Discourses mapped by Q-method show governance constraints motivate landscape approaches in Indonesia.

Interpreting discourses among implementers of what is termed a "landscape approach" enables us to learn from their experience to improve conservation and development outcomes. We use Q-methodology to explore the perspectives of a group of experts in the landscape approach, both from academic and implementation fields, on what hinderances are in place to the realisation of achieving sustainable landscape management in Indonesia. The results show that, at a generic level, "corruption" and "lack of transparency and accountability" rank as the greatest constraints on landscape functionality. Biophysical factors, such as topography and climate change, rank as the least constraining factors. When participants considered a landscape with which they were most familiar, the results changed: the rapid change of regulations, limited local human capacity and inaccessible data on economic risks increased, while the inadequacy of democratic institutions, "overlapping laws" and "corruption" decreased. The difference indicates some fine-tuning of generic perceptions to the local context and may also reflect different views on what is achievable for landscape approach practitioners. Overall, approximately 55% of variance is accounted for by five discourse factors for each trial. Four overlapped and two discourses were discrete enough to merit different discourse labels. We labelled the discourses (1) social exclusionists, (2) state view, (3) community view, (4) integrationists, (5) democrats, and (6) neoliberals. Each discourse contains elements actionable at the landscape scale, as well as exogenous issues that originate at national and global scales. Actionable elements that could contribute to improving governance included trust building, clarified resource rights and responsibilities, and inclusive representation in management. The landscape sustainability discourses studied here suggests that landscape approach "learners" must focus on ways to remedy poor governance if they are to achieve sustainability and multi-functionality.

Electric pulse frequency and magnitude of perceived sensation during electrocutaneous forearm stimulation.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect that electric pulse frequency has on the perceived magnitude of sensation and to quantify the relationship between electric pulse frequency and perceived magnitude of sensation during low-intensity electrocutaneous stimulation. DESIGN: A repeated-measures research design was applied to evaluate the effect of electric pulse frequency on the perceived magnitude of electrocutaneous stimulation. SETTING: Electrocutaneous agents laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: University students (N=26) with normal hearing and normal sensation were recruited for the study. INTERVENTIONS: Electrocutaneous stimulation was applied to the forearm at 10 electric pulse frequencies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A cross-modality matching procedure was used in which stimulation intensity was matched with the level of loudness. Pairwise comparisons with 2 degrees of freedom at a power of 80% was performed. Statistical significance was set at P equal to .05. RESULTS: Electric pulse frequency had a significant effect on the perceived magnitude of sensation, with the perceived sensation growing between 0 and 120Hz (F=36.02; P<.001). The relationship between the 2 variables was strong (r(2)=.99; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the electric pulse frequency of electrocutaneous stimulation increases the perceived magnitude of the resulting sensation. This has implications for the use of electrocutaneous stimulation for both analgesia and muscle stimulation.