Mathematics abilities associated with adaptive functioning in preschool children born preterm.

It is well known that infants born very preterm (VPT) often demonstrate deficits in mathematical abilities in early childhood which are associated with poorer academic outcomes. Mathematic skills are also critical for other areas of functioning. However, it is not known whether mathematics skills are associated with adaptive functioning in children born preterm. Infants born at ≤31 weeks gestation and full term were recruited at birth and followed over time. At the 36-month corrected age assessment, children were administered the Early Number Concepts subtest of the Differential Abilities Scale, Second Edition, and caregivers completed the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition. After controlling for age, sex, cognitive abilities, and caregiver education, performance on the mathematics measure was uniquely and positively associated with adaptive behavior for preschool children in the VPT group only. Exploratory analyses revealed this association to be specifically related to the Practical and Social composites. Knowledge of concepts of number and quantity were associated with better adaptive functioning, particularly for behaviors related to functioning at home and in the community and play/social functioning, for children born VPT. Although replication is warranted, it would appear that mathematical skills may be an important early intervention target for children born VPT.

Leveraging expertise and optimizing clinical research: Initial success of a pediatric epilepsy surgery collaborative.

OBJECTIVE: Improve data-driven research to inform clinical decision-making with pediatric epilepsy surgery patients by expanding the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium Epilepsy Surgery (PERC-Surgery) Workgroup to include neuropsychological data. This article reports on the process and initial success of this effort and characterizes the cognitive functioning of the largest multi-site pediatric epilepsy surgery cohort in the United States. METHODS: Pediatric neuropsychologists from 18 institutions completed surveys regarding neuropsychological practice and the impact of involvement in the collaborative. Neuropsychological data were entered through an online database. Descriptive analyses examined the survey responses and cognitive functioning of the cohort. Statistical analyses examined which patients were evaluated and if composite scores differed by domain, demographics, measures used, or epilepsy characteristics. RESULTS: Positive impact of participation was evident by attendance, survey responses, and the neuropsychological data entry of 534 presurgical epilepsy patients. This cohort, ages 6 months to 21 years, were majority White and non-Hispanic, and more likely to have private insurance. Mean intelligence quotient (IQ) scores were below to low average, with weaknesses in working memory and processing speed. Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was lowest for patients with younger age at seizure onset, daily seizures, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. SIGNIFICANCE: We established a collaborative network and fundamental infrastructure to address questions outlined by the Epilepsy Research Benchmarks. There is a wide range in the age and IQ of patients considered for pediatric epilepsy surgery, yet it appears that social determinants of health impact access to care. Consistent with other national cohorts, this US cohort has a downward shift in IQ associated with seizure severity.

Pediatric mTBI during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for evaluation and management.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed healthcare utilization patterns and clinical practice, including pediatric mTBI evaluation and management. Providers treating pediatric mTBI, including neuropsychologists, have a unique role in evaluating and managing an already complex injury in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic with limited empirically based guidelines. In the present paper, we review usual, evidence-based pediatric mTBI care, highlight changes experienced by healthcare providers since the onset of the pandemic, and provide possible considerations and solutions. Three primary challenges to usual care are discussed, including changes to post-injury evaluation, management, and treatment of persistent symptoms. Changing patterns of healthcare utilization have created unique differences in mTBI identification and evaluation, including shifting injury frequency and mechanism, reluctance to seek healthcare, and increasing access to telemedicine. Typical injury management has been compromised by limited access to usual systems/activities (i.e., school, sports, social/leisure activities). Patients may be at higher risk for prolonged recovery due to pre-injury baseline elevations in acute and chronic stressors and reduced access to rehabilitative services targeting persistent symptoms. Considerations and solutions for addressing each of the three challenges are discussed. Neuropsychologists and other pediatric healthcare providers will need to continue to flexibly adapt to the changing needs of youth recovering from mTBI through the duration of the pandemic and beyond. Consistent with pre-pandemic consensus statements, neuropsychologists remain uniquely qualified to evaluate and manage mTBI and provide an increasingly integral role as members of multidisciplinary teams in the context of the global pandemic.Abbreviations: AAP: American Academy of Pediatrics; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 19; ED: emergency department; mTBI: Mild traumatic brain injury.

Predictors of Treatment Response to Multidisciplinary Care for Persistent Symptoms after Pediatric Concussion.

PURPOSE: To assess which pediatric patients experiencing persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS) benefit most from multidisciplinary treatment including specialists in Neurology, Neuropsychology, Physical Therapy, and Athletic Training, and to explore the effectiveness of this approach. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 56 adolescents 10-20 years old (M = 15.0 ± 2.1) receiving multidisciplinary care for PCS (>30 days) was conducted. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure and Body Mass Index predicted time to concussion resolution (p < .05), such that higher values were associated with slower resolution. PCS scores significantly decreased between participants' initial and final clinic visits, p < .01, and among the 25 participants for whom pre-intervention PCS scores were available, symptom severity scores significantly declined following multidisciplinary intervention compared to pre-referral values (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Exploratory analyses reveal that multidisciplinary treatment is a promising approach for reducing symptoms among adolescents with PCS, and that those with greater levels of physical fitness may benefit most.

Longitudinal MRI brain volume changes over one year in children with mucopolysaccharidosis types IIIA and IIIB.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify changes in segmented brain volumes over 12 months in children with mucopolysaccharidosis types IIIA and IIIB (MPS IIIA and IIIB). METHODS: In order to establish suitable outcome measures for clinical trials, twenty-five children greater than 2 years of age were enrolled in a prospective natural history study of MPS IIIA and IIIB at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Data from sedated non-contrast brain 3 T MRIs and neuropsychological measures were reviewed from the baseline visit and at 12-month follow-up. No intervention beyond standard clinical care was provided. Age- and sex-matched controls were gathered from the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive. Automated brain volume segmentation with longitudinal processing was performed using FreeSurfer. RESULTS: Of the 25 subjects enrolled with MPS III, 17 children (4 females, 13 males) completed at least one MRI with interpretable volumetric data. The ages ranged from 2.8 to 13.7 years old (average 7.2 years old) at enrollment, including 8 with MPS IIIA and 9 with MPS IIIB. At baseline, individuals with MPS III demonstrated reduced cerebral white matter and corpus callosum volumes, but greater volumes of the lateral ventricles, cerebellar cortex, and cerebellar white matter compared to controls. Among the 13 individuals with MPS III with two interpretable MRIs, there were annualized losses or plateaus in supratentorial brain tissue volumes (cerebral cortex -42.10 ± 18.52 cm3/year [mean ± SD], cerebral white matter -4.37 ± 11.82 cm3/year, subcortical gray matter -6.54 ± 3.63 cm3/year, corpus callosum -0.18 ± 0.62 cm3/yr) and in cerebellar cortex (-0.49 ± 12.57 cm3/year), with a compensatory increase in lateral ventricular volume (7.17 ± 6.79 cm3/year). Reductions in the cerebral cortex and subcortical gray matter were more striking in individuals younger than 8 years of age. Greater cerebral cortex volume was associated with higher fine and gross motor functioning on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, while greater subcortical gray matter volume was associated with higher nonverbal functioning on the Leiter International Performance Scale. Larger cerebellar cortex was associated with higher receptive language performance on the Mullen, but greater cerebellar white matter correlated with worse adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales and visual problem-solving on the Mullen. CONCLUSIONS: Loss or plateauing of supratentorial brain tissue volumes may serve as longitudinal biomarkers of MPS III age-related disease progression compared to age-related growth in typically developing controls. Abnormally increased cerebellar white matter in MPS III, and its association with worse performance on neuropsychological measures, suggest the possibility of pathophysiological mechanisms distinct from neurodegeneration-associated atrophy that warrant further investigation.

Concussion Symptom Treatment and Education Program: A Feasibility Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and potential benefits of a manualized, brief cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention program for children and adolescents with persistent postconcussive symptoms. SETTING: Two outpatient pediatric concussion programs in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 8 to 17 years who sustained concussions between 2 and 12 months prior to enrollment. DESIGN: Pre-/postretrospective study. MAIN MEASURES: SCAT-3; HBI; PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales; and RCADS. RESULTS: Thirty children and adolescents completed the treatment program. Self- and parent-reported postconcussive symptoms, quality of life, and internalizing symptoms significantly improved with treatment. Mixed-effects models revealed a significant decline in self-reported postconcussive symptoms across treatment sessions, a = -2.07, SE = 0.25, P < .001. The largest change occurred between sessions 2 and 3, following the session focusing on concussion psychoeducation and sleep hygiene (estimated mean change between sessions 2 and 3 = -4.72, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that a 6-session manualized cognitive behavioral intervention is feasible to initiate in an outpatient clinic 1 to 12 months following a pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. With a manualized format, clinicians at most levels of training should be able to implement this treatment manual and flexibly adapt as needed when working with children and adolescents who are experiencing delayed symptom recovery following concussion.

Online Family Problem-Solving Therapy (F-PST) for Executive and Behavioral Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescents: A Randomized, Multicenter, Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the comparative effectiveness of 3 modes of family problem-solving therapy (F-PST): therapist-guided online, self-guided online, and face-to-face. SETTING: Four children's hospitals and a general hospital with pediatric commitment. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 150 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, previously hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and evidence of behavior problems at enrollment. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized clinical trial. MAIN MEASURES: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Global Executive Composite (GEC), Behavior Regulation Index, and Metacognition Index, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Total at baseline and 6 and 9 months later. RESULTS: Mixed-model intention-to-treat analyses of comparative effectiveness failed to reveal statistically significant differences among treatment groups. At 6 months, parent BRIEF-GEC improved for the therapist-guided and self-guided, online groups. Effects remained significant and increased in magnitude at 9 months for the self-guided online group. Scores for the Self-guided online group significantly improved from baseline to 9 months on the SDQ Total. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative effectiveness study supports the utility of both self- and therapist-guided online F-PST in improving executive function behaviors in adolescents following TBI. Further work regarding clinical implementation and how best to integrate telehealth with ongoing rehabilitation care is warranted.

Adolescent quality of life following family problem-solving treatment for brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in quality of life (QoL) in adolescents receiving family problem-solving therapy (F-PST) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD: Adolescents hospitalized for moderate-to-severe TBI were randomized to 1 of 3 ten-session, 6-month long treatments: face-to-face F-PST (n = 34), therapist-guided online F-PST (n = 56), and self-guided online F-PST (n = 60). Participants included 96 boys and 54 girls, of whom 124 were White and 6 were Hispanic. Outcomes were assessed pretreatment and 6 and 9 months later. Adolescents and parents rated adolescent QoL and TBI-related symptoms on the PedsQL and Health and Behavior Inventory (HBI), respectively. We used mixed modeling to examine changes over time and moderators of treatment efficacy. RESULTS: Therapist- and self-guided online groups demonstrated improvements in parent-proxy QoL from baseline to 9 months, Cohen's d = 0.75; p = .004 and Cohen's d = 1.30; p < .001, respectively. The face-to-face group had poorer parent-proxy QoL at 6 months (M = 62, SE = 3.4) than either the therapist- (M = 70.9, SE = 2.8) or self-guided online group (M = 71.1, SE = 2.6). There were no changes or group differences in self-reported QoL over time. Similar findings were observed on the HBI. Differential treatment effects on parent-proxy outcomes were found in boys versus girls and in those from single versus 2-parent households. Improvements in parent-proxy HBI ratings mediated QoL improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Both online treatments, but not face-to-face F-PST, were associated with clinical improvements, raising questions about our current delivery paradigm. Individual and family moderators of treatment efficacy underscore the potential of personalized treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Family-Problem-Solving Treatment for Adolescent Brain Injury: Parent Outcomes From the Coping with Head Injury through Problem Solving (CHIPS) Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in depression and distress in parents of adolescents receiving family-problem-solving therapy (F-PST) following traumatic brain injury. METHOD: Families of adolescents hospitalized for moderate to severe traumatic brain injury were randomized to face-to-face F-PST (34), therapist-guided online F-PST (56), or self-guided online F-PST (60). Outcomes were assessed pretreatment and 6 and 9 months later. Parents rated depression and distress on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory, respectively. Mixed modeling was used to examine changes over time and treatment moderators. RESULTS: The therapist-guided online group had significant reductions in parental depression over time. Analyses of slopes of recovery revealed differential improvement on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale between the 2 online groups, with no significant change in depressive symptoms following self-guided F-PST. On the Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index, the therapist-guided online group reported significant improvement from baseline to 6 months that was maintained at 9 months. The face-to-face and self-guided online groups reported significant reductions in distress between 6 and 9 months with corresponding large effect sizes. Differences on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale between therapist-guided and self-guided online groups at the 9-month follow-up were more pronounced in families of lower socioeconomic status, t103 = -2.87; P = .005. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide further support for the utility of therapist-guided online F-PST in reducing parental depression and distress following pediatric traumatic brain injury and offer limited evidence of the efficacy of self-guided online treatment for these outcomes. Families of lower socioeconomic status may benefit more from therapist involvement.

The Relationship of Adolescent and Parent Preferences for Treatment Modality With Satisfaction, Attrition, Adherence, and Efficacy: The Coping With Head Injury Through Problem-Solving (CHIPS) Study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize treatment preferences for delivery of family problem-solving treatment (F-PST) to adolescents with behavioral challenges following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine associations with attrition, adherence, satisfaction, and efficacy. METHOD: Adolescents who had been hospitalized for moderate to severe TBI were randomized to face-to-face F-PST (n = 34), therapist-guided online F-PST (n = 56), and self-guided online F-PST (n = 60). Adolescents and parents rated treatment convenience and anticipated benefit before group assignment. Sessions completed served as an index of adherence. Satisfaction was rated posttreatment. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used to assess parent-reported behavioral concerns. RESULTS: Both parents and adolescents were more likely to agree or strongly agree that they anticipated self-guided online F-PST to be the most convenient relative to either of the therapist-involved approaches. Parents were also less likely to anticipate face-to-face treatment as most beneficial, relative to the two online treatments. Adolescent preferences were significantly related to attrition with 27% versus 13% dropout rates for those assigned to nonpreferred and preferred treatments, respectively. Parent and adolescent preferences before treatment were unrelated to post-intervention satisfaction, adherence, or improvements in parent-reported child behavior problems. CONCLUSIONS: Online treatments are perceived favorably among adolescents with TBI and their parents. For adolescents, these pretreatment preferences influenced treatment completion. Poor correspondence between initial preferences and posttreatment satisfaction and benefit suggests that therapeutic experience more strongly influences ultimate satisfaction.

Comparative effectiveness of family problem-solving therapy (F-PST) for adolescents after traumatic brain injury: Protocol for a randomized, multicenter, clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this manuscript is to describe the methodology that will be used to test the comparative effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of three formats of family problem solving therapy (F-PST) for improving functional outcomes of complicated mild to severe adolescent TBI. METHODS: Three-arm comparative effectiveness, randomized clinical trial (RCT) design. We describe the protocol of a three-arm RCT comparing the effectiveness of three modalities of F-PST to reduce executive dysfunction and behavior problems following TBI in adolescence. The RCT will compare the relative effectiveness among face-to-face; online and self-directed; and therapist-supported online modes of treatment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: It is anticipated that findings from this work will inform future clinical care practices, with implications for treatment of other patient populations of youth with psychological symptoms arising from neurological conditions. Institutional review board approval will be obtained from all sites prior to commencement of the study.

Brief cognitive behavioral intervention for children and adolescents with persistent post-concussive symptoms: A pilot study.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a brief cognitive behavioral intervention program for children and adolescents experiencing persistent post-concussion symptoms. A total of 31 patients aged 10 to 18 years participated in the intervention. The median time since injury at treatment onset was 95 days though the range was large (23-720 days). Treatment was on average four sessions in duration. Sessions included concussion education, activity scheduling, sleep hygiene relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring. Outcomes were measured using symptom reports on the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool - Third Edition (SCAT-3) and parent-reported quality of life on the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Mixed-effects models revealed that symptom reports did not decrease prior to the initiation of this treatment, though significant symptom improvement occurred following treatment. Quality of life scores significantly improved across domains, with the largest gains made in the emotional and school domains. Participant characteristics including age, sex, maternal education, and previous mental health problems were not found to be significantly related to treatment outcomes. Contrary to predictions, length of time since injury was not related to symptom changes. The primary limitation of this study is that it lacks randomization and an experimental control group. The results suggest that brief cognitive behavioral intervention may be a promising treatment for children and adolescents experiencing persistent post-concussive symptoms and warrants further investigation.

Utilization of conventional neuroimaging following youth concussion.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Conventional neuroimaging is not recommended for the routine diagnosis of concussion, but some patients with concussion undergo computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The objective of this study was to explore the clinical factors that predict neuroimaging utilization in concussion. METHODS: Concussion-related CT and MRI data were analysed from 1953 patients, aged 10-19 years, who presented to a sports concussion clinic within 30 days of injury. RESULTS: The majority of CT scans (n = 193) were obtained during the acute concussion period (mean = 2.7 days post-concussion), whereas MRI scans (n = 134) were ordered later during recovery (mean = 39.4 days post-concussion). Predictors of CT utilization included loss of consciousness, amnesia and vomiting (all p < 0.001). Prior concussion (p = 0.002) and continued participation in activity after injury (p = 0.03) predicted greater MRI utilization. Neuroimaging with either CT (p = 0.024, hazard ratio = 1.2) or MRI (p < 0.001, hazard ratio = 2.75) was associated with prolonged symptoms. Only 3.1% of CTs and 1.5% of MRIs demonstrated signs of traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSION: Several clinical factors predict neuroimaging utilization in patients with concussion. CT is generally used acutely, while MRI is used in the sub-acute and chronic post-concussion periods. In a sports concussion clinic, delayed neuroimaging has limited clinical yield.

Specific Factors Influence Postconcussion Symptom Duration among Youth Referred to a Sports Concussion Clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical factors that influence the duration of postconcussion symptoms among youth referred to a sports concussion clinic. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate several potential predictors of symptom duration via a Cox proportional hazards analyses. The individual postconcussion symptom scores were highly correlated, so these symptoms were analyzed in the statistical model as coefficients derived from principal component analyses. RESULTS: Among 1953 youth with concussion, 1755 (89.9%) had dates of reported symptom resolution. The remainder (10.1%) were lost to follow-up and censored. The median time to recovery was 18 days (range 1-353 days). By 30 days, 72.6% had recovered; by 60 days, 91.4% had recovered; and by 90 days, 96.8% had recovered. Several variables in a multivariate Cox model predicted postconcussion symptom duration: female sex (P < .001, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.28), continued activity participation (P = .02, HR = 1.13), loss of consciousness (P = .03, HR = 1.18), anterograde amnesia (P = .04, HR = 1.15), premorbid headaches (P = .03, HR = 1.15), symptom components from the day of concussion (emotion, P = .03, HR = 1.08), and the day of clinic evaluation (cognitive-fatigue, P < .001, HR = 1.22; cephalalgic, P < .001, HR = 1.27; emotional, P = .05, HR = 1.08; arousal-stimulation, P = .003, HR = 1.1). In univariate analyses, greater symptom scores generally predicted longer symptom durations. Worsening of symptoms from the day of concussion to the day of clinic evaluation also predicted longer recovery (P < .001, HR = 1.59). CONCLUSIONS: Several factors help to predict protracted postconcussion symptom durations among youth referred to a sports concussion clinic.

Returning the student to school after concussion: what do clinicians need to know?

Participation in school is vital to a child's academic and social development. Following concussion, returning the student to school can pose several challenges for families, healthcare providers and school personnel. The complex constellation of postconcussion symptoms can impair learning and can make the school environment intolerable. Research evidence to guide the return to school process is lacking, but protocols have been proposed that outline a gradual reintroduction to school with academic accommodations tailored to the student's specific symptoms. Key medical and school personnel must understand their respective roles to optimize the process. This review of the current literature examines the available data and expert recommendations that can support a student's successful return to school following concussion.

Post-traumatic headaches correlate with migraine symptoms in youth with concussion.

OBJECTIVE: The term "post-traumatic migraine" (PTM) has been used to describe post-traumatic headaches (PTHs) that have associated migraine features, but studies of this relationship are lacking. The objective of the present study was to determine whether PTH correlates strongly with migraine symptoms among youth with concussion. METHODS: Twenty-three symptoms were analyzed from a retrospective cohort of 1953 pediatric patients with concussion. A principal component analysis (PCA) with oblique Promax rotation was conducted to explore underlying symptom relationships in the full cohort and in subcohorts stratified by the presence (n = 414) or absence (n = 1526) of premorbid headache. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 14.1 years; 63% were male. Headache was the most common postconcussion symptom, acknowledged by 69.4% of patients. When considering the full cohort, the PCA demonstrated clustering of headache with photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, dizziness, and neck pain. Similar clustering was present among patients without premorbid headaches. Repeating the analysis in the patients with preconcussion headaches led to elimination of neck pain from the cluster. CONCLUSIONS: PTH correlates strongly with other migraine symptoms among youth with concussion, regardless of premorbid headaches. This clustering of migraine symptoms supports the existence of PTM as a distinct clinical entity in some patients.

Injury versus noninjury factors as predictors of postconcussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury in children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative contributions of injury characteristics and noninjury child and family factors as predictors of postconcussive symptoms (PCS) following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children. METHOD: Participants were 8- to 15-year-old children, 186 with mild TBI and 99 with mild orthopedic injuries (OI). Parents and children rated PCS shortly after injury and at 1, 3, and 12 months postinjury. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to predict PCS from (1) demographic variables; (2) premorbid child factors (WASI IQ; WRAT-3 Reading; Child Behavior Checklist; ratings of preinjury PCS); (3) family factors (Family Assessment Device General Functioning Scale; Brief Symptom Inventory; and Life Stressors and Social Resources Inventory); and (4) injury group (OI, mild TBI with loss of consciousness [LOC] and associated injuries [AI], mild TBI with LOC but without AI, mild TBI without LOC but with AI, and mild TBI without LOC or AI). RESULTS: Injury group predicted parent and child ratings of PCS but showed a decreasing contribution over time. Demographic variables consistently predicted symptom ratings across time. Premorbid child factors, especially retrospective ratings of premorbid symptoms, accounted for the most variance in symptom ratings. Family factors, particularly parent adjustment, consistently predicted parent, but not child, ratings of PCS. CONCLUSIONS: Injury characteristics predict PCS in the first months following mild TBI but show a decreasing contribution over time. In contrast, noninjury factors are more consistently related to persistent PCS.

Iowa gambling task performance in overweight children and adolescents at risk for obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a nocturnal respiratory disorder associated with cognitive and behavioral sequelae, including impairments in executive functioning (EF). Previous literature has focused on "cool" EF, meaning abilities such as working memory and planning that do not involve affective control requirements. Little is known about the impact OSA may have on "hot" EF that involves regulation of affect and risk-related decision-making, and that may be particularly salient during adolescence, when these skills are rapidly developing. This study examined performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task believed to assess aspects of "hot" EF, in overweight adolescents at risk for OSA. Consistent with hypotheses, individuals without OSA made more beneficial decisions on the IGT over time, but participants with OSA did not benefit from feedback and continued to make choices associated with higher initial rewards, but greater long-term losses. The relationship between developmental level and IGT performance was moderated by OSA status. Individuals with OSA did not demonstrate the expected developmental gains in performance during the IGT. This finding suggests that OSA may impact the development of critical aspects of EF, or at least the expression of these skills during the developmentally important period of adolescence.

Adherence to combined montelukast and fluticasone treatment in economically disadvantaged african american youth with asthma.

High rates of asthma treatment nonadherence have been reported, particularly in economically disadvantaged African American youth. The relationship between adherence to combined medication treatment and asthma outcomes has potential clinical significance but is not well understood. Using electronic monitoring, we describe the pattern of adherence to daily corticosteroid (fluticasone) and leukotriene receptor antagonist (montelukast) medication over the course of 1 year in a population of African American youth with moderate to severe asthma. On average, adherence to montelukast was higher than adherence to fluticasone (p < 0.01); however, for both medications, adherence rates significantly declined over the course of the study. After 1 year, participants took only 31% of prescribed doses of montelukast and 23% of prescribed doses of fluticasone. The decline in adherence to both fluticasone (p < 0.05) and montelukast (p < 0.001) was related to increased healthcare utilization. Furthermore, asthma symptom ratings were related montelukast (p < 0.001), but not fluticasone adherence. These results suggest that adherence promotion intervention strategies are warranted to improve health-related outcomes in families who are at-risk for treatment nonadherence.

Application of signal detection theory to verbal memory testing to distinguish patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures from patients with epileptic seizures.

Distinguishing psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) from epileptic seizures (ES) is a difficult task that is often aided by neuropsychological evaluation. In the present study, signal detection theory (SDT) was used to examine differences between these groups in neuropsychological performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition, Word List Test (WMS-III WLT). The raw WMS-III WLT scores on this task failed to discriminate the two groups; however, with the use of SDT, patients with PNES were found to have a negative response bias and increased memory sensitivity as compared with patients with ES. When patients with left (LTLE) and right (RTLE) temporal lobe epilepsy were compared, the patients with LTLE demonstrated decreased memory sensitivity but a similar response bias as compared with the patients with RTLE. Memory impairment in patients with PNES may be related to faulty decision-making strategies, rather than true memory impairment, whereas memory performance differences between the LTLE and RTLE groups are likely related to actual differences in memory abilities.