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[Dietary habits of the population of an urban health district]. / Hábitos dietéticos en la población de una zona básica de salud urbana.

OBJECTIVE: To find the eating habits of the adult population of an urban health district. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary care. Urban health centre. PARTICIPANTS: 260 people (124 men and 136 women) over 20 (mean age of 43.6 +/- 17.1; 42.0 +/- 16.4 for men and 45.1 +/- 17.7 for women), selected at random from among those living in the health district. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Through a semi-quantitative questionnaire on frequencies of food consumption, filled out in all cases by a single observer, the food habits of the participants and the nature of their diet during the previous week were determined. Intake of calories and biomolecules were calculated as a function of the kind of foods. RESULTS: Mean daily calory intake was 2612 +/- 836 kcal, 22.5% more than the theoretical requirements of this population. Mean daily protein ingested was 96.4 +/- 28 grams, fats 130.2 +/- 42.7 grams, and carbohydrates 277.1 +/- 123.3. 21.5 +/- 5.5% of the total calory intake were monounsaturated fatty acids; 7.7 +/- 4.3% were polyunsaturated; and 13 +/- 2.9% were saturated. Cholesterol consumption was 475 +/- 213.8 mg/day, and roughage consumed was 18.6 +/- 8.0 grams. CONCLUSIONS: The adult population of our health district consumed the typical, not very healthy Western-style diet: over-rich in calories, rich in saturated fats and cholesterol, and poor in roughage. Nevertheless, the diet conserved the high intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids which is characteristic of traditional Mediterranean food.

Hábitos dietéticos en la población de una zona básica de salud urbana / Dietary habits of the population of an urban health district

Objetivo. Conocer los hábitos alimentarios de la población adulta de una zona básica de salud urbana. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria. Centro de salud urbano. Participantes. Un total de 260 individuos (124 varones y 136 mujeres) mayores de 20 años (edad media de 43,6 ñ 17,1 años: 42,0 ñ 16,4 en varones y 45,1 ñ 17,7 en mujeres), seleccionados aleatoriamente entre las viviendas de la zona básica. Mediciones principales. Mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencias de consumo de alimentos, cumplimentado en todos los casos por un único observador, se determinaron los hábitos alimentarios de los participantes, así como el tipo de dieta realizada en la última semana. Se calculó la ingesta calórica y de principios inmediatos en función del tipo de alimentos. Resultados. La ingesta calórica media diaria fue de 2.612 ñ 836 kcal, un 22,5 por ciento más de los requerimientos teóricos calculados para esta población. La media diaria de proteínas ingeridas fue de 96,4 ñ 28 g; de grasas, 130,2 ñ 42,7 g y de hidratos de carbono, 277,1 ñ 123,3 g. Los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados representaron el 21,5 ñ 5,5 por ciento del total de la ingesta calórica; los poliinsaturados, el 7,7 ñ 4,3 por ciento, y los saturados, el 13 ñ 2,9 por ciento. El consumo de colesterol fue de 475 ñ 213,8 mg/día y el de fibra, 18,6 ñ 8,0 g. Conclusiones. La dieta consumida por la población adulta de nuestra zona básica tiene el típico y poco saludable estilo occidental: es hipercalórica, rica en grasas saturadas y colesterol y pobre en fibra; sin embargo, conserva la elevada ingesta de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados característica de la alimentación mediterránea tradicional (AU)

[Validation of two systems of self-measurement of blood pressure, the OMRON HEM-705 CP and OMRON M1 (HEM 422C2-E) models]. / Validación de dos sistemas de automedida de presión arterial, modelos OMRON HEM-705 CP y OMRON M1 (HEM 422C2-E).

Objective. To validate two monitors on the market for self-measurement of blood pressure (SMBP), an automatic one (OMRON HEM-705 CP) and a semi-automatic one (OMRON M1).Design. Descriptive study of validation of diagnostic tests.Setting. Primary care. San Pablo University Health Centre, Sevilla.Participants. 85 individuals (20 men and 65 women) with a wide range of age and blood pressure (BP), belonging to the population attended at the health centre or to its staff. People with arrhythmia and Korotkoff's V phase close to zero were excluded. Main measurements and results. BP and cardiac frequency (CF) measurements obtained with the SMBP devices to be validated were compared with readings on a mercury sphygmomanometer, used as the standard method. The differences between the SMBP devices and the gold standard were quantified and are presented on the scale proposed by the protocol of the British Hypertension Society (BHS). The mean (SD) of the systolic BP differences (in mm Hg) between the devices evaluated and the standard device was 1.084.73 for the automatic monitor and 1.255.30 for the semi-automatic one. The mean differences of diastolic BP were 0.444.03 for the automatic monitor, and 0.513.90 for the semi-automatic one. The cumulative percentage differences of systolic/ diastolic BP5, 10 and 15 mm Hg were 85.5, 98, 98.8/90.6, 98.4, 100% for the automatic monitor and 82.7, 95.7, 98.8/91, 99.6, 100% for the semi-automatic one. This supposes a Grade A on the BHS procedure, which is maintained on analysis of the results by blood pressure rankings. Conclusion. As both monitors meet the internationally accepted validation criteria, they can be recommended for the monitoring and self-monitoring of BP in patients with hypertension.

Validación de dos sistemas de automedida de presión arterial, modelos OMROM HEM-705 CP y OMROM M1 (HEM 422C2-E) / Validation of two systems of self-measurement of blood pressure, the OMROM HEM-705 CP and OMROM M1 (HEM 422C2-E) MODELS

Objetivo. Validar dos monitores comercializados para la automedida de la presión arterial (AMPA), uno automático (OMRON HEM-705 CP) y otro semiautomático (OMRON M1).Diseño. Estudio descriptivo de validación de pruebas diagnósticas. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria. Centro de Salud Universitario San Pablo de Sevilla. Participantes. Ochenta y cinco individuos (20 varones y 65 mujeres) con amplio rango de edades y de presión arterial (PA), pertenecientes a la población atendida en el centro de salud o al personal del mismo. Se excluyeron las personas con arritmias o con fase V de Korotkoff próxima a cero. Mediciones y resultados principales. Se comparan las medidas de PA y frecuencia cardíaca (FC) obtenidas con los aparatos de AMPA a validar frente a las obtenidas con un esfigmomanómetro de mercurio, utilizado como método de referencia. Las diferencias entre los aparatos de AMPA y el 'patrón oro' se cuantifican y representan mediante la gradación propuesta por el protocolo de la British Hypertension Society (BHS).La media (ñ DE) de las diferencias de la PA sistólica (en mmHg) entre los aparatos evaluados y el de referencia fue de 1,08 ñ 4,73 para el monitor automático y de 1,25 ñ 5,30 para el semiautomático. Las diferencias medias de la PA diastólica fueron de 0,44 ñ 4,03 para el monitor automático y 0,51 ñ 3,90 para el semiautomático. El porcentaje acumulado de diferencias de PA sistólica/diastólica 5, 10 y 15 mmHg fue del 85,5, 98, 98,8/90,6, 98,4 y 100 por ciento, respectivamente, para el monitor automático, y del 82,7, 95,7, 98,8/91, 99,6 y 100 por ciento para el semiautomático. Esto supone un grado A del protocolo de la BHS, que se mantiene al analizar los resultados por rangos de PA. Conclusiones. Ambos monitores satisfacen los criterios de validación aceptados internacionalmente, por lo que se puede recomendarlos para el seguimiento y autocontrol de la PA en el hipertenso (AU)

[An alternative method for the diagnosis of an anterosuperior hemiblock]. / Método alternativo para el diagnóstico de hemibloqueo superoanterior.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a rapid method for diagnosing superior anterior hemiblock, comparing it with the system seen as standard. DESIGN: Comparison study of two diagnostic tests. SETTING: Urban health centre. PARTICIPANTS: Adult population with prior diagnosis of superior anterior hemiblock included in a computer file of clinical records. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The presence or otherwise of superior anterior hemiblock was found by applying the standard criteria for electrocardiograms contained in the clinical records of the participating patients. The proposed test was then applied by finding the precise cardiac axis and the confirmation or rejection of the diagnosis of superior anterior hemiblock. Out of the 121 histories analysed, 40 had superior anterior hemiblock according to the standard criteria, and 81 did not. The system proposed detected 38 of the 40 hemiblock cases, 95% sensitivity, and rejected as normal 76 of the 81 electrocardiograms without superior anterior hemiblock according to the standard pattern, specificity of 93.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Superior anterior hemiblock can be diagnosed by an alternative method which was quicker than the standard pattern, so markedly simplifying the analysis of this feature of the electrocardiogram.

Método alternativo para el diagnóstico de hemibloqueo superoanterior / Alternative method for diagnosing superior anterior hemiblock

Objetivo. Desarrollar y validar un método rápido de diagnóstico de hemibloqueo superoanterior, comparándolo con el sistema considerado como estándar. Diseño. Estudio de comparación de 2 pruebas diagnósticas. Emplazamiento. Centro de salud urbano. Participantes. Población adulta con diagnóstico previo de hemibloqueo superoanterior incluida en un archivo informatizado de historias clínicas. Mediciones. Se constató la existencia o no de hemibloqueo superoanterior aplicando los criterios estándar en electrocardiogramas contenidos en las historias clínicas de los pacientes participantes; a continuación se aplicó el test propuesto hallando el eje cardíaco exacto y la confirmación o rechazo del diagnóstico de hemibloqueo superoanterior. Resultados. De las 121 historias analizadas, 40 tenían hemibloqueo superoanterior según los criterios estándar y 81 no lo presentaban. El sistema propuesto detectó 38 de los 40 hemibloqueos, lo que supone una sensibilidad del 95 por ciento, y rechazó como normales 76 de los 81 electrocardiogramas sin hemibloqueo superoanterior según el patrón estándar, lo que representa una especificidad del 93,8 por ciento. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico de hemibloqueo superoanterior puede hacerse por un método alternativo que resulta más rápido que el patrón estándar, simplificando de manera notable el análisis de este aspecto del electrocardiograma (AU)

[An evaluation of the Spacelabs 90207 model of the ambulatory arterial pressure monitoring system]. / Validación del sistema de monitorización ambulatoria de presión arterial modelo SpaceLabs 90207.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to validate the SpaceLabs 90207 apparatus used in non-invasive outpatient monitoring of blood pressure. METHODS: The measurements of blood pressure (BP) and cardiac frequency (CF) obtained with the SpaceLabs monitor were compared with those obtained with a mercury sphygmomanometer used as the reference method in 86 patients with a wide range of ages and BP. The differences between both methods of measurement were quantified by a previously protocolized grade system from the British Hypertension Society (BHS). RESULTS: The mean of the differences between both systems of reading was 1.59 +/- 5.9 mmHg for systolic BP (SBP) 1.05 +/- 4.4 mmHg for diastolic BP (DBP) and -0.64 +/- 2.55 beats per minute for the CF. The accumulated percentage of differences of BP less than or equal to 5, 10 and 15 mmHg was of 74, 89 and 96%, respectively corresponding to grade B according to the validation protocol of the BHS. Grade B was obtained in all the interval differences of BP except within the range of DBP greater than or equal to 100 mmHg which showed grade A. Grades A or B were obtained in all the age groups except for grade C in the SBP of subjects over the age of 65. CONCLUSIONS: The SpaceLabs 90207 monitor satisfies the criteria of internationally accepted validation criteria, therefore, its use can be recommended for the outpatient blood pressure measurement.

[Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: serologic study of a family outbreak in primary care]. / Neumonía por Mycoplasma pneumoniae: estudio serológico de un brote familiar en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical-radiological, epidemiological, therapeutic and evolutive characteristics of an outbreak of atypical Pneumonia in a family, which was serologically diagnosed by means of the technique of complement fixation of Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma. DESIGN: A descriptive study. SETTING: An urban Health Centre. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A family of 7 members, consisting of father, mother and five children. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three presented Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, with the other family members remaining asymptomatic and serologically negative. The three cases evolved until cure. Treatment was with Macrolides in two of the cases and Penicillin in the other. Clinical-radiological dissociation existed in two of the patients. 33% had a secondary attack. CONCLUSION: The accessibility of Primary Care to microserological methods, together with the greater ease with which this level of Care can reach the family environment, allows for more precise knowledge of infectious epidemic outbreaks which occur in the community.