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2.
J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs ; 15(10): 833-49, 2008 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19012675

RESUMO

Urban adolescents are exposed to a substantial amount of community violence which has the potential to influence psychological functioning. To examine the relationship between community violence exposure and mental health symptoms in urban adolescents, a literature review using MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, CSA Social Services and CSA Sociological Abstracts was conducted. Search terms included adolescent/adolescence, violence, urban, mental health, well-being, emotional distress, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and aggression. Twenty-six empirical research articles from 1997 to 2007 met inclusion criteria for review. Findings indicate an influence of community violence exposure on mental health symptoms, particularly posttraumatic stress and aggression. Mediators and moderators for community violence exposure and mental health symptoms help explain relationships. Limitations in the literature are the lack of consistency in measurement and analysis of community violence exposure, including assessment of proximity and time frame of exposure, and in analysis of victimization and witnessing of community violence. Knowledge about identification of urban adolescents exposed to chronic community violence and who experience mental health symptoms is critical to mental health nursing practice and research.


Assuntos
Enfermagem Psiquiátrica , Psicologia do Adolescente , População Urbana , Violência , Adolescente , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressão/etiologia , Depressão/enfermagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Transtornos Mentais/enfermagem , Relações Enfermeiro-Paciente , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos
3.
Eye (Lond) ; 16(5): 601-7, 2002 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12194076

RESUMO

AIMS: To assess the safety and performance of a 0.1% (w/v) solution of sodium hyaluronate (HA, Fermavisc, in the alleviation of symptoms of severe dry eye in comparison with a 1.4% (w/v) solution of polyvinyl alcohol. METHODS: A randomised, crossover, multicentre study carried out at eight centres in the UK. Eligible patients giving written informed consent were randomised to the order in which they would receive the two study products. Each treatment period lasted for 4 weeks, then the patient crossed over to the other study product. Symptoms of burning and grittiness were assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) at each study visit and other objective clinical assessments of ocular structure and function were carried out at baseline and the end of each treatment period. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were entered into the study and 32 completed both treatment periods and were included in the statistical analyses. A significant improvement in the patients' VAS assessment of burning was seen after treatment with HA (P = 0.03, 95% Confidence Interval: -23.5 to -1.1). This treatment also resulted in a significantly lower rose bengal staining score (P = 0.04, 95% Confidence Interval: -1.62 to -0.05 for the right eye). CONCLUSION: The results show a significant clinical benefit in terms of relief of the symptom of burning when HA is applied topically to the eye three or four times per day or as required. HA also appears to have a protective effect on the corneal epithelium, as shown by a reduction in the level of staining of corneal epithelial cells by rose bengal. This study confirms that Fermavisc is a safe and effective product for use in the alleviation of symptoms of severe dry eye syndrome.


Assuntos
Síndromes do Olho Seco/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Hialurônico/uso terapêutico , Álcool de Polivinil/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Ácido Hialurônico/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Soluções Oftálmicas/efeitos adversos , Soluções Oftálmicas/uso terapêutico , Álcool de Polivinil/efeitos adversos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do Tratamento
4.
Prehosp Emerg Care ; 2(1): 29-32, 1998.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9737404

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: A national survey was mailed to state EMS directors to assess the current status of use of neuromuscular-blocking agents (NMBAs) by EMS systems across the United States. METHODS: Initial and second mailings were completed in early 1996 and 1997, respectively. RESULTS: Replies were received from all 50 (100%) states following the second mailing. Twenty-nine (58%) states use NMBAs. Eleven (22%) of the 29 use paralytic drugs only in aeromedical programs. Of the 18 states that use NMBAs in ground-based EMS systems, 11 (22%) use paramedic ambulance staffing exclusively. Registered nurses (RNs) or RN-paramedic teams comprised the majority of the remaining states' staffing configurations. The first reported date of implementation of use of NMBAs was 1985, and there has been a steady trend of additional states launching paralytic drug use over the last 12 years. CONCLUSION: This trend suggests that use of paralytic drugs by paramedics is becoming standard of care in many out-of-hospital systems.


Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Intubação Intratraqueal , Bloqueadores Neuromusculares/uso terapêutico , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/tendências , Tratamento de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos
5.
Prehosp Disaster Med ; 11(4): 292-5, 1996.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10163611

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine characteristics of continuing education programs for paramedics in large metropolitan areas, and to make recommendations for changes in the Chicago Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system. DESIGN: A survey of 95 metropolitan areas from each state in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: EMS medical directors, coordinators, and administrators. RESULTS: The survey population included 56 respondents. Within this group, 23% were from areas of 1 million people or more, 61% in areas with populations of 100,000 to 1 million and 16% from areas populated by < 100,000 people. Several system types were represented in the survey. In the systems surveyed, 98% mandate didactic continuing education requirements. Clinical continuing education was required by 34% of the systems. Ten systems (18%) awarded continuing education hours for documented in-field experience. This method did not have a specific structure by the majority of users. Both written and skills testing were used by most EMS systems to evaluate paramedic competency. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) could be found among population subgroups or EMS system types when evaluating the use of these various methods. CONCLUSION: EMS systems primarily use didactic sessions to meet their continuing education requirements. Nearly half of the systems requiring clinical continuing education use in-field credit to fulfill these requirements. In-field credit systems are poorly developed to date. This mechanism may be an effective alternative to usual clinical experiences for paramedics and deserves further investigation.


Assuntos
Educação Continuada/métodos , Educação Continuada/organização & administração , Auxiliares de Emergência/educação , Competência Clínica , Currículo , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos
6.
Br J Cancer ; 74(2): 297-9, 1996 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8688340

RESUMO

In 1985 a second randomisation was initiated for women in the treatment arm of the Scottish Tamoxifen Trial either to stop tamoxifen at 5 years or to continue indefinitely. A preliminary analysis of outcome in 342 patients at a median follow-up of 6 years suggests that a worthwhile gain in disease control from continuing adjuvant tamoxifen beyond 5 years is unlikely. [Hazard ratio for events (relapse or death without relapse) is 1.27, 95% CI = 0.87 - 1.85.] There is a suggestion that therapy for longer than 5 years may increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma (P = 0.064).


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/uso terapêutico , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Terapia Combinada , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
7.
Br J Surg ; 82(11): 1504-8, 1995 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8535804

RESUMO

Between January 1980 and October 1983, 417 patients were randomized for mastectomy followed by axillary node sampling or full axillary clearance. The aim of the study was to determine whether a standard 'four-node' axillary sample, followed by careful dissection of removed tissue, could accurately indicate the extent of local treatment required. Axillary radiotherapy was given only to patients with histological involvement of sampled nodes and not to any having axillary clearance. The incidence of involved nodes was similar for both groups, as were distant relapse and survival rates. Currently 62.6 percent are alive after clearance and 65.0 percent after sampling. A non-significant increase in the rate of locoregional relapse was observed for those treated by axillary node clearance, this being due mainly to increased relapse on the unirradiated chest wall (clearance 21 percent versus sampling 12 percent in patients with node-positive disease). There was only a minor difference in axillary relapse, favouring axillary clearance (3.0 versus 5.4 percent). In patients with operable breast cancer, mastectomy with axillary node sampling gives equal control to mastectomy with axillary node clearance but, as morbidity is greater, surgical clearance of the axilla is the preferred option.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Excisão de Linfonodo/métodos , Mastectomia/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Carcinoma in Situ/radioterapia , Carcinoma in Situ/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Doença de Paget Mamária/radioterapia , Doença de Paget Mamária/cirurgia , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento
8.
BMJ ; 311(7011): 977-80, 1995 Oct 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7580638

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine any cardiac or vascular morbidity associated with long term treatment with tamoxifen given after mastectomy for primary breast cancer. DESIGN: Cohort study using linkage between database of a randomised trial and statistics of Scottish hospital inpatients to identify episodes of cardiac and vascular morbidity. SETTING: NHS hospitals in Scotland. SUBJECTS: 1312 women who had undergone mastectomy for breast cancer and who were randomised either to a treatment group to receive adjuvant tamoxifen or to a control group to be given tamoxifen only on first relapse of disease. Maximum duration of tamoxifen treatment was 14 years. Total woman years of follow up were 9943. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Randomised and observational comparisons of risk (expressed as hazard ratios) of myocardial infarction, other cardiac event, cerebrovascular disease, or thromboembolic event according to treatment allocated and between nonusers, former users, and current users of tamoxifen. RESULTS: Use of tamoxifen was associated with lower rates of myocardial infarction. Hazard ratio for women in control group was 1.92 (95% confidence interval 0.99 to 3.73) compared with women allocated to adjuvant treatment. The association was stronger for current use: hazard ratio for non-users was 3.49 (1.52 to 8.03) compared with current users. Current users of tamoxifen, however, had higher rates of thromboembolic events:hazard ratio for non-users was 0.40 (0.18 to 0.90) compared with current users. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of myocardial infarction. Thromboembolic events should be carefully monitored in trials of tamoxifen, particularly those of prophylactic treatment, in which tamoxifen is given to healthy women.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Hormonais/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/induzido quimicamente , Tamoxifeno/efeitos adversos , Tromboembolia/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Mastectomia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento
9.
Am J Emerg Med ; 13(5): 540-2, 1995 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7662060

RESUMO

The diagnosis of splenic hematoma can be clinically challenging. A case of delayed rupture of an atraumatic splenic hematoma is described, illustrating how unusual the presentation of this entity can be.


Assuntos
Hematoma/diagnóstico , Ruptura Esplênica/diagnóstico , Emergências , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ruptura Espontânea , Esplenectomia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X
10.
Prehosp Disaster Med ; 8(4): 327-31, 1993.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10155474

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the experience of paramedic personnel at mass gatherings in the absence of on-site physicians. DESIGN: Retrospective review of patients evaluated by paramedics with emergency medical services (EMS) medical control. SETTING: First-aid facility operated by paramedics at an outdoor amphitheater involving 32 (predominantly rock music) concerts in accordance with the Chicago EMS System, June through September 1990. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 438 patients (< or = 0.1% on-site population) were evaluated. INTERVENTIONS: Presentations to the first-aid facility were viewed as if the patient was presenting to an ambulance. Transportation to an emergency department was strongly recommended for all encounters. Time from presentation to the first-aid facility until disposition was limited to 30 minutes in the absence of on-line [direct] medical control. Refusal of care was accepted. On-line [direct] medical control with the EMS resource hospital was initiated as needed. Off-line [indirect] medical control consisted of weekly reviews of all patients records and periodic site visits. RESULTS: Of the 438 patients, 366 (84%) refused further care, including 31 patients (7%) who refused advanced life support (ALS) level care. Seventy-two patients (16%) were transported; 37 by ALS and 35 by basic life support (BLS) units. On-line [direct] medical control was initiated in all ALS patients that were transported as well as for those who refused care. No known deaths or adverse outcomes occurred, based on lack of inquiries or complaints from the local EMS system, emergency departments receiving transported patients, law enforcement agencies, 9-1-1 emergency response providers, venue management, or security. No request for medical records from law firms have occurred. Problems noted initially were poor documentation and a tendency not to document all encounters (e.g., dispensing band-aids, tampons, earplugs, etc.). Concerns noted included: initial and subsequent vital signs, times of arrival, interventions, dispositions, and patient conditions of refusal. Specific problems with documentation of refusals at disposition included: appropriate mental status, speech, and gait; release with an accompanying family member or friend; and parental notification and approval of care for minors. There also was an initial tendency not to establish on-line [direct] medical control for ALS refusal or BLS medicolegal issues. CONCLUSIONS: The medical system configuration modeled after practices of prehospital care, demonstrates physicians did not need to be on-site when adequate EMS medical control existed with less than 30 minutes on-scene time.


Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/organização & administração , Papel do Médico , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Chicago , Documentação , Primeiros Socorros , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos
11.
BMJ ; 303(6800): 435-7, 1991 Aug 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1912833

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of fatal myocardial infarction in women in the two randomised arms of the Scottish adjuvant tamoxifen trial. DESIGN: Retrospective review of hospital notes to determine with the greatest possible certainty women who had died of an acute myocardial infarction. SETTING: Scottish Cancer Trials Office, the University of Edinburgh. PATIENTS: 1070 postmenopausal women with operable breast cancer who were randomised to receive either adjuvant tamoxifen for five years or until relapse (539 patients) or tamoxifen for at least six weeks on the confirmation of first recurrence (531 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of fatal myocardial infarction in women with no known or suspected systemic cancer. RESULTS: Of the 200 women who died in the adjuvant tamoxifen arm of the trial, 44 were free of cancer at death and 10 of these died of myocardial infarction. In the observation arm 251 women died, of whom 61 showed no evidence of systemic cancer and 25 had a fatal myocardial infarction. The incidence of fatal myocardial infarction in the two groups was significantly different (chi 2 = 6.88, p = 0.0087). CONCLUSION: Tamoxifen given for at least five years as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer seems to have a cardioprotective oestrogen-like effect in postmenopausal women.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/prevenção & controle , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Menopausa , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Escócia , Tamoxifeno/administração & dosagem
12.
Dis Colon Rectum ; 28(11): 775-6, 1985 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3902412

RESUMO

Reported are 305 patients undergoing 327 intestinal anastomoses with polyglactin 910(Vicryl, Ethicon) suture. The technique of one-layer interrupted absorbable suture anastomosis is discussed. A leak rate of 0.6 percent is recorded and indicates this method is acceptable.


Assuntos
Intestinos/cirurgia , Poliglactina 910 , Polímeros , Suturas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Sutura
13.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 80(12): 3734-7, 1983 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6407019

RESUMO

A permanent human cell line, EA . hy 926, has been established that expresses at least one highly differentiated function of vascular endothelium, factor VIII-related antigen. This line was derived by fusing human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the permanent human cell line A549. Hybrid cells that survived in selective medium had more chromosomes than either progenitor cell type and included a marker chromosome from the A549 line. Factor VIII-related antigen can be identified intracellularly in the hybrids by immunofluorescence and accumulates in the culture fluid. Expression of factor VIII-related antigen by these hybrid cells has been maintained for more than 100 cumulative population doublings, including more than 50 passages and three cloning steps. This is evidence that EA . hy 926 represents a permanent line.


Assuntos
Antígenos/genética , Fator VIII/imunologia , Divisão Celular , Fusão Celular , Linhagem Celular , Endotélio/fisiologia , Fator VIII/genética , Feminino , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Cinética , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Gravidez , Veias Umbilicais/fisiologia , Fator de von Willebrand
14.
Neuropharmacology ; 22(3): 273-8, 1983 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6133232

RESUMO

The hypothesis that the nerve endings of the dopamine projection of the frontal cortex lack autoreceptors for regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase was tested by using the preferential inhibitors of dopamine autoreceptors, molindole and buspirone. In contrast to haloperidol, which elevates dopamine metabolism in the striatum and frontal cortex, both molindone and buspirone elicited little change in dopamine metabolism in the frontal cortex at doses up to 3.0 mg/kg, which cause the same maximal response in the corpus striatum as does haloperidol. Thus, the lack of autoreceptors in the frontal cortex is of pharmacological importance. That preferential inhibition of striatal dopamine autoreceptors may reverse catalepsy by enhancing synthesis and release of dopamine was tested by first inducing catalepsy with different drugs and then administering molindone or buspirone. Only buspirone (1.0 mg/kg) reversed catalepsy. This effect does not require presynaptic dopamine as catalepsy was reversed by buspirone in the dopamine-depleted rat (with 2.0 mg/kg R04-1284) as well as after postsynaptic dopamine receptor blockade by haloperidol of cis-flupenthixol. Thus, the mechanism for the reversal of catalepsy appears to be located efferent from the dopamine neuron. Buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anti-anxiety drug, may prove useful for treatment of extrapyramidal motor disorders of either iatrogenic or idiosyncratic origin.


Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Dopamina/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Molindona/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Ácido 3,4-Di-Hidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Animais , Buspirona , Catalepsia/induzido quimicamente , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Feminino , Haloperidol/farmacologia , Humanos , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Fatores de Tempo
15.
Science ; 219(4585): 733-40, 1983 Feb 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17814035

RESUMO

Renewable raw materials may be converted by biological means to feedstocks for the chemical industry. Glucose from cornstarch is the current choice as a substrate, although advances may enable the use of less expensive lignocellulosic materals. The production of oxychemicals and their derivatives from renewable resources could amount to about 100 billion pounds annually, or about half of the U.S. production of organic chemicals. Ethanol produced by fermentation is now cost-competitive with industral ethanol produced from fossil fuel. Biological routes to other oxychemicals exist and are expected to be important in the future. Several product recovery methods may be used, but new energy-conserving methods will be needed to make the engineering-biology combinations economical.

17.
J Med Assoc State Ala ; 47(5): 40-1, 1977 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-925548
20.
South Med J ; 68(1): 55-8, 1975 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1154059

RESUMO

A study of 37 patients with sigmoid volvulus is presented. Subsequent bouts of recurrent volvulus are very common after sigmoidoscopic intubation, and overall mortality rates are high. Surgical resection is the preferred method of treatment.


Assuntos
Colo Sigmoide , Obstrução Intestinal , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Colo Sigmoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Colo Sigmoide/cirurgia , Doenças do Colo/complicações , Doenças do Colo/mortalidade , Doenças do Colo/cirurgia , Feminino , Gangrena/etiologia , Humanos , Obstrução Intestinal/complicações , Obstrução Intestinal/mortalidade , Obstrução Intestinal/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peritonite/complicações , Radiografia , Recidiva , Sigmoidoscopia
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