Anticandida and antibiofilm activities of extract from Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against Candida spp.

The pathogenic nature of infections caused by Candida spp. underscores the necessity for novel therapeutic agents. Extracts of Schinopsis brasilienses Engl are \ a promising source of agents with antifungal effects. This study aimed to assess the antifungal potential of the leaf extract of S. brasilienses. The antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and fungicide concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was assessed by counting colony-forming units/mL. The study examined the inhibition kinetics of fungal growth and potential synergism between gallic acid or the extract and nystatin using the Checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through the MTT assay. The extract exhibited antifungal effect against all tested strains, with MIC and MFC ranging from 31.25-250 µg/mL. Gallic acid, the main isolated compound, displayed a MIC of 2000 µg/mL. The extract of S. brasilienses at 31.25 µg/mL inhibited the formation of biofilm by C. albicans and significantly reduced the mass of mature biofilm after 24 and 48 h (p < 0. 05). At a concentration of 125 µg/mL, the extract demonstrated significant inhibition of fungal growth after 6 hours. The combination of gallic acid or extract with nystatin did not exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effect. Furthermore, the extract did not induce cytotoxicity to a human cell line. The extract of S. brasiliensis demonstrates antifungal activity against Candida, generally exhibiting fungicidal action and capacity to inhibit biofilm formation as well as reduce mature biofilms. Additionally, the extract showed low cytotoxicity to human cells.

Anticandida and antibiofilm activities of extract from Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against Candida spp

Abstract The pathogenic nature of infections caused by Candida spp. underscores the necessity for novel therapeutic agents. Extracts of Schinopsis brasilienses Engl are / a promising source of agents with antifungal effects. This study aimed to assess the antifungal potential of the leaf extract of S. brasilienses. The antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and fungicide concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was assessed by counting colony-forming units/mL. The study examined the inhibition kinetics of fungal growth and potential synergism between gallic acid or the extract and nystatin using the Checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through the MTT assay. The extract exhibited antifungal effect against all tested strains, with MIC and MFC ranging from 31.25-250 μg/mL. Gallic acid, the main isolated compound, displayed a MIC of 2000 μg/mL. The extract of S. brasilienses at 31.25 μg/mL inhibited the formation of biofilm by C. albicans and significantly reduced the mass of mature biofilm after 24 and 48 h (p < 0. 05). At a concentration of 125 μg/mL, the extract demonstrated significant inhibition of fungal growth after 6 hours. The combination of gallic acid or extract with nystatin did not exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effect. Furthermore, the extract did not induce cytotoxicity to a human cell line. The extract of S. brasiliensis demonstrates antifungal activity against Candida, generally exhibiting fungicidal action and capacity to inhibit biofilm formation as well as reduce mature biofilms. Additionally, the extract showed low cytotoxicity to human cells.

Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovensa / Construcción y validación de un instrumento de evaluación sociológica y comportamental asociado con la infección por VIH en jóvenes / Construction and validity of an instrument for sociological and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young peoplea

RESUMO Objetivo construir e validar conteúdo de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovens. Método estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em duas etapas: elaboração do instrumento; e validação de conteúdo. Os itens que compuseram o instrumento foram selecionados através de revisão literária, tendo como referencial os domínios multiníveis do Modelo Social Ecológico Modificado, categorizados em componentes socioestruturais e comportamentais. O conteúdo foi avaliado por especialistas em duas rodadas conduzidas pela técnica Delphi, admitindo-se um índice de concordância de, no mínimo, 80%. Resultados a primeira versão do instrumento continha 52 itens, distribuídos em três domínios. Na primeira rodada, 19 itens (36,5%) obtiveram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo inferior a 0,80, dois itens foram excluídos e os demais foram reformulados. Na segunda rodada, 2 itens foram excluídos e 3 foram incorporados como subitem, totalizando 45 itens. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo do Instrumento foi de 95%. Conclusão e implicações para a prática as recomendações dos especialistas contribuíram para a qualificação do instrumento Avaliação Socioestrutural e Comportamental-HIV, possibilitando a reorganização do conteúdo. O instrumento é válido para a identificação de fatores socioestruturais e comportamentais associados à infecção pelo HIV em jovens, com potencial para constituir planejamento de cuidados preventivos.

RESUMEN Objetivo construir y validar el contenido de un instrumento de evaluación socioestructural y conductual asociada a la infección por VIH en jóvenes. Método estudio metodológico, desarrollado en dos etapas: elaboración del instrumento; y validación de contenido. Los ítems que conformaron el instrumento fueron seleccionados a través de una revisión literaria, tomando como referencia los dominios multinivel del Modelo Ecológico Social Modificado, categorizados en componentes socioestructurales y conductuales. El contenido fue evaluado por expertos en dos rondas realizadas mediante la técnica Delphi, suponiendo una tasa de acuerdo de al menos el 80%. Resultados la primera versión del instrumento contuvo 52 ítems, distribuidos en tres dominios. En la primera ronda, 19 ítems (36,5%) tuvieron un Índice de Validez de Contenido inferior a 0,80, dos ítems fueron excluidos y el resto fueron reformulados. En la segunda ronda, se excluyeron 2 ítems y se incorporaron 3 como subítems, totalizando 45 ítems. El Índice de Validez de Contenido del Instrumento fue del 95%. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica las recomendaciones de los expertos contribuyeron para la calificación del instrumento Evaluación Socioestructural y del Comportamiento-VIH, permitiendo la reorganización del contenido. El instrumento es válido para identificar factores socioestructurales y conductuales asociados a la infección por VIH en jóvenes, con potencial para constituir una planificación de atención preventiva.

ABSTRACT Objective to construct and validate the content of an instrument for sociostructural and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young people. Method a methodological study developed in two steps: instrument elaboration; and content validity. The items that made up the instrument were selected through a literary review using the Modified Social Ecological Model multilevel domains as a reference, categorized into sociostructural and behavioral components. Content was assessed by experts in two rounds conducted using the Delphi technique, assuming an agreement rate of at least 80%. Results the first version of the instrument contained 52 items, distributed across three domains. In the first round, 19 items (36.5%) had a Content Validity Index lower than 0.80, two items were excluded and the rest were reformulated. In the second round, 2 items were excluded and 3 were incorporated as subitems, totaling 45 items. The Instrument Content Validity Index was 95%. Conclusion and implications for practice experts' recommendations contributed qualifying the Sociostructural and Behavioral Assessment-HIV instrument, enabling content reorganization. The instrument is valid for identifying socio-structural and behavioral factors associated with HIV infection in young people, with the potential to constitute preventive care planning.

Effect of multidrug solution for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in vivo.

Objective: Evaluate the effect of a multidrug solution, adopted by a referral hospital for cancer to control and treat chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in rats. Methods: Oral mucositis (OM) was induced by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), and the animals were treated with saline (n = 8, G1), 0.12% chlorhexidine (n = 8, G2); and multidrug solution (n = 8, G3). The animals were submitted to clinical and histological analysis of the lesion using mucosal fragments. The animals' food consumption during treatment was also evaluated. Results: Clinical improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in the groups treated with the multidrug solution and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate. In G2 and G3, there was a prevalence of reepithelialization covering <50% of the lesion. Evaluation of the inflammatory infiltrate indicated that the G1 treatment permitted an intense inflammatory response in all animals, yet this evaluation parameter was moderate in groups G2 and G3. The G3 group (p < 0.05) presented higher food consumption than the other groups. Conclusions: The multidrug solution improved the clinical and histological parameters of the chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, as well as promoted an increase in food intake.

Trends and Application of Chemometric Pattern Recognition Techniques in Medicinal Plants Analysis.

Medicinal plants have been used and studied for ages, from very old registers to modern ethnopharmacology, which encompasses analytical chemistry, foods, and pharmacy. Based on international norms and governmental organizations of health, phytomedicine-for example, herbal drugs-needs to guarantee the quality control of products and identify contaminants, biomarkers, and chemical profiles, among other issues. In this sense, is necessary to develop advanced analytical methods that show interesting possibilities and obtain a great amount of data. In order to treat the data, a set of mathematical and statistical procedures named chemometrics is necessary. In terms of herbal drugs, chemometric tools may be used to identify the following in plants: parts, development stages, processing, geographic origin, authentication, and chemical markers. This review describes applications of chemometric pattern recognition tools to analyze herbal drugs in different conditions associated with analytical methods in the last six years (2015-2020).

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and health conditions in the elderly treated in primary health care / Prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y condiciones de salud en ancianos tratados en atención primaria de salud / Prevalência de sintomas depressivos e condições de saúde em idosos atendidos na atenção primária à saúde

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of depressive symptoms and health conditions in the elderly treated in Primary Health Care. Method: cross-sectional observational research, with a quantitative approach, carried out with 130 elderly people from a Brazilian municipality. Data collection occurred between November 2019 and March 2020, using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and a questionnaire, including sociodemographic data. Results: prevalence of depressive symptoms present in 78 elderly (63.1%). The associated independent variables were: female gender, age between 60 and 69 years, monthly income from 1 to 3 minimum wages, greater than nine years of schooling, mental and physical domain at risk, with more than three self-reported diseases and more than five medications used. Conclusion: the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly population studied requires investment in prevention actions, noting the need for practices that promote active aging and life satisfaction.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y condiciones de salud en ancianos tratados en Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: investigación observacional transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizada con 130 ancianos de un municipio brasileño. La recolección de datos ocurrió entre noviembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, utilizando la Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) y un cuestionario, incluyendo datos sociodemográficos. Resultados: prevalencia de síntomas depresivos presentes en 78 ancianos (63,1%). Las variables independientes asociadas fueron: sexo femenino, edad entre 60 y 69 años, ingresos mensuales de 1 a 3 salarios mínimos, mayor a nueve años de escolaridad, dominio mental y físico en riesgo, con más de tres enfermedades autoinformadas y más de cinco medicamentos utilizados. Conclusión: la alta prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en la población anciana estudiada requiere inversión en acciones de prevención, señalando la necesidad de prácticas que promuevan el envejecimiento activo y la satisfacción con la vida.

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e as condições de saúde em idosos atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: pesquisa observacional do tipo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, realizada com 130 idosos de um município brasileiro. Coleta de dados ocorreu entre novembro de 2019 e março de 2020, utilizando Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15) e questionário, contemplando dados sociodemográficos. Resultados: prevalência de sintomas depressivos presentes em 78 idosos (63,1%). As variáveis independentes associadas foram: sexo feminino, idade entre 60 e 69 anos, renda mensal de 1 a 3 salários-mínimos, maior que nove anos de escolaridade, domínio mental e físico com risco, com mais de três doenças autorreferidas e mais de cinco medicamentos utilizados. Conclusão: a alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos na população idosa estudada requer investimento em ações de prevenção, atentando para a necessidade de práticas que promovam o envelhecimento ativo e a satisfação com a vida.

Curcumin-Loaded Micelles Dispersed in Ureasil-Polyether Materials for a Novel Sustained-Release Formulation.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a vulvar/vaginal infection that affects approximately 75% of women worldwide. The current treatment consists of antimicrobials with hepatotoxic properties and high drug interaction probabilities. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new treatment to VVC based on micelles containing curcumin (CUR) dispersed in a ureasil-polyether (U-PEO) hybrid. The physical-chemical characterization was carried out in order to observe size, shape, crystallinity degree and particle dispersion in the formulation and was performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and through in vitro release study. The results of DLS and SEM exhibited micelles with 35 nm, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) results demonstrated 100% of EE to CUR dispersed in the U-PEO, which was confirmed by the DRX. The release results showed that CUR loaded in U-PEO is 70% released after 10 days, which demonstrates the potential application of this material in different pharmaceutical forms (ovules and rings), and the possibility of multidose based on a single application, suggesting a higher rate of adherence.

Efficacy of essential oil of cinnamon for the treatment of oral candidiasis: A randomized trial.

AIM: It was analyzed the efficacy of mouthwash and spray containing essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume for the treatment of oral candidiasis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trial was conducted with 36 individuals (probabilistic sample) with oral candidiasis who were divided into two treatment groups: C. zeylanicum (0.5 mg/mL), n = 18; nystatin (100,000IU/mL), n = 18. The efficacy of the products was evaluated by two parameters: (a) clinical evolution recorded by calibrated examiners (Kappa = 0.822) according to Newton's classification and (b) reduction of colony-forming units/mL. Mycological and clinical parameters were analyzed before and at 15 days after treatment. Clinical examination of the mucosa showed that C. zeylanicum (p < 0.0339) and nystatin (p < .0139) had efficacy, resulting in a reduction of signs and symptoms (Mann-Whitney test). Mycological analysis showed that C. zeylanicum caused a reduction of 61% and 33% of Candida spp., isolates oral mucosa and dentures, respectively. Candida tropicalis strains were eliminated after C. zeylanicum, in both sites. The participants reported a pleasant taste and few product-related complaints. CONCLUSION: C. zeylanicum EO and nystatin exhibited clinical efficacy, according to the Newton classification, and reducing in Candida spp. The clinical trial has been registered (Registration number: NBR-33s6 × 5, ensaiosclinicos.gov.br).

An Overview of the Antimicrobial Activity of Polymeric Nanoparticles Against Enterobacteriaceae.

Bacterial resistance is considered one of the most important public health problems of the century, due to the ability of bacteria to rapidly develop resistance mechanisms, which makes it difficult to treat infections, leading to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Based on this, several options are being sought as an alternative to currently available treatments, with a particular focus on nanotechnology. Nanomaterials have important potential for use in medical interventions aimed at preventing, diagnosing and treating numerous diseases by directing the delivery of drugs. This review presents data on the use of polymeric nanoparticles having in vitro and in vivo activity against bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.

Construção de ferramenta computacional para auxiliar a coordenação do cuidado pelos serviços de atenção básica / Construcción de herramienta computacional para ayudar a la coordinación del cuidado por parte de los servicios de cuidado básico / Design of a computer tool to assist in care coordination by the primary care services

RESUMO Objetivo: construir um prontuário eletrônico no formato de aplicativo para os serviços de atenção básica. Método: estudo metodológico que apresenta o processo de construção de uma ferramenta tecnológica no formato de aplicativo. A construção do aplicativo deu-se em três etapas: a) construção de uma revisão integrativa sobre o tema; b) desenvolvimento das variáveis e estabelecimento do padrão de respostas utilizando os achados da revisão integrativa, a Resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina nº 1.638 de 2002 e o Manual de uso do sistema com prontuário eletrônico do cidadão (PEC); e c) construção propriamente dita do prontuário eletrônico no formato de aplicativo. Para a construção do aplicativo, foi usado o programa NetBeans e a linguagem Java. Resultados: o prontuário eletrônico construído conta com princípios básicos: cadastro do país, estado, cidade, distrito sanitário, unidade básica de saúde, bairro, rua/avenida, residência uni ou multifamiliar e identificação do morador/família, além de possibilitar a notificação de doenças e vacinas dos usuários. Conclusões: o modelo de prontuário eletrônico aqui apresentado, no formato de aplicativo, pode ser modificado de acordo com a necessidade de cada comunidade, bem como facilitar e tornar mais efetivo o trabalho do profissional de saúde, à medida que pode gerar relatórios de atendimentos nos diferentes pontos de atenção, agilizando o atendimento e a prestação de um cuidado longitudinal e individualizado.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir una historia clínica electrónica en formato de aplicación para los servicios de atención primaria. Método: estudio metodológico que presenta el proceso de construcción de una herramienta tecnológica en el formato de aplicación. La construcción de la aplicación se realizó en tres etapas: a) construcción de una revisión integradora sobre el tema; b) desarrollo de las variables y establecimiento del estándar de respuestas utilizando los hallazgos de la revisión integradora, la Resolución del Consejo Federal de Medicina No. 1.638 de 2002 y el Manual de uso del sistema con la historia clínica electrónica del ciudadano; y c) la construcción real de la historia clínica electrónica en el formato de aplicación. Para la construcción de la aplicación se utilizó el programa NetBeans y el lenguaje Java. Resultados: la historia clínica electrónica construida tiene principios básicos: registro del país, estado, ciudad, distrito de salud, unidad básica de salud, barrio, calle / avenida, residencia unifamiliar o multifamiliar e identificación del residente / familia, además de permitir la notificación de las enfermedades y vacunas de los usuarios. Conclusiones: el modelo de historia clínica electrónica que aquí se presenta, en forma de aplicación, puede ser modificado según las necesidades de cada comunidad, además de facilitar y hacer más efectivo el trabajo del profesional de la salud, ya que puede generar informes en los diferentes puntos de atención, agilizando el servicio y brindando atención longitudinal e individualizada.

ABSTRACT Objective: to design an electronic medical chart in the app format for the primary care services. Method: a methodological study that presented the process of designing a technological tool in the app format. The design of the app occurred in the three stages: a) elaboration of an integrative review on the theme; b) development of the variables and establishment of the response pattern using the findings of the integrative review, Resolution No. 1,638, of 2002, of the Federal Medical Council, and the Manual for using the system with the Citizen's electronic medical chart (Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão, PEC); and c) design of the electronic medical chart in the app format. The NetBeans program and Java language were used to design the app. Results: the electronic medical chart designed has the following basic principles: registration of the country, state, city, health district, primary health unit, neighborhood, street/avenue, uni- or multi-family residence and identification of the resident/family, in addition to enabling the notification of users' diseases and vaccines. Conclusions: the electronic medical chart model herein presented, in the app format, can be modified according to the needs of each community, as well as facilitate and make the health professional's work more effective, as it can generate appointment reports in different care points, speeding up assistance and the provision of longitudinal and individualized care.

Perfil de fragilidade de idosos atendidos na atenção primária à saúde / Fragility profile of elderly care in primary health care / Perfil de fragilidad de atención a personas mayores en atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência e os graus da fragilidade em idosos atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde, através da Edmonton Frail Scale. Método: os dados foram obtidos por meio de um questionário previamente elaborado. Excetuando-se as perdas e recusas amostrais, participaram do estudo 118 idosos. A coleta de dados foi realizada na Unidade Básica de Saúde ou no domicílio dos idosos. Resultados: obteve-se predominância de pessoas do sexo feminino (72%), a idade média foi de aproximadamente 71,55 anos. No tocante a fragilidade de forma geral, 28% (n=3) dos entrevistados obtiveram escores comuns à fragilidade, 32,2% (n=38) foram considerados aparentemente vulneráveis e 39,8% (n=47) não frágeis. Conclusão: considerando as alterações que o idoso fragilizado pode enfrentar com o avanço desse problema, são necessárias intervenções precoces, as quais a Atenção Primária à Saúde é capaz de priorizar, contudo são necessários estudos maiores para avaliarem variáveis relacionadas à fragilidade em diferentes realidades

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence and degrees of frailty in the elderly cared for in Primary Health Care, through the Edmonton Frail Scale. Method: The data were obtained through a previously prepared questionnaire. Except for sample losses and refusals, 118 elderly people participated in the study. Data collection was performed at the Basic Health Unit or at the elderly's home. Results: Among the 118 elderly people interviewed, there was a predominance of females (72%), the average age was approximately 71.55, corroborating also with other studies. Over these, the low level of education stood out. Regarding frailty in general, 28% (n = 3) of the interviewees obtained scores common to frailty, 32.2% (n = 38) were considered apparently vulnerable and 39.8% (n = 47) were not fragile. Conclusion: In view of the changes that the frail elderly can undergo with the progress of this problem, early interventions are needed that Primary Health Care is able to prioritize, however further studies are needed to assess variables related to frailty in different types of people

Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia y grados de fragilidad en ancianos atendidos en Atención Primaria de Salud, a través de la Edmonton Frail Scale. Método: Los datos se obtuvieron mediante un cuestionario elaborado previamente. A excepción de las pérdidas y negativas de la muestra, 118 personas mayores participaron en el estudio. La recogida de datos se realizó en la Unidad Básica de Salud o en el domicilio del anciano. Resultados: Entre los 118 ancianos entrevistados, hubo predominio del sexo femenino (72%), la edad promedio fue de aproximadamente 71,55 años, corroborando también con otros estudios. Sobre estos, se destacó el bajo nivel educativo. En cuanto a la fragilidad en general, el 28% (n = 3) de los entrevistados obtuvo puntuaciones comunes a la fragilidad, el 32,2% (n = 38) se consideró aparentemente vulnerable y el 39,8% (n = 47) no frágil. Conclusión: Considerando los cambios que pueden enfrentar los ancianos frágiles con el avance de esta problemática, se necesitan intervenciones tempranas, las cuales la Atención Primaria de Salud es capaz de priorizar, sin embargo, se necesitan estudios más amplios para evaluar variables relacionadas con la fragilidad en diferentes realidades

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. to combat the biofilm-dependents diseases in vitro.

Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most prevalent of the biofilm-dependent diseases. With numerous side effects on the use of chlorhexidine, the search for new safe therapeutic alternatives for microorganisms involved with these diseases increases every day. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts made from the bark of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against five oral microorganisms and analyze their phytochemical and thermal degradation profile. The liquid-liquid partition was performed with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The identification and quantification of the chemical marker was done. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration. The cytotoxicity was analyzed based on the hemolysing potential of the samples. The thermal degradation profile was performed by two different methods. Gallic acid was identified as the main compound of the samples and showed the highest amount in the chloroform fraction. All samples were able to inhibit the growth of the microorganisms tested and showed no cytotoxicity. The ethanol extract absorbs less heat than the fractions. All samples exhibited exothermic peak consistent with degradation of gallic acid. Based on the results, the samples used are potential candidates for use in dental formulations for biofilm control.

Antimicrobial Activity of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler Extract-Loaded Chitosan Microparticles in Oral Infectious Disease.

Enterococcus faecalis infections represent a health concern, mainly in oral diseases, in which treatments with chlorhexidine solution (0.2%) are often used; however, it presents high toxicity degree and several side effects. Based on this, the use of natural products as an alternative to treatment has been explored. Nonetheless, plant extracts have poor organoleptic characteristics that impair theirs in natura use. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the analytical profile, biological activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro of S. brasiliensis-loaded chitosan microparticles (CMSb) produced using different aspersion flow rates. The analytical fingerprint was obtained by FTIR and NIR spectra. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to verify the similarity between the samples. The crystallinity degree was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytochemical screening (PS) was performed to quantify phytocompounds. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Antibiofilm activity and bactericidal kinetics against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212 and MB 146-clinical isolated) were also assessed. The hemolytic potential was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Data provided by FTIR, NIR, and PCA analyses revealed chemical similarity between all CMSb. Furthermore, the results from XRD analysis showed that the obtained CMSb present amorphous characteristic. Tannins and polyphenols were accurately quantified by the PS, but methodology limitations did not allow the flavonoid quantification. The low hemolytic potential assay indicates that all samples are safe. Antimicrobial assays revealed that CMSb were able to inhibit not only the E. faecalis ATCC growth but also the biofilm formation. Only one CMSb sample was able to inhibit the clinical strain. These results highlighted the CMSb antimicrobial potential and revealed this system as a promising product to treat infections caused by E. faecalis.

Polymeric Nanoparticle Associated with Ceftriaxone and Extract of Schinopsis Brasiliensis Engler against Multiresistant Enterobacteria.

Bacterial resistance has become an important public health problem. Bacteria have been acquiring mechanisms to resist the action of antimicrobial active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Based on this, a promising alternative is the use of nanotechnology, since when the systems are presented in nanometric size, there is an increase in the interaction and concentration of the action at the target site improving the activity. Thus, this study aims to develop a polymeric nanoparticle (PN) composed of chitosan and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, as an innovative strategy for the administration of an association between ceftriaxone and extract of S. brasiliensis, for the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae. From a Box-Behnken design, nanoparticles were obtained and evaluated using the DLS technique, obtaining the particle size between 440 and 1660 nm, IPD from 0.42 to 0.92, and positive charges. Morphological characteristics of PN by SEM revealed spherical morphology and sizes similar to DLS. Infrared spectroscopy showed no chemical interaction between the components of the formulation. The broth microdilution technique evaluated their antimicrobial activity, and a considerable improvement in the activity of the extract and the API compared to the free compounds was found, reaching an improvement of 133 times in the minimum inhibitory activity CRO.

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. to combat the biofilm-dependents diseases in vitro

Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most prevalent of the biofilm-dependent diseases. With numerous side effects on the use of chlorhexidine, the search for new safe therapeutic alternatives for microorganisms involved with these diseases increases every day. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts made from the bark of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. against five oral microorganisms and analyze their phytochemical and thermal degradation profile. The liquid-liquid partition was performed with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The identification and quantification of the chemical marker was done. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration. The cytotoxicity was analyzed based on the hemolysing potential of the samples. The thermal degradation profile was performed by two different methods. Gallic acid was identified as the main compound of the samples and showed the highest amount in the chloroform fraction. All samples were able to inhibit the growth of the microorganisms tested and showed no cytotoxicity. The ethanol extract absorbs less heat than the fractions. All samples exhibited exothermic peak consistent with degradation of gallic acid. Based on the results, the samples used are potential candidates for use in dental formulations for biofilm control.

Phytochemical characterization and mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and modulatory activities of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz.

In this study, the chemical composition, genotoxic, cytotoxic and antibacterial-modulating activities of the P. pyramidalis (NPpE) extract was evaluated. The fingerprint chromatogram was determined using HPLC-DAD. The NPpE Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), as well as that of antimicrobial drugs in the presence and absence of the extract, were evaluated using the microdilution method against Gram positive bacteria. In vivo assays with mice were used for the determination of the extract's genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The presence of the polyphenol catechin was confirmed in the extract. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 1000 µg mL-1) against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus oralis and S. mutans. When the NPpE was associated with several antimicrobials, the MIC of most of these were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) demonstrating good prospective usage in antimicrobial therapy. The extract has mutagenic and cytotoxic potential, however, further studies should be performed to confirm their toxicity.

Percepções de estudantes de Enfermagem sobre cuidados paliativos / Nursing students' perceptions of palliative care

RESUMO Objetivo compreender as percepções de graduandos de Enfermagem de uma universidade pública sobre cuidados paliativos. Métodos pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com 66 acadêmicos de Enfermagem, do sexto ao nono período em curso. Utilizou-se de roteiro com questões sobre percepções, vivências durante o curso e se houve ou não abordagem de conteúdos da graduação em cuidados paliativos. Dados compilados pela análise de conteúdo. Resultados emergiram duas categorias temáticas: Medo e frustração: divisores na busca pela dignidade na terminalidade e Incipiência na formação acadêmica e visão reducionista de cuidados paliativos. Conclusão verificou-se a necessidade de obtenção de conhecimentos voltados ao cuidado integral do ser humano, na perspectiva mais humanística, que respeite as necessidades dos indivíduos, principalmente quando relacionadas aos cuidados paliativos.

ABSTRACT Objective to understand the perceptions of nursing students at a public university about palliative care. Methods qualitative research, carried out with 66 nursing students, from the sixth to the ninth period in progress. A script was used with questions about perceptions, experiences during the course and whether or not there was an approach to the contents of the undergraduate course in palliative care. Data compiled by content analysis. Results two thematic categories emerged: fear and frustration, divisors in the search for dignity in terminality and incipience in academic training and a reductionist view of palliative care. Conclusion there was a need to obtain knowledge aimed at comprehensive care for human beings, in the most humanistic perspective, which respects the needs of individuals, especially when related to palliative care.

Tablet of Ximenia Americana L. Developed from Mucoadhesive Polymers for Future Use in Oral Treatment of Fungal Infections.

The use of biocompatible polymers such as Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and Carbopol in solid formulations results in mucoadhesive systems capable of promoting the prolonged and localized release of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). This strategy represents a technological innovation that can be applied to improving the treatment of oral infections, such as oral candidiasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a tablet of Ximenia americana L. from mucoadhesive polymers for use in the treatment of oral candidiasis. An X. americana extract (MIC of 125 µg·mL-1) was obtained by turbolysis at 50% of ethanol, a level that demonstrated activity against Candida albicans. Differential Thermal Analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques allowed the choice of HPMC as a mucoadhesive agent, besides polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium stearate, and mannitol to integrate the formulation of X. americana. These excipients were granulated with an ethanolic solution 70% v/v at PVP 5%, and a mucoadhesive tablet was obtained by compression. Finally, mucoadhesive strength was evaluated, and the results demonstrated good mucoadhesive forces in mucin disk and pig buccal mucosa. Therefore, the study allowed a new alternative to be developed for the treatment of buccal candidiasis, one which overcomes the inconveniences of common treatments, costs little, and facilitates patients' adhesion.

Influence of a Co-culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus casei on the Proteolysis and ACE-Inhibitory Activity of a Beverage Based on Reconstituted Goat Whey Powder.

The potential for reusability of whey is of concern due to its substantial nutritional value and, second, in view of the need to reduce environmental impact. The use of goat whey powder in the production of a fermented dairy beverage using a Lactobacillus casei culture as adjunct shows a good prospect of a food product with hypotensive activity. This study investigated the microbial viability, proteolysis and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of a fermented dairy beverage produced with goat whey powder and a probiotic culture of L. casei BGP93 co-cultured with Streptococcus thermophilus TA-40. The probiotic beverage exhibited no significant difference from the control (absence of L. casei) with regard to titratable acidity, S. thermophilus viability and proteolysis degree during 21 days of storage (P > 0.05). During this period, the beverage maintained L. casei at appropriate levels (> 7 log cfu ml-1), thereby qualifying as a potential probiotic product. Although both control and probiotic beverages exhibited ACE inhibitory activity, as a result of proteolysis of whey proteins during fermentation, significant increased ACE inhibitory activity was found for the beverage with added probiotic L. casei (P < 0.05). The probiotic beverage has potency as a functional food candidate to be included in a dietary strategy aiming at prevention and control of hypertension.