.329 and p = 0.004). The same assay showed an inverse correlation between HbA1 and pH (Spearman rho = -0.225 and p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The protein concentration in saliva and, to a lesser extent, the pH may be useful as glandular dysfunction indicators in DM2 patients. KEY WORDS: Saliva, type 2 diabetes mellitus, pH, protein concentration, xerostomia.

A retrospective analysis of reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity: study of 1149 cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2011, Chile.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency and distribution of reactive hyperplastic lesions (RHL) of the oral mucosa at the Oral Pathology Institute of the School of Dentistry at the University of Chile. This was a retrospective study of 1149 biopsies with histopathological diagnosis of RHL, performed between 2000 and 2011. The RHL were classified in 4 groups: fibrous hyperplasia (FH), pyogenic granuloma (PG), peripheral giant-cell granuloma (PGCG) and peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF). RESULTS: the most frequent RHL was FH (71. 1%), followed by PG (21.1%), PGCG (5 %) and POF (2.9%). RHLs were more frequent in women (70.7%). The most highly affected age group was the 50- to 59-year-olds (22%). The most frequent location for RHL was maxilla (24.7%), followed by cheek (20.6%), tongue (19.4%) and jaw (18.5%). The most prevalent RHL diagnosis was FH. The most frequently affected sex was female, the most frequent age range was 50-59 years, and the most frequent location, maxilla.

Higher blood vessel density in comparison to the lymphatic vessels in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by local invasion and the development of cervical metastasis. In the tongue, an association between the invasion of the lymphatic vessels and the development of metastasis in the regional lymph nodes has been demonstrated. Moreover, invasion of the blood vessels is associated with greater recurrence and poorer prognoses. Therefore, the presence and density of lymphatic and blood vessels in intra- and peritumoral tissues should play an important role in the progression, dissemination and metastasis of carcinomas. However, the evidence regarding OSCC is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the comparison and association between the lymphatic (D2-40) and blood vessel (CD34) densities in intratumoral OSCC tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven cases diagnosed as OSCC between the years 2000 and 2008 were obtained from the Anatomic Pathology Service of the School of Dentistry, University of Chile. The immunohistochemical markers D2-40 and CD34 were used, and the densities (mm(2)) of lymphatic vessels (LVD) and blood vessels (BVD) in the intratumoral region were determined. The relationship between LVD and BVD values was evaluated. RESULTS: There were significant association between the CD34 and D2-40 expression (rho=0.4, P<0.05) and between the LVD and the location in the tongue (P=0.019). The BVD was greater (128.0 vessels/mm(2)) than the LVD (42.9 vessels/mm(2)), and there was a positive correlation between the LVD and BVD. CONCLUSIONS: In OSCC, the BVD is greater than the LVD, and there is a moderate correlation between the two quantities.

A retrospective analysis of reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity: study of 1149 cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2011, Chile / Análisis retrospectivo de lesiones reaccionales hiperplásicas en mucosa oral: estudio de 1149 casos diagnosticados entre el 2000–2011 en chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia relativa y distribución de lesiones reaccionales hiperplásicas (LRH) de la mucosa oral, presentes en el registro de biopsias del Servicio de Anatomía Patológica de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile. Este estudio de tipo retrospectivo consistió en 1149 biopsias con diagnóstico histopatológico de LRH, entre los años 2000-2011. Las LRH se clasificaron en 5 grupos: Hiperplasia fibrosa (HF), granuloma piogénico (GP), granuloma periférico de células gigantes (GPCG) y fibroma osificante periférico(FOP). Los datos de edad y sexo de los sujetos, y de localización y tipo de lesión, fueron obtenidos del registro de biopsias de cada caso. De las LRH, la lesión más frecuente fue HF (71,1 por ciento), seguido de GP (21,1 por ciento), GPCG (5 por ciento) y FOP (2,9 por ciento) respectivamente. Las biopsias de LRH fueron mas frecuentes en mujeres (70,7 por ciento). El rango etario más afectado fue el de 50 a 59 años (22 por ciento). La localización de mayor frecuencia de LRH fue el maxilar superior (24,7 por ciento), seguida de mejilla (20,6 por ciento), lengua (19,4 por ciento), mandíbula (18,5 por ciento), labio inferior (9,9 por ciento) y labio superior (6,7 por ciento). En este estudio, de las LRH el diagnóstico más prevalente fue FH. El sexo más afectado fue el femenino, el rango etario el de 50 a 59 años y la ubicación más frecuente, maxilar superior. Estos resultados en general son concordantes con lo descrito en otros países.

The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency and distribution of reactive hyperplastic lesions (RHL) of the oral mucosa at the Oral Pathology Institute of the School of Dentistry at the University of Chile. This was a retrospective study of 1149 biopsies with histopathological diagnosis of RHL, performed between 2000 and 2011. The RHL were classified in 4 groups: fibrous hyperplasia (FH), pyogenic granuloma (PG), peripheral giant-cell granuloma (PGCG) and peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF). Results: the most frequent RHL was FH (71. 1%), followed by PG (21.1%), PGCG (5 %) and POF (2.9%). RHLs were more frequent in women (70.7%). The most highly affected age group was the 50- to 59-year-olds (22%). The most frequent location for RHL was maxilla (24.7%), followed by cheek (20.6%), tongue (19.4%) and jaw (18.5%). The most prevalent RHL diagnosis was FH. Themost frequently affected sex was female, the most frequent agerange was 50-59 years, and the most frequent location, maxilla.