In vitro inhibitory effect of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate chloride against Leishmania (Viannia) Peruviana and Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis. / Efecto inhibitorio in vitro de la ftalocianina de aluminio tetrasulfonada clorada frente a Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana y Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the in vitro photodynamic activity of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate chloride (AlPcClS4) on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The activity of photodynamic therapy using AlPcClS4 on Leishmania promastigote and amastigotes was determined by the Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric method and quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Photodynamic treatment showed an inhibitory effect on promastigotes, particularly on Leishmania (V.) peruviana, to a lesser extent on Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and also on intracellular forms of both species. At 24 hours post-radiation, using concentrations of 200 µM and 350 µM, the inhibitory effect on Leishmania (V.) peruviana was 72.9% and 73.9% respectively; at 96 hours the inhibitory effect was of 78.8% and 80.6%, respectively. Regarding intracellular forms, the inhibitory effect on Leishmania (V.) peruviana amastigotes was 57.8% at 72 hours post-treatment, using a concentration of 200 µM. The IC50 was 56.5, 50, 44 and 39.7 µM, at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-radiation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Photodynamic therapy using AlPcClS4 against Leishmania species showed encouraging results, mainly on Leishmania (V.) peruviana, suggesting a potential use as an alternative or complement to the usual treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis. However, new trials are still required to determine the selectivity index for the intracellular form of the parasite, and to develop methods to facilitate the efficient entry of the molecule into the host cell and the parasite.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la actividad fotodinámica in vitro de la ftalocianina de aluminio tetrasulfonada clorada (AlPcClS4) sobre promastigotes y amastigotes de Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana y Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: La actividad del tratamiento fotodinámico empleando AlPcClS4 sobre promastigotes y amastigotes de Leishmania fue determinada mediante el método colorimétrico Metil Tiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) y PCR cuantitativo, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: El tratamiento fotodinámico presentó un efecto inhibitorio sobre promastigotes, principalmente sobre Leishmania (V.) peruviana, en menor proporción sobre Leishmania (V.) braziliensis y sobre las formas intracelulares de ambas especies. En Leishmania (V.) peruviana, a las 24 horas posirradiación a 200 µM y 350 µM el efecto inhibitorio fue del 72,9% y 73,9%, respectivamente y a las 96 horas fue del 78,8% y 80,6%, respectivamente. En las formas intracelulares, empleando 200 µM y evaluado a las 72 horas postratamiento, se observó una inhibición del 57,8% de amastigotes de Leishmania (V.) peruviana. El IC50 fue del 56,5; 50; 44; y 39,7 µM, que corresponde a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas posirradiación, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento fotodinámico empleando AlPcClS4 frente a las especies de Leishmania presentó resultados alentadores principalmente sobre Leishmania (V.) peruviana, lo cual sugiere su potencial uso como alternativa o complemento del tratamiento convencional de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria. Sin embargo, aún se requiere continuar con nuevos ensayos para determinar el índice de selectividad sobre el parásito en su forma intracelular, y desarrollar estrategias que faciliten el ingreso eficiente de la molécula hacia la célula hospedera y al parásito.

Efecto inhibitorio in vitro de la ftalocianina de aluminio tetrasulfonada clorada frente a Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana y Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis / In vitro inhibitory effect of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate chloride against Leishmania (Viannia) Peruviana and Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad fotodinámica in vitro de la ftalocianina de aluminio tetrasulfonada clorada (AlPcClS4) sobre promastigotes y amastigotes de Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana y Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Materiales y métodos: La actividad del tratamiento fotodinámico empleando AlPcClS4 sobre promastigotes y amastigotes de Leishmania fue determinada mediante el método colorimétrico Metil Tiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) y PCR cuantitativo, respectivamente. Resultados: El tratamiento fotodinámico presentó un efecto inhibitorio sobre promastigotes, principalmente sobre Leishmania (V.) peruviana, en menor proporción sobre Leishmania (V.) braziliensis y sobre las formas intracelulares de ambas especies. En Leishmania (V.) peruviana, a las 24 horas posirradiación a 200 µM y 350 µM el efecto inhibitorio fue del 72,9% y 73,9%, respectivamente y a las 96 horas fue del 78,8% y 80,6%, respectivamente. En las formas intracelulares, empleando 200 µM y evaluado a las 72 horas postratamiento, se observó una inhibición del 57,8% de amastigotes de Leishmania (V.) peruviana. El IC50 fue del 56,5; 50; 44; y 39,7 µM, que corresponde a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas posirradiación, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El tratamiento fotodinámico empleando AlPcClS4 frente a las especies de Leishmania presentó resultados alentadores principalmente sobre Leishmania (V.) peruviana, lo cual sugiere su potencial uso como alternativa o complemento del tratamiento convencional de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria. Sin embargo, aún se requiere continuar con nuevos ensayos para determinar el índice de selectividad sobre el parásito en su forma intracelular, y desarrollar estrategias que faciliten el ingreso eficiente de la molécula hacia la célula hospedera y al parásito.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro photodynamic activity of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate chloride (AlPcClS4) on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Materials and methods: The activity of photodynamic therapy using AlPcClS4 on Leishmania promastigote and amastigotes was determined by the Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric method and quantitative PCR, respectively. Results: Photodynamic treatment showed an inhibitory effect on promastigotes, particularly on Leishmania (V.) peruviana, to a lesser extent on Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and also on intracellular forms of both species. At 24 hours post-radiation, using concentrations of 200 μM and 350 μM, the inhibitory effect on Leishmania (V.) peruviana was 72.9% and 73.9% respectively; at 96 hours the inhibitory effect was of 78.8% and 80.6%, respectively. Regarding intracellular forms, the inhibitory effect on Leishmania (V.) peruviana amastigotes was 57.8% at 72 hours post-treatment, using a concentration of 200 μM. The IC50 was 56.5, 50, 44 and 39.7 μM, at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-radiation, respectively. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy using AlPcClS4 against Leishmania species showed encouraging results, mainly on Leishmania (V.) peruviana, suggesting a potential use as an alternative or complement to the usual treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis. However, new trials are still required to determine the selectivity index for the intracellular form of the parasite, and to develop methods to facilitate the efficient entry of the molecule into the host cell and the parasite.

Cybervictimization, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Addictive Behavior toward Social Media / Cibervictimización, Depresión, Ideación Suicida, y Comportamiento Adictivo hacia Redes Sociales

Abstract An addictive behavior is considered to exist when there is excessive use, loss of control and tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms which cause negative repercussions in everyday life and become a concern where other psychopathological problems may manifest. The objective of this study was to develop an explanatory model of cybervictimization, depression, suicidal ideation and addictive behavior toward social media. Instruments that measured these variables were applied to a total sample of 406 university students. A significant correlation was found between addictive behavior toward social media, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation. The model explained that cybervictimization and depression can lead to two outcomes: an addictive behavior toward social media, or suicidal thoughts. These results contribute to a better understanding of current phenomenon such as cybervictimization and addictive behavior toward social media with respect to depression and suicidal ideation. A deeper investigation is recommended to create preventive and intervention programs for healthy Internet usage for young people.

Resumen Se considera que existe un comportamiento adictivo cuando hay un uso excesivo, pérdida de control y tolerancia, y síntomas de abstinencia que causan repercusiones negativas en la vida cotidiana y se convierten en una preocupación donde pueden manifestarse otros problemas psicopatológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo explicativo de cibervictimización, depresión, ideación suicida y comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales. Los instrumentos que midieron estas variables se aplicaron a una muestra total de 406 estudiantes universitarios. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre el comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales, la cibervictimización, la depresión y la ideación suicida. El modelo explicó que la cibervictimización y la depresión pueden conducir a dos resultados: un comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales o pensamientos suicidas. Estos resultados contribuyen a una mejor comprensión del fenómeno actual, como la cibervictimización y el comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales con respecto a la depresión y la ideación suicida. Se recomienda una investigación más profunda para crear programas preventivos e de intervención para el uso saludable de Internet para los jóvenes.

Assessing the Links of Sexting, Cybervictimization, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation Among University Students.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the direct and indirect relationships among sexting, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation. The sample consisted of 303 university students from Mexico (mean age = 19.73, SD = 1.73) who completed a questionnaire about the variables of interest. The relationships among the variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that sexting was associated with being the victim of cyberbullying, which, in turn, was related to depressive symptoms. In addition, sexting, cybervictimization, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. These results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between online risk behaviors, such as sexting, and their possible negative consequences, such as cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation.

Conducta adictiva a las redes sociales y su relación con el uso problemático del móvil / Addictive behavior to social network sites and its relationship with the problematic use of the mobile phone

Resumen: Las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones han generado cambios e innovaciones que han influido significativamente en la vida de los jóvenes, ya que las han incorporado de manera habitual. Las redes sociales han traído beneficios a la población, mas a la par es uno de los problemas que más afectan a los jóvenes, la conducta adictiva. En una muestra de 374 universitarios se aplicó de forma electrónica una escala de adicción a redes sociales y de uso problemático al teléfono móvil (Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale [MMPUS]). El 58.6% fueron mujeres y el 41.4% hombres, con una edad promedio de 20.01 años (DE = 1.84). Se realizó el análisis donde se encontró una relación entre la medición de la escala de adicción a redes sociales y MPPUS, escala de adicción a redes sociales con el uso del teléfono móvil y con el uso de la computadora, mientras que la medición del MPPUS solo se relacionó con el uso del teléfono móvil. El uso de computadora no se relacionó con el MPPUS y el uso del móvil. En conclusión, es importante el estudio del uso y adicción a los dispositivos móviles y redes sociales, ya que mientras la popularidad crece, aumentan de manera similar los factores de riesgo ante una conducta no saludable del uso de la tecnología.

Abstract: Information technology and communications have generated changes and innovations, significantly influenced in the life of the young people, since they have incorporated them of habitual way in their lives. However, the use of these has not only implied benefits in the population, with addictive behavior being one of the problems that affect young people the most. A sample of 374 college students was applied a social network addiction scale and mobile phone problematic use scale (Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale). The sample consists of 58.6% women and 41.4% men, with a mean age of 20.01 years (SD = 1.84). A relationship was found between social network addiction with problematic use of the mobile phone, computer use and mobile use. On the other hand, the problematic use of the mobile phone was only related with the use of the smartphone and not with the use of the computer. In conclusion, finding a very high relation between addictive behaviors, can give us a perspective of both being dependent. It is recommended to continue to deepen the study of the use and addiction to mobile devices and social networks, as the popularity is increasing, also increases the risk factors for unhealthy behavior of the use of technology.

The E-box binding factors Max/Mnt, MITF, and USF1 act coordinately with FoxO to regulate expression of proapoptotic and cell cycle control genes by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling.

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt signaling plays a critical role in cell proliferation and survival, partly by regulation of FoxO transcription factors. Previous work using global expression profiling indicated that inhibition of PI 3-kinase in proliferating cells led to induction of genes that promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The upstream regulatory regions of these genes had binding sites not only for FoxO, but also for Myc/Max transcription factors. In the present study, we have addressed the role of Myc family members and related E-box-binding proteins in the regulation of these genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitations and RNA interference indicated that transcription was repressed by Max-Mnt-Sin3a-histone deacetylase complexes in proliferating cells. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase led to a loss of Max/Mnt binding and transcriptional induction by MITF and USF1, as well as FoxO. Both MITF and USF1 were activated by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3, with GSK3 phosphorylation sites on USF1 identified as the previously described activating site threonine 153 as well as serine 186. siRNA against MITF as well as against FoxO3a protected cells from apoptosis following PI 3-kinase inhibition. These results define a novel E-box-regulated network that functions coordinately with FoxO to regulate transcription of apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory genes downstream of PI 3-kinase/Akt/GSK3 signaling.