Trauma in the developing world: the jamaican experience.

Trauma remains a challenging burden on the often under-funded healthcare systems of developing countries. Ten-year data from the Jamaica Trauma Registry show that trauma accounts for 20% of surgical admissions, with close to 50% being intentional and with a 5% mortality. There is a good opportunity for various preventive programmes to be instituted to reduce the burden of this disease.

Colonoscopy in Central Jamaica: results and implications / La colonoscopía en Jamaica Central: resultados e implicaciones

The aim of this report was to determine the outcome of all patients subjected to colonoscopy at an outpatient medical facility in central Jamaica. A copy of the colonoscopy report of each consecutive patient during the period March 2007 to April 2011 was entered into a database and analysed. One thousand two hundred and fifty patients were identified with a mean age of 60 years and 56.5% were female. The most common indication for colonoscopy was bleeding (28%) but constipation (15%) and screening (11%) were also important. Caecal intubation was achieved in 96% of the group. While 30% of the group had normal findings, 32% had diverticulosis and 23% had haemorrhoids; importantly 10% had carcinomas and 11 % had adenomas. Adenomas were detected in 13% of the screened patients. The most important predictor ofan abnormal colonoscopy was a history ofbleeding. The perforation rate was 0.24% with no perforations occurring in the latter 650 cases.

El objetivo de este reporte fue determinar la evolución clínica de todos los pacientes sometidos a colonoscopía en una clínica de consulta externa en Jamaica central. Una copia del reporte de la colonoscopía de cada paciente consecutivo durante el periodo de marzo de 2007 a abril de 2011 fue introducida en la base de datos, y luego analizada. Se identificaron un total de mil doscientos cincuenta pacientes con edad promedio de 60 años, de los cuales 56.5% eran hembras. La indicación más común para la colonoscopía fue el sangramiento (28%) pero el estreñimiento (15%) y el tamizaje (11%) fueron también importantes. La intubación cecal se logró en el 96% del grupo. Mientras que el 30% del grupo tuvo resultados normales, el 32% presentó diverticulosis y el 23% tenia hemorroides. Aún más importante: 10% tenían carcinomas y 11% tenían adenomas. Se detectaron adenomas en 13% de los pacientes tamizados. El predictor más importante de una colonoscopía anormal fue una historia de sangramiento. La tasa de perforación fue 0.24% sin que se presentaran perforaciones en los últimos 650 casos.

Colonoscopy in central Jamaica: results and implications.

The aim of this report was to determine the outcome of all patients subjected to colonoscopy at an outpatient medical facility in central Jamaica. A copy of the colonoscopy report of each consecutive patient during the period March 2007 to April 2011 was entered into a database and analysed. One thousand two hundred and fifty patients were identified with a mean age of 60 years and 56.5% were female. The most common indication for colonoscopy was bleeding (28%) but constipation (15%) and screening (11%) were also important. Caecal intubation was achieved in 96% of the group. While 30% of the group had normal findings, 32% had diverticulosis and 23% had haemorrhoids; importantly 10% had carcinomas and 11% had adenomas. Adenomas were detected in 13% of the screened patients. The most important predictor of an abnormal colonoscopy was a history of bleeding. The perforation rate was 0.24% with no perforations occurring in the latter 650 cases.

Trauma: the burden of a preventable problem.

Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and we reviewed the demographics and cost of trauma in a Jamaican population. This is a retrospective, descriptive analytical study of all trauma patients aged 25 to 29-years who presented to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) during the study period, January 2001 to December 2005. Data were extracted from the Trauma Registry and analysed. Seven hundred and fifteen patients were included in the specified age group over the five-year period. The median age of the patients was 27 years and the median hospital stay was 3 days. There was a 4:1 ratio of males to females and 49.7% of injuries were caused by penetrating wounds. Motor vehicle accidents occurred in 22.4% of cases. Head injuries occurred in 13.6% of cases, long bone fractures in 16.5% and internal injury to chest or abdominal organs in 15.9% of cases. Craniotomy or thoracotomy was undertaken in 4% of cases, Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) or bone immobilization in 11% and laparotomy in 8% of cases. The mean injury severity scores (ISS) was 4 while 5% of patients had ISS greater than 15. More than 60% of patients underwent diagnostic X-rays, 8% had abdominal imaging (CT scan or ultrasound) and 9.5% underwent head CT scan. The in-hospital mortality was 4.2%. The median hospital bill charged was US$320.00 and the median amount paid by the patients was US$50.00. At the start of the new millennium, penetrating trauma accounted for almost 50% of cases at UHWI with the majority of costs associated with trauma-care being state funded.

Trauma: the burden of a preventable problem / Trauma: la carga de un problema evitable

Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and we reviewed the demographics and cost of trauma in a Jamaican population. This is a retrospective, descriptive analytical study of all trauma patients aged 25 to 29years who presented to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) during the study period, January 2001 to December 2005. Data were extracted from the Trauma Registry and analysed. Seven hundred and fifteen patients were included in the specified age group over the fiveyear period. The median age of the patients was 27 years and the median hospital stay was 3 days. There was a 4:1 ratio of males to females and 49.7% of injuries were caused by penetrating wounds. Motor vehicle accidents occurred in 22.4% of cases. Head injuries occurred in 13.6% of cases, long bone fractures in 16.5% and internal injury to chest or abdominal organs in 15.9% of cases. Craniotomy or thoracotomy was undertaken in 4% of cases, Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) or bone immobilization in 11% and laparotomy in 8% of cases. The mean injury severity scores (ISS) was 4 while 5% of patients had ISS greater than 15. More than 60% of patients underwent diagnostic Xrays, 8% had abdominal imaging (CT scan or ultrasound) and 9.5% underwent head CT scan. The inhospital mortality was 4.2%. The median hospital bill charged was US$320.00 and the median amount paid by the patients was US$50.00. At the start of the new millennium, penetrating trauma accounted for almost 50% of cases at UHWI with the majority of costs associated with traumacare being state funded.

El trauma es una de las causas principales de morbosidad y mortalidad en los países en vías dedesarrollo. Aquí examinamos la demografía y el costo de los traumas en una población jamaicana. Éste es un estudio retrospectivo, analíticodescriptivo de todos los pacientes traumados de 25 a 29 años de edad que acudieron al Hospital Universitario de West Indies (UHWI) durante el periodo del estudio, a saber, de enero del 2001 a diciembre del 2005. Se extrajeron y analizaron los datos del Registro de Traumas. Setecientos quince pacientes fueron incluidos en el grupo etario especificado en el período de cinco años. La edad mediana de los pacientes fue de 27 años y la mediana de la estadía hospitalaria fue de 3 días. Hubo una proporción 4:1 de varones a hembras, y el 49.7% de lesiones fueron causadas por heridas penetrantes. Los accidentes automovilísticos ocuparon el 22.4% de casos. Las lesiones de cabeza ocurrieron en el 13.6% de casos; las fracturas de huesos largos en el 16.5%; las lesiones interiores del pecho y los órganos abdominales en el 15.9% de los casos. Se requirió craniotomía o toracotomía en el 4% de casos, reducción abierta y fijación interna (ORIF) o la inmovilización de huesos en el 11% de los casos, y laparotomía en el 8% de los casos. El promedio de la puntuación de la severidad de la lesión o puntuación ISS fue 4, mientras que el 5% de pacientes tuvo un ISS mayor de 15. Más del 60% de los pacientes recibieron examen diagnóstico mediante rayos x; el 8% recibió examen abdominal mediante imágenes (TC scan o ultrasonido) y al 9.5% se le practicó un TAC de la cabeza. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 4.2%. La mediana de la cuenta a pagar por gastos hospitalarios fue $320.00 USD y la mediana de la cantidad pagada por los pacientes fue $50.00 USD. En el comienzo del nuevo milenio, el trauma penetrante representaba casi el 50% de los casos atendidos en HUWI, con respecto a lo cual cabe señalar que la mayor parte de los costos asociados con la atención a traumas, están subvencionados por el Estado.

The aetiology of head injury in admitted patients in Jamaica.

This cross-sectional, descriptive study identified 857 head-injured patients who were admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) over a four-year period. Their median age (IQR) was 28 (16, 45) years and 629 (73.5%) were males. Median length of hospital stay (IQR) was 2 (1, 6) days. Median ICU stay in the intensive care unit (IQR) was 6 (2, 12) days for the 59 (6.9%) patients admitted there. Most patients (73.3%) were admitted with unintentional injuries resulting from road traffic accidents (48.9%), of which passengers were the most commonly affected, and from falls which occurred in 24.4%. Intentional injuries accounted for 26.7% of those admitted, consisting mainly of assaults with blunt objects in 18.0% (154/857). Penetrating injuries were less common, accounting for 67 (7.8%) injuries. Among these, there were 23 gunshot wounds of the head (2.7%). Head injury in admitted patients is mainly due to road traffic accidents, falls and interpersonal violence. Prevention and interventional strategies including education, law enforcement, physical and social engineering must focus on these aetiologies. Current measures are clearly insufficient and more effective strategies are urgently warranted.

Surgical and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies.

A cross-sectional, descriptive study utilizing data collected in the 'Trauma Registry' of the Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) was undertaken to document injury severity, surgical requirements and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the UHWI over a three-year period Of 144 patients studied, the majority (71%) were young males. Overall, injury tended to be mild Twenty-three patients (16.0%) had severe head injury and 27 patients (18.8%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Concussion with (33%) or without (36%) skull fracture was the commonest neurological admission diagnosis. Associated non-neurological injuries in 33% were primarily fractures. Fifty-six patients (39%) required surgical intervention. Craniotomies and open reduction and internal fixation of fractures were the commonest procedures. The majority of patients (79.2%) were discharged home; 56 (39%) made a good Glasgow outcome score recovery. Seventeen patients (11.8%) died in hospital. As most of the transferred patients with head injuries in this study had only mild injury, most commonly concussions, and their prognosis was good, we recommend that appropriate educational and training programmes and transfer policies be implemented to minimize inappropriate transfers.

The aetiology of head injury in admitted patients in Jamaica / Aspectos etiológicos de la lesión cefálica en pacientes ingresados en Jamaica

This cross-sectional, descriptive study identified 857 head-injured patients who were admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) over a four-year period. Their median age (IQR) was 28 (16, 45) years and 629 (73.5%) were males. Median length of hospital stay (IQR) was 2 (1, 6) days. Median ICU stay in the intensive care unit (IQR) was 6 (2, 12) days for the 59 (6.9%) patients admitted there. Most patients (73.3%) were admitted with unintentional injuries resulting from road traffic accidents (48.9%), of which passengers were the most commonly affected, and from falls which occurred in 24.4%. Intentional injuries accounted for 26.7% of those admitted, consisting mainly of assaults with blunt objects in 18.0% (154/857). Penetrating injuries were less common, accounting for 67 (7.8%) injuries. Among these, there were 23 gunshot wounds of the head (2.7%). Head injury in admitted patients is mainly due to road traffic accidents, falls and interpersonal violence. Prevention and interventional strategies including education, law enforcement, physical and social engineering must focus on these aetiologies. Current measures are clearly insufficient and more effective strategies are urgently warranted.

Este estudio transversal descriptivo identificó 857 pacientes con lesiones cefálicas, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (UHWI) por un periodo de cuatro años. Su edad mediana (IQR) fue 28 (16, 45) años y 629 (73.5%) eran varones. La longitud mediana de estancia hospitalaria (IQR) fue de 2 (1, 6) días. La estancia mediana en la unidad de cuidados intensivos fue de (IQR) 6 (2, 12) días para los 59 (6.9%) pacientes ingresados allí. La mayoría de los pacientes (73.3%) fueron ingresados con lesiones involuntarias a consecuencia de accidentes de tráfico (48.9%) ­ de los cuales los pasajeros fueron comúnmente los más afectados ­ y de caídas ocurridas en 24.4%. Las lesiones intencionales constituyeron el 26.7% de los casos ingresados, siendo el 18.0% (154/857) producidas principalmente por ataques con objetos contundentes. Las lesiones penetrantes fueron menos comunes, representadas por 67 (7.8%) de las lesiones. De estas, 23 fueron heridas de bala en la cabeza (2.7%). Las lesiones en la cabeza en los pacientes ingresados se debieron principalmente a accidentes de tráfico, caídas y violencia interpersonal. Las estrategias de prevención e intervención ­ incluyendo la educación, la imposición del cumplimiento de la ley, la ingeniería física y social ­ deben centrar su atención en estas etiologías. Las medidas actuales son a las claras insuficientes y se requiere con urgencia estrategias más efectivas

Surgical and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies / Necesidades quirúrgicas y de cuidados intensivos de los pacientes con lesiones cefálicas transferidos al hospital universitario de west indies

A cross-sectional, descriptive study utilizing data collected in the 'Trauma Registry' of the Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) was undertaken to document injury severity, surgical requirements and intensive care needs of head-injured patients transferred to the UHWI over a three-year period Of 144 patients studied, the majority (71%) were young males. Overall, injury tended to be mild Twenty-three patients (16.0%) had severe head injury and 27 patients (18.8%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Concussion with (33%) or without (36%) skull fracture was the commonest neurological admission diagnosis. Associated non-neurological injuries in 33% were primarily fractures. Fifty-six patients (39%) required surgical intervention. Craniotomies and open reduction and internal fixation of fractures were the commonest procedures. The majority of patients (79.2%) were discharged home; 56 (39%) made a good Glasgow outcome score recovery. Seventeen patients (11.8%) died in hospital. As most of the transferred patients with head injuries in this study had only mild injury, most commonly concussions, and their prognosis was good, we recommend that appropriate educational and training programmes and transfer policies be implemented to minimize inappropriate transfers

Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo utilizando datos tomados del "Registro de traumas" del Departamento de Cirugía, Radiología, Anestesia y Cuidados Intensivos en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), a fin de documentar la severidad de la lesión, los requerimientos quirúrgicos y las necesidades de cuidado intensivo de pacientes con lesiones cefálicas transferidos al HUWI durante un período de más de tres años. De 144 pacientes estudiados, la mayor parte (71%) eran varones jóvenes. En general, las lesiones tendían a ser leves. Veintitrés pacientes (16.0%) tuvieron lesiones cefálicas severas, y 27 pacientes (18.8%) fueron ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Concusión con fractura del cráneo (33%) o sin fractura del cráneo (36%) fue el diagnóstico neurológico más común para el ingreso. Las lesiones no neurológicas asociadas en 33% fueron principalmente fracturas. Cincuenta y seis pacientes (39%) necesitaron intervención quirúrgica. Las craniotomías así como la reducción abierta y la fijación interna de fracturas, fueron los procedimientos más comunes. La mayoría de los pacientes (79.2%) fueron dados de alta; 56 (39%) tuvo una buena recuperación según la puntuación de la escala de Glasgow para la evolución clínica. Diecisiete pacientes (11.8%) murieron en el hospital. Como que la mayor parte de los pacientes transferidos con lesiones de cabeza en este estudio tuvieron solo lesiones leves ­ por lo general concusiones ­ y puesto que su prognosis era buena, recomendamos que se implementen programas adecuados de educación y entrenamiento, así como políticas de transferencia apropiadas, a fin de minimizar las transferencias inadecuadas

Transfer of head-injured patients in Jamaica: is there a problem?

Head-injured patients are often transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) for tertiary care. There is no standardized, agreed protocol governing their transfer. During the three-year period January 1998 to December 2000, 144 head injured patients were transferred to the UHWI from other institutions. They were 70% male, had a mean age of 34 years and spent a mean of 13 days in hospital. Eighteen per cent were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, where they spent a mean of nine days. On arrival, mean pulse rate was 92 +/- 22 beats/minute, mean systolic blood pressure was 130 +/- 27 mmHg and mean diastolic was 76 +/- 19mmHg. Twenty-eight per cent of patients had a pulse rate above 100/min on arrival and 13.8% had systolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was unrecorded at the referring institution in 70% of cases and by the receiving officers at the UHWI in 23% of cases. Intubation was done on only half of those who were eligible. Junior staff members initiated and carried out transfers whenever this was documented. The types of vehicles and monitoring equipment used could not be determined in most instances. Fifty-eight per cent of patients had minor head injuries, 12%, severe injury and 33%, associated injuries requiring a variety of surgical procedures by multiple specialties. Most patients (80.6%) were discharged home but 11.8% died in hospital. Transfer of head-injured patients, many with multiple injuries is not being performed in a manner consistent with modern medical practice. There is urgent need for implementation of a standardized protocol for the transfer of such patients in Jamaica.

Transfer of head-injured patients in Jamaica: is there a problem? / Transferencia de pacientes con heridas de cabeza en Jamaica: ¿hay problema?

Head-injured patients are often transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) for tertiary care. There is no standardized, agreed protocol governing their transfer. During the three-year period January 1998 to December 2000, 144 head injured patients were transferred to the UHWI from other institutions. They were 70male, had a mean age of 34 years and spent a mean of 13 days in hospital. Eighteen per cent were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, where they spent a mean of nine days. On arrival, mean pulse rate was 92 +/- 22 beats/minute, mean systolic blood pressure was 130 +/- 27 mmHg and mean diastolic was 76 +/- 19mmHg. Twenty-eight per cent of patients had a pulse rate above 100/min on arrival and 13.8had systolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was unrecorded at the referring institution in 70of cases and by the receiving officers at the UHWI in 23of cases. Intubation was done on only half of those who were eligible. Junior staff members initiated and carried out transfers whenever this was documented. The types of vehicles and monitoring equipment used could not be determined in most instances. Fifty-eight per cent of patients had minor head injuries, 12, severe injury and 33, associated injuries requiring a variety of surgical procedures by multiple specialties. Most patients (80.6) were discharged home but 11.8died in hospital. Transfer of head-injured patients, many with multiple injuries is not being performed in a manner consistent with modern medical practice. There is urgent need for implementation of a standardized protocol for the transfer of such patients in Jamaica.

Los pacientes con heridas en la cabeza son a menudo transferidos al Hospital Universitario de West Indies (UHWI) para su cuidado terciario. No existe ningún protocolo acordado en relación con las normas que deben regir la transferencia. En el trienio de enero de 1998 a diciembre 2000, 144 pacientes con heridas de cabeza, fueron transferidos al HUWI desde otras instituciones. El 70% de ellos eran varones de 34 años de edad promedio, y el período de permanencia en el hospital fue 13 días como promedio. El 18% fue ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, donde permaneció un promedio de 9 días. Al llegar al hospital, su pulso medio era de 92 ± 22 pulsaciones/minuto, la presión arterial sistólica media era de 130 ± 27 mmHg, y la media diastólica de 76 ± 19 mmHg. El 28% de los pacientes tenía un ritmo de pulsaciones por encima de 100/min al momento del ingreso, y un 13.8% tenía la presión arterial sistólica por debajo de 60 mmHg. No había constancia de la aplicación de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow en las instituciones que remitieron a los pacientes en el 70% de los casos, ni por parte de los funcionarios médicos que recibieron a los pacientes en el HUWI en el 23% de los casos. La entubación se realizó solamente en la mitad de los pacientes elegibles. El personal subalterno inició y llevó a cabo las transferencias en todos los casos docu-mentados. En la mayor parte de los casos no fue posible determinar los tipos de vehículos ni el equipo de monitoreo utilizados. El 58% por ciento de los pacientes presentaba heridas menores de la cabeza, el 12% tuvo heridas graves, y un 33% acudió con heridas asociadas que requerían diversos procedimientos quirúrgicos de múltiples especialidades. La mayoría de los pacientes (80.6%) regresó de alta a sus casas, pero el 11.8% murió en el hospital. La transferencia de pacien-tes con heridas en la cabeza – muchos de ellos con lesiones múltiples – no se está realizando de manera consistente con la práctica médica moderna...

Penetrating wounds to the torso: the University Hospital of the West Indies experience

OBJECTIVE: This study was done to determine the aetiology of penetrating torso injuries in patients presenting at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) as well as to document the organs frequently injured and to assess the outcome of these cases. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were derived from the UHWI trauma registry. All patients presenting to the UHWI with penetrating torso injuries between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 1999 were studied. Biographic data, cause of injury, organs injured and procedures used in treatment were recorded. TRISS methodology was used to identify unexpected deaths. RESULTS: 1899 (42 percent) of the 4,496 admissions to the surgical services of the UHWI were due to trauma. Two hundred and twenty-nine (229) of these had torso injuries and 159 (8 percent) were due to penetrating injuries. Assaults accounted for 98 percent of cases. The male to female ratio was 7.4:1 and the mean age was 28 +or- 10 (SD) years. There were 92 (59 percent) stab wounds and 63 (41 percent) firearm injuries. Mean hospital stay was 8 +or- 15 (SD) days. Mortality rate was 10 percent. Small bowel (17), colon (15) and liver (15) were the abdominal organs most frequently injured. Pneumothorax or haemothorax was detected in 107 patients. All except 20 patients had a major surgical procedure done. There were seven non-therapeutic thoracotomies and 17 non-therapeutic laparotomies. Greater than 50 percent deaths were assessed as preventable. CONCLUSIONS: The wider use of imaging procedures in treatment protocols should reduce the number of non-therapeutic procedures. The preventable death rate may be decreased through training in ATLS protocols and improved equipment maintenance.(Au)

The challenge of designing a database for auditing surgical in-patients

Surgical audit is imperative in modern practice, particularly in the developing world where resources are limited and efficient allocation important. The structure, process and outcome of surgical care can be determined for quality assurance or for research. Improved efficiency and reduction of morbidity and mortality are additional goals which may be accomplished. However, computerization, medical staff cooperation and the availability of dedicated staff are among the hurdles which may be encountered. We report the challenge of designing and establishing a database for auditing surgical inpatients in a developing country and the difficuties which were encountered.(AU)

The challenge of designing a database for auditing surgical in-patients.

Surgical audit is imperative in modern practice, particularly in the developing world where resources are limited and efficient allocation important. The structure, process and outcome of surgical care can be determined for quality assurance or for research. Improved efficiency and reduction of morbidity and mortality are additional goals which may be accomplished. However, computerization, medical staff cooperation and the availability of dedicated staff are among the hurdles which may be encountered. We report the challenge of designing and establishing a database for auditing surgical inpatients in a developing country and the difficulties which were encountered.