Upscaling e-mental health in Europe: a six-country qualitative analysis and policy recommendations from the eMEN project.

E-mental health (eMH) encompasses the use of digital technologies to deliver, support, or enhance mental health services. Despite the growing evidence for the effectiveness of eMH interventions, the process of implementation of eMH solutions in healthcare remains slow throughout Europe. To address this issue, the e-Mental Health Innovation and Transnational Implementation Platform North-West Europe (eMEN) project was initiated to increase the dissemination and quality of eMH services in Europe. In this project, status analyses regarding eMH in the six participating countries (i.e., Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, and the UK) were conducted and eight recommendations for eMH were developed. Expert teams from the six participating countries conducted status analyses regarding the uptake of eMH based on a narrative literature review and stakeholder interviews. Based on these status analyses, the eMEN consortium developed eight policy recommendations to further support the implementation of eMH in Europe. The status analyses showed that the participating countries are in different stages of implementing eMH into mental healthcare. Some barriers to implementing eMH were common among countries (e.g., a limited legal and regulatory framework), while others were country-specific (e.g., fragmented, federal policies). The policy recommendations included fostering awareness, creating strong political commitment, and setting reliable standards related to ethics and data security. The eMEN project has provided the initial recommendations to guide political and regulatory processes regarding eMH. Further research is needed to establish well-tailored implementation strategies and to assess the generalizability of the recommendations beyond the countries involved in the eMEN project.

UT-B Urea Transporter Localization in the Bovine Gastrointestinal Tract.

Facilitative UT-B urea transporters play an important role in the urea nitrogen salvaging process that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, particularly ruminants. Gastrointestinal UT-B transporters have previously been reported in various ruminant species-including cow, sheep and goat. In this present study, UT-B transporter localization was investigated in tissues throughout the bovine gastrointestinal tract. RT-PCR analysis showed that UT-B2 was the predominant UT-B mRNA transcript expressed in dorsal, ventral and cranial ruminal sacs, while alternative UT-B transcripts were present in other gastrointestinal tissues. Immunoblotting analysis detected a strong, glycosylated ~50 kDa UT-B2 protein in all three ruminal sacs. Immunolocalization studies showed that UT-B2 protein was predominantly localized to the plasma membrane of cells in the stratum basale layer of all ruminal sac papillae. In contrast, other UT-B protein staining was detected in the basolateral membranes of the surface epithelial cells lining the abomasum, colon and rectum. Overall, these findings confirm that UT-B2 cellular localization is similar in all ruminal sacs and that other UT-B proteins are located in epithelial cells lining various tissues in the bovine gastrointestinal tract.

Priorities and satisfaction on the help needed and provided in a first episode of psychosis. A survey in five European Family Associations.

In the case of a first episode of psychosis among members of different associations of families of mentally ill people, little is known about their priorities and how satisfied they are with the help provided to them. A survey was conducted in five European family associations. Respondents emphasized the need for early (ambulant) intervention through outreach with very practical goals directed at creating stability and social functioning. About one-third of the respondents are unsatisfied or very unsatisfied. The highest percentage of unsatisfied respondents was in the following five areas of care: advice on how to handle specific problems; help with preserving or regaining social functioning; help with regaining structure and routine; information; prompt assistance preferably in patients own environment. The agreement of these findings with findings from earlier studies underlines the importance of suggesting specific changes in the delivery of care.

A K edge filter technique for optimization of the coherent-to-Compton scatter ratio method.

The ratio method involves forming the ratio of the elastic to inelastic x-ray scatter signals from a localized region of a scattering medium to determine its mean atomic number. An analysis is presented of two major error sources influencing the ratio method: firstly statistical (photon) noise and secondly multiple scattering and self-attenuation of the primary and scatter radiations in the medium. It is shown that a forward scattering geometry minimizes errors of both types for substances composed of elements with low and medium atomic number. However, owing to the small energy separation (approximately 100 eV) of coherent and Compton scatter for this geometry, they cannot be distinguished directly with semiconductor (e.g., Ge) detectors. A novel K edge filter technique is described which permits separation of the elastic and Compton signals in the forward-scatter geometry. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated by experimental results obtained with Ta fluorescence radiation provided by a fluorescent x-ray source filtered with an Er foil. The extension of this technique to the "in vivo" measurement of low momentum transfer inelastic scattering from biological tissues, possibly providing useful diagnostic information, is briefly discussed.