Acupuncture in hospice settings: A qualitative exploration of patients' experiences.

Whilst acupuncture has the potential to impact on many aspects of health and well-being, including end-of-life care, there is little research regarding patients' experiences of its effects within the context of palliative care in hospice settings. The aim of this study was to address this gap, by exploring patients' experiences of acupuncture within this setting. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of eighteen patients who had received acupuncture as part of hospice care. Transcription of data, with thematic analysis, identified two overarching themes: (1) participant perceptions of the effects of acupuncture including pain control, improved physical and emotional health, spiritual well-being and awareness of health as a holistic phenomenon; and (2) factors which participants believed enabled acupuncture to have these effects including the quality of the practitioner relationship, engagement of participants in the process of their treatment and prior expectations that acupuncture could work. Acupuncture was found to be a highly acceptable, accessible and popular treatment with positive holistic effects reported across the domains of physical, mental and spiritual health and no serious adverse effects. By enabling awareness of the holistic nature of health and well-being, acupuncture was experienced as having the potential to contribute to a better death, an emergent theory that needs testing in further studies. In the meanwhile, the results of this study offer encouragement to hospices currently providing or considering investing in acupuncture provision.

Alpha-amino acid phenolic ester derivatives: novel water-soluble general anesthetic agents which allosterically modulate GABA(A) receptors.

In the search for a novel water-soluble general anesthetic agent the activity of an alpha-amino acid phenolic ester lead, identified from patent literature, was markedly improved. In addition to improving in vivo activity in mice, good in vitro activity at GABA(A) receptors was also conferred. Within the series of compounds good enantioselectivity for both in vitro and in vivo activity was found, supporting a protein-mediated mechanism of action for anesthesia involving allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors. alpha-Amino acid phenolic ester 19, as the hydrobromide salt Org 25435, was selected for clinical evaluation since it retained the best overall anesthetic profile coupled with improved stability and water solubility. In the clinic it proved to be an effective intravenous anesthetic in man with rapid onset of and recovery from anesthesia at doses of 3 and 4 mg/kg.

Water-soluble propofol analogues with intravenous anaesthetic activity.

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a widely used intravenous anaesthetic that is formulated as an emulsion since it lacks water solubility. We report a range of water-soluble analogues of propofol, containing a para-alkylamino substituent, which retain good intravenous anaesthetic activity in rodents.

Conformationally constrained anesthetic steroids that modulate GABA(A) receptors.

Various cyclic ether and other 3 alpha-hydroxyandrostane derivatives bearing a conformationally constrained hydrogen-bonding moiety were prepared. Their anesthetic potency and their binding affinity for GABA(A) receptors, measured by intravenous administration to mice and inhibition of [(35)S]TBPS binding to rat whole brain membranes, were compared with that of known anesthetic 3 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones. Synthetic steroids with similar in vitro and in vivo activities to the endogenous 3 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones all had an ether oxygen on the beta-face of the steroid D-ring. These results suggest that for optimal GABA(A) receptor modulation, the hydrogen bond-accepting substituent should be near perpendicular to the plane of the D-ring on the beta-face of the steroid.