Simple Molecules under High-Pressure and High-Temperature Conditions: Synthesis and Characterization of α- and ß-C(NH)2 with Fully sp3 -Hybridized Carbon.

The elements hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen are among the most abundant in the solar system. Still, little is known about the ternary compounds these elements can form under the high-pressure and high-temperature conditions found in the outer planets' interiors. These materials are also of significant research interest since they are predicted to feature many desirable properties such as high thermal conductivity and hardness due to strong covalent bonding networks. In this study, the high-pressure high-temperature reaction behavior of malononitrile H2 C(CN)2 , dicyandiamide (H2 N)2 C=NCN, and melamine (C3 N3 )(NH2 )3 was investigated in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. Two previously unknown compounds, namely α-C(NH)2 and ß-C(NH)2 , have been synthesized and found to have fully sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms. α-C(NH)2 crystallizes in a distorted ß-cristobalite structure, while ß-C(NH)2 is built from previously unknown imide-bridged 2,4,6,8,9,10-hexaazaadamantane units, which form two independent interpenetrating diamond-like networks. Their stability domains and compressibility were studied, for which supporting density functional theory calculations were performed.

CDx, NGS and regulation: five perspectives from the Pistoia Alliance.

Companion diagnostics (CDx) are essential to the practice of precision medicine. Next-generation sequencing is an increasingly important tool in the development of CDx. However, for CDx to be deployed, many different biopharma industry sectors need to collaborate. This paper outlines some of the challenges and opportunities perceived by the biopharmaceutical industry, the Europe Molecular Quality Network, a regulatory agency, a notified body and a CDx service provider.

Protection of cardiomyocyte function by propofol during simulated ischemia is associated with a direct action to reduce pro-oxidant activity.

To demonstrate a direct protective effect of propofol on myocardial contractile performance during an ischemic episode and investigate underlying mechanisms, isolated adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were subjected for 2 h to (i) ischemic medium containing 2-deoxyglucose (20 mM), gassed with 100% N(2) at pH 6.4, (ii) normal medium with 95% O(2)/5% CO(2) at pH 7.4 or (iii) normal medium with addition of H(2)O(2) (50 microM). Propofol under normal conditions decreased the peak amplitude of electrically stimulated contraction of cardiomyocytes from a basal value of 6.5+/-0.37 microm to a maximum attenuation ( approximately 37%) at 0.44 to 56 microM. Under ischemic conditions, the contraction amplitude at baseline was 2.8+/-0.34 microm, but propofol, despite having a cardiodepressant effect per se, stimulated contraction, such that at >or=0.44 microM, normal and ischemic values in the presence of propofol were similar. Comparably, pro-oxidant (H(2)O(2))-induced attenuation of cell shortening was reversed by propofol (0.5 microM) to the level of contractile activity produced by the anaesthetic alone. The protective effect against ischemia-induced injury was not reflected in an improved ATP/ADP ratio nor was it mediated through diltiazem-sensitive L-type Ca(2+) channels. Propofol (0.5 microM) did, however, attenuate the ischemia- and H(2)O(2)-induced increases in the membrane lipid hydroperoxides, MDA (by 83% and 30%) and 4-HNE (by 47% and 69%). It is concluded that propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, can counteract the effects of increased production of free radical compounds by cardiomyocytes subjected to oxidant stress and improve contractile performance.

BRCA1 interacts with and is required for paclitaxel-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3.

BRCA1 has been implicated in a number of cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. We identified mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3), an upstream regulator of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and p38/MAPK pathways, as a novel BRCA1-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed the interaction by coimmunoprecipitation in mammalian cells. Deletion mapping demonstrated that amino acids 1611-1863 are required to mediate the interaction with MEKK3 in yeast. BRCA1 disease-associated mutations abrogated the interaction in yeast, and BRCA1 failed to interact with MEKK3 in BRCA1 mutant HCC1937 breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that small interfering RNA-based inhibition of endogenous BRCA1 reduces MEKK3 kinase activity and conversely that inducible expression of BRCA1 activates MEKK3 and p38/MAPK. Finally, we demonstrate using complementary approaches that BRCA1 is required for paclitaxel-induced activation of MEKK3. These data indicate that BRCA1 is a key regulator of the paclitaxel-induced stress response pathway and suggest that the ability of BRCA1 to associate with, and mediate the activation of, MEKK3 represents a potential mechanism through which this pathway is regulated.

BRCA1 regulates the interferon gamma-mediated apoptotic response.

BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene implicated in transcriptional regulation. We have generated cell lines with inducible expression of BRCA1 as a tool to identify downstream targets that may be important mediators of BRCA1 function. Oligonucleotide array-based expression profiling identified 11 previously described interferon regulated genes that were up-regulated following inducible expression of BRCA1. Northern blot analysis revealed that a subset of the identified targets including IRF-7, MxA, and ISG-54 were synergistically up-regulated by BRCA1 in the presence of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) but not interferons alpha or beta. Importantly, IFN-gamma-mediated induction of IRF-7 and MxA was attenuated in the BRCA1 mutant cell line HCC1937, an effect that was rescued following reconstitution of exogenous wild type BRCA1 in these cells. Furthermore, reconstituted BRCA1 sensitized HCC1937 cells to IFN-gamma-induced apoptotic cell death. This study identifies BRCA1 as a component of the IFN-gamma-regulated signaling pathway and suggests that BRCA1 may play a role in the regulation of IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis.