Resistance Training for Children and Adolescents.

Resistance training is becoming more important as an integral part of comprehensive sport training regimens, school physical education classes, and after-school fitness programs. The increasing number of youth who are involved in sport activities, coupled with the health problems of inactivity and being overweight, have resulted in increased interest in resistance training. Secular declines in measures of muscular fitness in modern-day youth highlight the need for participation in youth resistance training for nonathletes as well as athletes. Parents often ask pediatricians to offer advice regarding the safety, benefits, and implementation of an effective resistance-training program. This report is a revision of the 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement and reviews current information and research on the benefits and risks of resistance training for children and adolescents.

Proximal Radial Head Fractures in Young Gymnasts: A Case Series of Newly Described Overuse Injuries.

We report a case series of unilateral Salter-Harris IV fractures of the proximal radial heads in young female gymnasts. To date, there are no previous reports of such injuries in gymnastics. In all 3 athletes, no significant injury preceded presentation or diagnosis. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging showed fractures and associated bone marrow edema of the proximal radial head, respectively. All but 1 was treated nonoperatively with success. Given the lack of acute trauma, lack of large effusion, and good range of motion at presentation, these injuries are believed to be chronic in nature and related to overuse. This case series highlights the need for routine surveillance and the limiting of upper extremity weight bearing when possible in gymnasts.

Posicionamiento sobre el entrenamiento de fuerza en jóvenes. Consenso Internacional de 2014 / Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus

El manuscrito actual es la traducción del Posicionamiento sobre el Entrenamiento de Fuerza para Jóvenes: el Consenso Internacional de 2014. El consenso original es a su vez una adaptación del posicionamiento de la United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association. Ha sido revisado y respaldado por organizaciones profesionales relevantes en los campos de la medicina del deporte, la ciencia de la actividad física y la pediatría. Los autores de este articulo fueron seleccionados entre los campos de la ciencia del ejercicio pediátrico, la medicina pediátrica, la educación física, la preparación física y la medicina del deporte. El manuscrito fue publicado originalmente en el British Journal of Sports Medicine y representa el documento final ratificado oficialmente a nivel ejecutivo por cada organización que lo respalda. Para enlazar con la versión original del manuscrito en ingles diríjanse a: http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2013/09/20/bjsports-2013-092952.full

The current manuscript is a translation of the Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. The original manuscript was adapted from the oficial position statement of the UK Strength and Conditioning Association on youth resistance training. It was subsequently reviewed and endorsed by leading professional organisations within the fields of sports medicine, exercise science and paediatrics. The authorship team for this article was selected from the fields of paediatric exercise science, paediatric medicine, physical education, strength and conditioning and sports medicine

Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus.

The current manuscript has been adapted from the official position statement of the UK Strength and Conditioning Association on youth resistance training. It has subsequently been reviewed and endorsed by leading professional organisations within the fields of sports medicine, exercise science and paediatrics. The authorship team for this article was selected from the fields of paediatric exercise science, paediatric medicine, physical education, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.

Injury initiates unfavourable weight gain and obesity markers in youth.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of knee injuries with subsequent changes in body mass index and body composition during maturation in young females. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study design was employed to evaluate young females active in soccer or basketball (N=862). Participants who completed at least 1-year follow-up to provide consecutive annual measures of BMIZ and %fat were included in the study analysis to determine the effect of knee injuries on the trajectory of these obesity markers in youth. RESULTS: Of the 71 reported knee injuries, 12 (17%) occurred in athletes at the prepubertal stage, 24 (34%) in athletes at the pubertal stage, and 35 (49%) in postpubertal athletes. Controlling for the effects of maturation, female athletes who reported knee injury demonstrated a greater yearly increase in BMIZ (LS means and 95% CI for the injured group=0.039 (-0.012 to 0.089), for the non-injured group=-0.019 (-0.066 to 0.029), and group difference=0.057 (0.005 to 0.11), p=0.03) and in %body fat (LS means and 95% CI for the injured group=1.05 (0.45 to 1.65), for the non-injured group=0.22 (-0.21 to 0.064), and group difference=0.83 (0.21 to 1.45), p=0.009), compared to those without knee injuries. This indicates that the athletes with knee injuries will increase their body mass index percentile by up to 5 units more than someone of the same age without an injury, and in body fat by up to 1.5%, compared to their non-injured peers. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings indicate that knee injury during the growing years may be associated with unfavourable changes in body composition.

Case report: bilateral proximal epiphyseal clavicular stress-related lesions in a male gymnast.

BACKGROUND: Stress lesions of the upper extremity are relatively uncommon, and physeal stress lesions of the clavicle are rare. We present a case of bilateral physeal stress-related lesions of the proximal clavicular growth plate near the sternoclavicular joint in an adolescent male gymnast. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 13-year-old gymnast presented with a 3-week history of insidious onset of pain in the proximal clavicular area of his left shoulder. He had no pain at rest or at night. He recently had added a new maneuver to his routine. His radiographs were normal, but further study with CT scanning confirmed a stress lesion of his proximal clavicular physis. The lesion healed with time, and he returned to gymnastics with no symptoms. Approximately 5 months after the initial symptoms on the left side, he felt a pop and immediate pain in his right sternoclavicular joint area while doing a routine. Imaging revealed a chronic stress lesion of the proximal physis similar to that of the other side. The patient achieved healing with rest and returned to gymnastics with no limitations. LITERATURE REVIEW: Physeal stress-related lesions of the proximal clavicular physis have not been reported in the literature. PURPOSE AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medial clavicle pain in adolescent gymnasts may be secondary to stress-related lesions of the proximal clavicular growth plate. Such lesions are rare.

Athletic participation by children and adolescents who have systemic hypertension.

Children and adolescents who have hypertension may be at risk for complications when exercise causes their blood pressure to rise even higher. The purpose of this statement is to update recommendations concerning the athletic participation of individuals with hypertension, including special populations such as those with spinal cord injuries or obesity, by using the guidelines from "The 36th Bethesda Conference: Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities"; "The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents"; and "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure."

Strength training by children and adolescents.

Pediatricians are often asked to give advice on the safety and efficacy of strength-training programs for children and adolescents. This statement, which is a revision of a previous American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement, defines relevant terminology and provides current information on risks and benefits of strength training for children and adolescents.