A prospective observational study of postoperative follow-ups and outcomes at a nonprofit, internationally supported pediatric surgery center in Guatemala.

BACKGROUND: Global surgical access is unequally distributed, with the greatest surgical burden in low- and middle-income countries, where surgical care is often supplemented by nongovernmental organizations. Quality data from organizations providing this care are rarely collected or reported. The Moore Pediatric Surgery Center in Guatemala City, Guatemala, is unique in that it offers a permanently staffed, freestanding pediatric surgical center. Visiting surgical teams supplement the local permanent staff by providing a broad range of pediatric subspecialty surgical and anesthesia care. AIM: The aim of this study was to collect and report the incidence of completed postoperative follow-up visits and outcome measures at this nonprofit, internationally supported surgery center. METHODS: De-identified demographic and postoperative outcome data were collected from each routinely scheduled, one-week pediatric surgical mission trip and incorporated into an electronic data collection system. Emphasis was placed on identification of completed postoperative visits and associated perioperative complications. After 27 months of data collection, results were analyzed to identify and quantify trends in patient follow-ups and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: Over 27 months, 1639 pediatric surgical procedures were performed and included in data analysis. The percentage of completed postoperative day-1 follow-up visits was 99.1%, and seven complications were identified out of these 1624 cases (postoperative complication rate of 0.4%). The percentage of completed first postoperative visits after discharge was 93.3%, and 67 complications were identified out of these 1530 cases (postoperative complication rate of 4.4%). CONCLUSION: Our data show a high rate of postoperative follow-up visits completed and low perioperative complication rates similar to those of high-income countries. Our data suggest that The Moore Surgery Center model of care offers an alternative to the short-term visiting surgical model by incorporating the local system and allows for improved follow-up, outcomes analysis, and high quality of care.

A geospatial evaluation of timely access to surgical care in seven countries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the consistent availability of basic surgical resources at selected facilities in seven countries. METHODS: In 2010-2014, we used a situational analysis tool to collect data at district and regional hospitals in Bangladesh (n = 14), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (n = 18), Ethiopia (n = 19), Guatemala (n = 20), the Lao People's Democratic Republic (n = 12), Liberia (n = 12) and Rwanda (n = 25). Hospital sites were selected by pragmatic sampling. Data were geocoded and then analysed using an online data visualization platform. Each hospital's catchment population was defined as the people who could reach the hospital via a vehicle trip of no more than two hours. A hospital was only considered to show consistent availability of basic surgical resources if clean water, electricity, essential medications including intravenous fluids and at least one anaesthetic, analgesic and antibiotic, a functional pulse oximeter, a functional sterilizer, oxygen and providers accredited to perform surgery and anaesthesia were always available. FINDINGS: Only 41 (34.2%) of the 120 study hospitals met the criteria for the provision of consistent basic surgical services. The combined catchments of the study hospitals in each study country varied between 3.3 million people in Liberia and 151.3 million people in Bangladesh. However, the combined catchments of the study hospitals in each study country that met the criteria for the provision of consistent basic surgical services were substantially smaller and varied between 1.3 million in Liberia and 79.2 million in Bangladesh. CONCLUSION: Many study facilities were deficient in the basic infrastructure necessary for providing basic surgical care on a consistent basis.

Creating a Global Acute Care Surgery Fellowship to Meet International Need.

INTRODUCTION: Existing Acute Care Surgery (ACS) fellowships are positioned to develop well-trained surgeons with specific skills to facilitate improvements in care delivery in Global ACS. Many resident and fellowship programs offer clinical electives that expose trainees to operative experiences, exposing trainees to the needs in resource-challenged settings. However, most lack a focus on long-term development and research designed to enhance the country's local skills, capability, and capacity. The Global Acute Care Surgery (Global ACS) fellowship produces a surgeon who focuses on capacity building and systems development across the world. METHODS: At Vanderbilt University, the current American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Acute Care Surgery (AAST-ACS) fellowship was adapted to create an academic Global Acute Care Surgery (Global ACS) fellowship. This fellowship specifically enhances fellowship trainee's skills in needs assessment and performing research to facilitate the development and implementation of trauma and acute care surgery systems in low- and middle income countries. This research will foster context-appropriate data, collected and based in low- and middle-income countries, to guide practice and policy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two fellows have completed the Global ACS fellowship at Vanderbilt University. The fellowship requirements, clinical skills, project development and overall goals are outlined within the article. Challenges, funding, and mentorship must also be addressed to develop a comprehensive fellowship. A sample two-year timeline is provided to complete the fellowship track and meet the defined goals. A structured global acute care surgery fellowship enables fellows to reduce the surgical burden of disease and contribute to surgical systems development at both local and international levels by creating meaningful research and developing sustainable change in LMIC countries.

Perioperative mortality rate (POMR): a global indicator of access to safe surgery and anaesthesia.

INTRODUCTION: The unmet global burden of surgical disease is substantial. Currently, two billion people do not have access to emergency and essential surgical care. This results in unnecessary deaths from injury, infection, complications of pregnancy, and abdominal emergencies. Inadequately treated surgical disease results in disability, and many children suffer deformity without corrective surgery. METHODS: A consensus meeting was held between representatives of Surgical and Anaesthetic Colleges and Societies to obtain agreement about which indicators were the most appropriate and credible. The literature and state of national reporting of perioperative mortality rates was reviewed by the authors. RESULTS: There is a need for a credible national and/or regional indicator that is relevant to emergency and essential surgical care. We recommend introducing the perioperative mortality rate (POMR) as an indicator of access to and safety of surgery and anaesthesia. POMR should be measured at two time periods: death on the day of surgery and death before discharge from hospital or within 30 days of the procedure, whichever is sooner. The rate should be expressed as the number of deaths (numerator) over the number of procedures (denominator). The option of before-discharge or 30 days is practical for those low- to middle-income countries where postdischarge follow-up is likely to be incomplete, but it allows those that currently can report 30-day mortality rates to continue to do so. Clinical interpretation of POMR at a hospital or health service level will be facilitated by risk stratification using age, urgency (elective and emergency), procedure/procedure group, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists grade. CONCLUSIONS: POMR should be reported as a health indicator by all countries and regions of the world. POMR reporting is feasible, credible, achieves a consensus of acceptance for reporting at national level. Hospital and Service level POMR requires interpretation using simple measures of risk adjustment such as urgency, age, the condition being treated or the procedure being performed and ASA status.

International advocacy for education and safety.

Surgical safety has emerged as a significant global public health concern with reported mortality rates varying tremendously between developing and industrialized countries. This manuscript reviews some of the challenges encountered in providing safe anesthesia care in the humanitarian space; identifies the difficulties with providing high-quality education in developing countries; and describes how audits and quality improvement databases enhance our understanding of the nature and causes of harm to patients to inform the development of strategies for improvement.

Emergency surgery data and documentation reporting forms for sudden-onset humanitarian crises, natural disasters and the existing burden of surgical disease.

Following large-scale disasters and major complex emergencies, especially in resource-poor settings, emergency surgery is practiced by Foreign Medical Teams (FMTs) sent by governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These surgical experiences have not yielded an appropriate standardized collection of data and reporting to meet standards required by national authorities, the World Health Organization, and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee's Global Health Cluster. Utilizing the 2011 International Data Collection guidelines for surgery initiated by Médecins Sans Frontières, the authors of this paper developed an individual patient-centric form and an International Standard Reporting Template for Surgical Care to record data for victims of a disaster as well as the co-existing burden of surgical disease within the affected community. The data includes surgical patient outcomes and perioperative mortality, along with referrals for rehabilitation, mental health and psychosocial care. The purpose of the standard data format is fourfold: (1) to ensure that all surgical providers, especially from indigenous first responder teams and others performing emergency surgery, from national and international (Foreign) medical teams, contribute relevant and purposeful reporting; (2) to provide universally acceptable forms that meet the minimal needs of both national authorities and the Health Cluster; (3) to increase transparency and accountability, contributing to improved humanitarian coordination; and (4) to facilitate a comprehensive review of services provided to those affected by the crisis.