[Allergy and vaccination].

The article presents evidence on postvaccinal reactions to vaccinal antigens (VA), admixtures and additives. VA complications are also specified. Causes of postvaccinal reactions including allergy are analysed with a focus on Grippol vaccine used in 2006-2007.

[Effects of cytokines on the immunogenic properties of hepatitis A vaccine].

Cytokines were found, in experiments with guinea pigs, to have a stimulating action on the immunogenic potency of hepatitis A vaccine (Hep-A-in-Vac). The most pronounced effects were produced by rhIL-1b, rhTNF-alpha, thymosin-a1, the "neothym" hybrid protein and immunophan. Injections of cytokines as of adjuvants stimulated the formation of antibodies titers that exceeded 2-10-fold those observed in control animals immunized by Hep-A-in-Vac alone. Immunization of guinea pigs made alongside with injections of the above cytokines ensured a 100% seroconversion in animals after the administration of drugs was completed. The number of seropositive animals in the control group was 75-89%.

[History, principles of construction of combined vaccine and problems of vaccine prophylaxis with their use]. / Istoriia, printsipy konstruirovaniia kombinirovannykh vaktsin i problemy vaktsinoprofilaktiki pri ikh primenenii.

This problem article deals with modern trends in the creation and use of combined vaccines, the advantage and drawbacks of multicomponent preparations. The data on competition, interference and synergism in the action of individual components making up combined vaccines, on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the interaction of antigens are presented. Specific features of the development of immunity induced by complex vaccines with due regard to the action of genetic and phenotypic signs, as well as the formation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The priority of Russian researchers in the development of the first combined vaccines is pointed out. On the basis of theoretical knowledge and accumulated practical experience the main principles of the construction and properties of combined vaccines have been formulated.

[The safety problems of new vaccines]. / Problemy bezopasnosti novykh vaktsin.

The paper characterizes the etiological factors that produce side effects and postvaccinal complications. It presents a classification of the types of sides effects. The study of the immunological safety of vaccines is a new trend in assessing the quality of vaccines and their standardization. Due to the design of new-generation vaccines (gene-engineering, synthetic, DNA vaccines, etc.), their safety gain in their particular significance. It is necessary to make a strict government surveillance over the design, testing of these agents. Possible ways of reducing the adverse effects of vaccines.

[Cytokines in vaccines and interferon preparations]. / Tsitokiny v vaktsinakh i preparatakh interferona.

Virus vaccines prepared on the basis of cells of mammals (rabies, poliomyelitis, measles and hepatitis A vaccines) contain cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha), whose concentration depends on the kind of the vaccine. Cell lines (green monkey kidney cells, VERO, 4647), used for the preparation of commercial and experimental vaccines, do not produce spontaneously any of the above cytokines. Cell line L-68, used for the manufacture of experimental measles vaccine, is capable of the spontaneous synthesis of IL-6. In Russian and foreign preparations of interferon the presence of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha has been detected; the content of these cytokines is determined by the specific features of the methods used manufacturing these preparations.

[The immunomodulating action of interferon preparations. The effect of medicinal alpha-interferon preparations on the rosette-forming activity of human blood lymphocytes]. / K immunomoduliruiushchemu deistviiu preparatov interferona. Vliianie meditsinskikh preparatov al'fa-interferona na rozetkoobrazuiushchuiu aktivnost' limfotsitov krovi cheloveka.

Effects of alpha-interferon (alpha-IF) medical preparations on human blood lymphocyte rosette-forming activity was under study. Blood samples from 40 donors and 81 patients with chronic pyoderma, lupus erythematosus, and pemphigus were examined. Interferon preparations alpha-IF for nasal administration and IN-1 and IN-2 (or leukinterferon) for injections were used. The results evidence that IF preparations activities depend on the methods of the preparation synthesis and purification. alpha-IF and leukinterferon most effectively enhanced the lymphocyte ability to spontaneous, early, and active rosette formation. IN-1 was found less active and enhanced only the ability to spontaneous E-rosette formation, but had no effect on early active E-RFC subpopulations. IF preparations elevated the counts of E-RFC anf active RFC only if these levels were lowered; if these values were normal the agents had no effect.

[The immunomodulating action of interferon. The change in the rosette-forming activity of human blood lymphocytes under the influence of gamma-interferon and recombinant alpha 2-interferon]. / K immunomoduliruiushchemu deistviiu interferona. Izmenenie rozetkoobrazuiushchei aktivnosti limfotsitov krovi cheloveka pod vliianiem gamma-interferona i rekombinantnogo al'fa 2-interferona.

The authors analyze their findings in the study on the effects of interferon preparations (immune gamma-interferon and recombinant alpha 2-interferon) on the ability of blood lymphocytes of dermatoses patients and normal subjects to enter the rosette formation. Preliminary cell treatment with gamma-interferon in vitro essentially influences lymphocytic rosette forming activity, the initial functional activity of cellular receptor system being of paramount importance here. gamma-interferon increased cellular rosette-forming activity and virtually did not influence the unchanged parameters in the patients with lowered values by spontaneous and early active E-RFC. Besides that immune interferon increased the count of 'heavy' rosettes detectable in spontaneous and active E-rosette formation. Recombinant alpha 2-interferon did not essentially alter the blood lymphocyte receptor system.

[The immunomodulating action of interferon preparations. 3. Changes in the phagocytic activity of human blood neutrophilic granulocytes under the influence of interferon preparations]. / K immunomoduliruiushchemu deistviiu preparatov interferona. Soobshchenie 3. Izmenenie fagotsitarnoi aktivnosti neitrofil'nykh granulotsitov krovi cheloveka pod vliianiem preparatov interferona.

In vitro studies of phagocytosis-stimulating effects of interferon preparations differing in their origin and mode of purification were carried out with blood cells of dermatosis patients and healthy donors. Native preparations and preparations purified by sparing methods (alpha-interferon for intranasal administration and alpha-interferon for injections II) were found the most active: they induced a significant elevation of the activities of individual cells and of the count of actively phagocytizing cells. Phagocytosis-stimulating effect of well purified interferon preparations is essentially reduced. Recombinant alpha 2-interferon preparation has shown no such activity. A dose dependence of the effect of interferon preparations on blood neutrophil phagocytic activity has been revealed. The highest phagocytosis-stimulating effect of the above interferon preparations was observed in patients whose blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytic activity was essentially reduced.

[Immunoenzyme analysis of the change in the expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex under the influence of interferon preparations]. / Immunofermentnyi analiz izmeneniia ékspressii antigenov II klassa glavnogo kompleksa gistosovmestimosti pod vliianiem preparatov interferona.

The interferons (IFN's) are natural regulators of the immune response. This quality of IFN depends to a large extent on their capacity to change the expression of the antigens of the second (II) class of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. The most effective modulator of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC is beta-IFN. The aim of this work is to explore with the aid of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) peculiarities of an action of the preparations alpha- and beta-IFN's of a man on the expression of the antigens of the second class on macrophages of mice with using monoclonal antibodies to the products of subregions I-A and I-E MHC. As a result of exploration we have the following: both preparations IFN's (leukinterferon and beta-IFN) reinforce the expression of the antigens of the second class on the macrophages of mice spleens. With combined influence preparation alpha-IFN and beta-IFN show interweakened effect on the expression of the antigens of the class MHC. Exposed regularities of the expression have the same type for products of subregions I-A and I-E H-2 of mice complex. ELISA is the sensible method of determination of a level of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC on the cell's populations.

[Mechanism of the inhibition of proliferation of hapten-modified human and mouse leukemic cells by hapten-specific T-suppressor factor]. / Mekhanizm podavleniia proliferatsii modifitsirovannykh gaptenom kletok leikoza cheloveka i myshi gaptenspetsificheskimi faktorami T-supressorov.

T-suppressor-inducer and T-suppressor-effector hybridoma supernatants both regulating the DTH reaction intensity triggered by trinitrophenyl-sulphonic acid (TNPSA) or antigen-dependent proliferation of mice lymph node cells to trinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin, possess and ability to inhibit proliferation of TNPSA-modified human and mice leukaemic cells. This effect is specific, and is caused from antigen binding. This effect is specific, and is caused from antigen binding, idiotype positive T-suppressor factors and is based on a cyclic adenosine monophosphate increase of the concentration in target cells.

[Expression of the class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex on the blood cells of psoriasis patients and its alteration under the influence of interferon preparations]. / Ekspressiia antigenov glavnogo kompleksa gistosovmestimosti II klassa na kletkakh krovi bol'nykh psoriazom i ee izmenenie pod vliianiem preparatov interferonov.

The immune status, the level of expression of class II HLA histocompatibility antigens in the peripheral blood cells, and the effects on this antigen expression of alpha- and gamma-interferons have been examined in 21 patients with psoriatic arthropathy. Examinations of the immune status have revealed reduced levels of T-lymphocytes, of active E-RFC, of cells forming rosettes with autologous red cells, and an increased count of 0-lymphocytes. The level of class II antigen expression in monocytes, in total lymphocyte population, and in the fraction enriched for B-lymphocytes is much reduced in all the patients suffering from psoriatic arthropathy. The level of these antigens' expression in T-lymphocytes is increased in 2/3 of patients and unchanged in the rest. Intranasal alpha-interferon increased class II antigen expression in the peripheral blood monocytes of patients, whereas gamma-interferon induced no such effect. The stimulating effect of alpha-interferon on the patients' monocytes has been much less manifest than on normal donor monocytes. The antigen expression in the patients' blood lymphocytes exposed to alpha- and gamma-interferons has been virtually the same.

[Model of a stable form of delayed hypersensitivity to chemical allergens]. / Model' stabil'noi formy giperchuvstvitel'nosti zamedlennogo tipa k khimicheskim allergenam.

The injection to mice of a water-soluble form of a chemical allergen (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenylsulfonic acid) in Freund Complete Adjuvant resulted in the development of extremely intensive and persistent (more than 14 weeks) sensibilization which was determined by skin tests. Depending on the challenge, the persistence of skin reactions varied from 48 to 244 hours, but an early component was detected 6 hours after the injection. When this sensibilization method is applied, the effectors of delayed type hypersensitivity are formed in the regional lymph nodes.

[Leukocyte migration inhibiting factor in preparations of alpha and gamma interferons]. / Faktor, ingibiruiushchii migratsiiu leikotsitov v preparatakh al'fa- i gamma-interferona.

High titres of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) activity were found in native and partially purified preparations of human alpha- and gamma-interferon. In the course of chemical purification of interferon up to 98% of LMIF was lost. The highest content of LMIF was in gamma-interferon preparations, while recombinant alpha 2-interferon (reaferon) showed no LMIF activity.

[Induction of macrophage migration inhibition factor-producing cells in vitro]. / Obrazovanie produtsentov faktora tormozheniia migratsii makrofagov in vitro.

The in vitro induction of effector cells mediating delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses was demonstrated during joint cultivation of plastic non-adherent spleen cells of intact CBA mice and adherent spleen cells pretreated with MBSA or OVA. The activity of these effector cells was studied by testing their ability to produce MIF after stimulation by a specific antigen. The formation of MIF-producing cells was observed with the use of low antigen doses (about 50 micrograms/ml). High OVA doses (250 micrograms/ml) were found to suppress the development of MIF-producing cells. MIF-producing cells obtained after either in vitro or in vivo exposure to identical antigens did not differ in their activity.