Total heat loss in broilers fed with different lipid sources

To meet the growing demand for poultry products, many producers have decided to increase the density of animals per square meter. This, coupled with global warming, creates a severe problem for the poultry industry, as it is common to observe birds moving away from the thermal comfort zone. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three lipid sources and three levels of inclusion in broiler diets on sensible heat loss. Three hundred twenty-four female broilers from the Ross 308 line were housed in cages in an open house and distributed into nine different treatments. The body surface temperature was observed with an infrared thermography camera. Heat loss was analyzed by radiation, and convection was calculated by equations at weeks three, four, and six of broiler life, considering the importance of measuring and analyzing the following variables: wind speed, bird weight, bird area, ambient temperature, and relative humidity, among others. The treatments had no significant effect on Qt; however, the inclusion of palm oil, chicken oil at 3%, and sacha inchi oil at 9% can be an alternative in broiler chicken feed since they tend to reduce Qt at day 42 of life.

Evidence of a Recent Bottleneck in Plasmodium falciparum Populations on the Honduran-Nicaraguan Border.

The countries of Central America and the island of Hispaniola have set the goal of eliminating malaria in less than a decade. Although efforts to reduce the malaria burden in the region have been successful, there has been an alarming increase in cases in the Nicaraguan Moskitia since 2014. The continuous decrease in cases between 2000 and 2014, followed by a rapid expansion from 2015 to the present, has generated a potential bottleneck effect in the populations of Plasmodium spp. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. falciparum and the decrease in allelic richness in this population. The polymorphic regions of the pfmsp-1 and pfmsp-2 genes of patients with falciparum malaria from Honduras and Nicaragua were analyzed using nested PCR and sequencing. Most of the samples were classified into the K1 allelic subfamily of the pfmsp-1 gene and into the 3D7 subfamily of the pfmsp-2 gene. Despite the low genetic diversity found, more than half of the samples presented a polyclonal K1/RO33 haplotype. No sequence polymorphisms were found within each allelic subfamily. This study describes a notable decrease in the genetic diversity of P. falciparum in the Moskitia region after a bottleneck phenomenon. These results will be useful for future epidemiological investigations and the monitoring of malaria transmission in Central America.

G6PD deficiency, primaquine treatment, and risk of haemolysis in malaria-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malaria in the Americas has decreased markedly in recent years. Honduras and the other countries of Mesoamerica and the island of Hispaniola have set the goal of eliminating native malaria by the year 2020. To achieve this goal, Honduras has recently approved national regulations to expand the possibilities of a shortened double dose primaquine (PQ) treatment for vivax malaria. Considering this new shortened anti-malarial treatment, the high frequency of G6PDd genotypes in Honduras, and the lack of routinely assessment of the G6PD deficiency status, this study aimed at investigating the potential association between the intake of PQ and haemolysis in malaria-infected G6PDd subjects. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort and open-label study. Participants with malaria were recruited. Plasmodium vivax infection was treated with 0.25 mg/kg of PQ daily for 14 days. Safety and signs of haemolysis were evaluated by clinical criteria and laboratory values before and during the 3rd and 7th day of PQ treatment. G6PD status was assessed by a rapid test (CareStart™) and two molecular approaches. RESULTS: Overall 55 participants were enrolled. The frequency of G6PD deficient genotypes was 7/55 (12.7%), where 5/7 (71.4%) were hemizygous A- males and 2/7 (28.6%) heterozygous A- females. Haemoglobin concentrations were compared between G6PD wild type (B) and G6PDd A- subjects, showing a significant difference between the means of both groups in the 3rd and 7th days. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was evident in the change in haemoglobin concentration between the 3rd day and the 1st day for both genotypes, but there was no statistical difference for the change in haemoglobin concentration between the 7th day and the 1st day. Besides these changes in the haemoglobin concentrations, none of the patients showed signs or symptoms associated with severe haemolysis, and none needed to be admitted to a hospital for further medical attention. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support that the intake of PQ during 14 days of treatment against vivax malaria is safe in patients with a class III variant of G6PDd. In view of the new national regulations in the shortened treatment of vivax malaria for 7 days, it is advisable to be alert of potential cases of severe haemolysis that could occur among G6PD deficient hemizygous males with a class II mutation such as the Santamaria variant, previously reported in the country.

Bionomic aspects of Lutzomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis, proven vectors of Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras.

BACKGROUND: Some Lutzomyia species are the vectors of human leishmaniasis in the Americas. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are both endemic in the Pacific region of Honduras, but the non-ulcerative form is the more frequent clinical manifestation in this region, where Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most abundant and the only incriminated vector. Taxonomic identification and distribution studies of sand flies are important to understand the epidemiology and to control these neglected tropical diseases. RESULTS: Here, we identified more than 13,000 Lutzomyia specimens captured in Isla del Tigre, Honduras, through a classical morphological approach. The two most common species were Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis, and this is the first report of three Lutzomyia species on this island. The blood meal source was successfully identified for five sand fly species. A barcode analysis using the cox1 mitochondrial marker proved to be effective in discriminating between species and seems to be a valuable tool for future epidemiological studies including a wider geographical area. CONCLUSION: This study updates the diversity and blood meal sources of Lutzomyia species in an island endemic for non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Pacific region of Honduras, and determines the effectiveness of the barcoding approach to discriminate species, as a complementary tool to classical morphology.

Extraction, quantification and distribution of the major lipid fractions in small liver biopsies of cows in transition period / Extracción, cuantificación y distribución de las principales fracciones lipídicas en pequeñas biopsias de hígado de vacas en el periodo de transición / Extracão, quantificação e distribuição das principais frações lipídicas em pequenas biópsias de fígado de vacas em período de transição

There are difficulties in understanding changes in the distribution of the major lipid fractions in the liver of dairy cows due to the need for invasive techniques for sampling and relatively large quantities of sample needed for analysis. The objective of this research was to integrate a method for extracting total lipid (TL) with the enzymatic determination of its fractions in small biopsies. Liver biopsies from 60 Holstein cows in the transition period (between day 270 of gestation and 20 postpartum) underwent TL extraction using Hexane-Isopropanol mixture. TL obtained was dissolved in hexane, several aliquots of different volumes were used for the enzymatic determination of: triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acids (FFA). The amount of liver sample used was 49.6 mg ± 18.45mg (Mean ± Standar Deviation). The average was 7.20% TL. The average coefficient of variation (CV) in TL extraction was 7.62%. TL. TG, PL, TC and FFA represented 52.5%; 18.30%; 19.30% and 0.41% respectively of the TL. CV for enzimatic determinations of TG, PL, TC and FFA were: 5.2%; 9.9%; 6.1% and 4.0% respectively, indicating that this method is suitable for determination of lipid fractions in small liver samples. High correlation coefficient was observed between TL and TG (0.96); while for TL and PL was -0.42; and for TL and TC -0.62; It is indicating that the increase in hepatic lipid occurred mainly in the TG fraction and consequently showed a relative decrease in the fractions PL and TC.

Existen dificultades para conocer los cambios en la distribución de las principales fracciones lipídicas en el hígado de las vacas lecheras debido a la necesidad de técnicas invasivas para su muestreo y de cantidades relativamente grandes de muestra para su análisis. El objetivo de esta investigación fue integrar un método para la extracción de lípidos totales (LT) con la determinación enzimática de sus diferentes fracciones en pequeñas biopsias. Biopsias hepáticas provenientes de 60 vacas Holstein en el periodo de transición (entre el día 270 de gestación y 20 posparto) fueron sometidas a la extracción de LT utilizando una mezcla Hexano-Isopropanol. Los LT obtenidos fueron disueltos en hexano, varias alícuotas de diferentes volúmenes fueron utilizados para la determinación enzimática de: triglicéridos (TG), fosfolípidos (FL), Colesterol total (CT) y Ácidos Grasos Libres (AGL). La cantidad de muestra hepática utilizada fue 49.6 mg ±18.45mg (Media ± Desviación estándar). El promedio de LT fue 7.20%. El coeficiente promedio de variación (CV) en la extracción de LT fue 7,62%. Los TG, FL, CT y AGL representaron el: 52,5%; 18,30%; 19,30% y 0.41% de los LT respectivamente. Los CV para las determinaciones enzimáticas de TG, FL, CT y AGL fueron: 5,2%; 9,9%; 6,1% y 4,0% respectivamente, indicando que la determinación de las principales fracciones lipídicas en pequeñas biopsias de hígado se puede realizar de manera confiable a partir de una única muestra. Se observó un coeficiente de correlación alto entre: LT y TG (0,96); mientras que para LT y FL fue de -0,42; y para LT y CT de -0,62; lo que indicó que el aumento en los lípidos hepáticos ocurrió principalmente en la fracción TG, y en consecuencia presentó una disminución relativa en la fracciones FL y CT.

Há dificuldades para compreender mudanças na distribuição das principais frações lipídicas no fígado de vacas leiteiras, devido à necessidade de técnicas invasivas para a amostragem e quantidades relativamente grandes de amostra necessárias para análise. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de integrar um método para extrair lipídios totais (LT) com a determinação enzimática de suas frações em pequenas biopsias de fígado. As biópsias do fígado de 60 vacas da raça Holandesa no período de transição (entre o dia 270 de gestação e 20 pós-parto) foram submetidos a extração de LT usando mistura hexano-isopropanol. LT obtido foi dissolvido em hexano, foram usadas várias aliquotas de volumes diferentes para a determinação enzimática de: triglicéridos (TG), fosfolipidos (FL), colesterol total (CT) e os ácidos gordos livres (AGL). A quantidade de amostra utilizada fígado foi de 49,6 mg ±18.45mg (Média ± desvio padrão). A média dé % de LT foi de 7,20. O coeficiente médio de variação (CV) na extração de LT foi 7,62%. TG, FL, CT e AGL representou 52,5%; 18,30%; 19,30% e 0,41%, respectivamente, da LT. CV para determinação enzimática de TG, FL, CT e AGL foram: 5,2%; 9,9%; 6,1% e 4,0%, respectivamente, indicando que este método é adequado para a determinação das fracções de lipídios em pequenas amostras de fígado. Foram observados altos coeficientes de correlação entre LT e TG (0,96); ao passo que para LT e FL foi -0,42; e para LT e CT foi -0,62; indicando que o aumento no lipídio hepático ocorre principalmente na fracção de TG e, consequentemente se apresentou uma diminuição relativa nas fracções FL e CT

Effects of exposure to artificial long days on milk yield, maternal insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and kid growth rate in subtropical goats.

This study was designed to determine whether any relationship exists between exposure to artificial long days, milk yield, maternal plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, and kid growth rate in goats. One group of lactating goats was maintained under naturally decreasing day length (control group; n = 19), while in another one, they were kept under artificial long days (LD group; n = 19). Milk yield was higher in goats from the LD group than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Maternal IGF-1 levels at day 57 of lactation were higher (P < 0.05) in goats from the LD group than the levels in the control group and were positively correlated with the total milk yields per goat at days 43 and 57 of lactation (r = 0.77 and r = 0.84, respectively; P < 0.01). Daily weight gain at week 4 was higher (P < 0.01) in kids from the LD group than that in kids from the control group and was correlated with total and average IGF-1 maternal levels (r = 0.60 and r = 0.60, P < 0.05). It was concluded that submitting lactating goats to artificial long days increases milk yield, plasma IGF-1 maternal levels and the growth rate of the kids.

Estudio comparativo de fentanyl vs bupivacaína vs ketorolac para anestesia regional intravenosa / Compartive study between fentanyl versus bupivacaine and ketorolac for regional intravenous anesthesia with lidocaine

Introducción: Este estudio fue realizado para comparar la calidad anestésica y analgésica de tres combinaciones de agentes farmacológicos para Anestesia Regional Intravenosa en Cirugía de Extremidad Superior. Material y Métodos: sesenta pacientes adultos fueron aleatoriamente asignados en cuatro grupos de 15 pacientes cada uno: grupo A: lidocaína 1 por ciento (3 mg/kg) + 60 mg de ketorolac; grupo B: lidocaína 1 por ciento + 100 µg de fentanyl; grupo C: lidocaína 1 por ciento + bupivacaína 0.5 por ciento (15 mg) y grupo D o control lidocaína 1 por ciento + solución salina. El anestesiólogo que aplicó la técnica y evaluó, estaba cegado al agente. Resultados: los pacientes del grupo A mostraron mayor analgesia postoperatoria (p = 0.034) con respecto a los otros grupos; sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al evaluar el bloqueo sensitivo y motor, ni en la tolerancia al torniquete. La ARE fue considerada exitosa en el 100 por ciento de los casos. Seis pacientes en el grupo de fentanyl presentaron náusea y mareo. Conclusión: Concluimos que la comparación entre los grupos en estudio no mostró diferencias estadísticas entre sí, pero clínicamente superan a la lidocaína sola

Consideraciones anestésicas en trauma de extremidad superior / Anesthetic considerations in the trauma of upper extremities

El trauma de extremidad superior es tal vez, la más frecuente de las lesiones cotidianas y tiene gran impacto psicológico, social y económico. Estas lesiones requieren tratamiento quirúrgico mayor y puede limitar la función significativamente. El manejo anestésico adecuado es clave en la atención integral del paciente; anestesiólogo y cirujano deben evaluar la lesión crónica o aguda, profunda o superficial. En ésta revisión se exponen las diferentes opciones con las que cuenta el anestesiólogo que se enfrenta al paciente con trauma de mano. Se describe la anestesia regional dentro del contexto de las ventajas ofrecidas por el bloqueo de plexo branquial; incluyendo la descripción de las investigaciones realizadas para perfeccionar la vía axilar, pensando que éste será el manejo idóneo cuando finalmente se logre entender la fisiología del paquete neurovascular de la extremidad superior

Intubación orotraqueal sin relajante muscular en paciente adulto para cirugía electiva / Orotracheal intubation without the use of muscle relaxants in adult patients for elective surgery

Se trata de un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo, experimental, donde se evaluó la vía aérea y las condiciones de intubación traqueal, administando fentanyl y propofol en 40 pacientes programados para cirugía mayor electiva valorados ASA I-II. Durante la laringoscopia se valoró la apertura glotica según Cormack-Lehane, así como los cambios en la frecuencia cardiaca y presión arterial, antes y después de la intubación, se valoraron otras maniobras para facilitar la misma. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la prueba de t de student con diferencia significativa menor de 0.005. No existieron cambios importantes en la frecuencia cardiaca y presión arterial antes y después de la intubación, en sólo un paciente hubo necesidad de utilizar relajantes musculares. Concluimos que en pacientes con anatomía normal de la vía aérea y estado físico I-II, la utilización de fentanyl y propofol es una alternativa para la intubación traqueal, evitando así los efectos indeseables de los relajantes musculares o sus antagonistas

Anestesia mixta: bloque epidural más intubación orotraqueal bajo midazolam en infusión continua para cirugía mayor electiva / Combined anesthesia: epidural blockade and orothracheal intubation with continous infusion of midazolam for elective major surgery

Se valoró el efecto hipnótico del midazolam en infusión continua intravenosa (ICI) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía mayor electiva (CME) bajo bloqueo epidural (BPD) y orointubación. Se estudiaron 30 pacientes ASA I-II, se registró su FC, TA sistólica y diastólica en estado basal y se comparó con los signos vitales transanestésicos como indicadores de profundidad anestésica, se evaluó la calidad de recuperación. El mantenimiento fue con midazolam (0.25 µg/kg/min), O2 al 100 por ciento y lidocaína epidural. Los resultados se sometieron a la prueba de T para grupos independientes, media y desviación estándar, con significancia p<0.005. El midazolam en ICI es un agente hipnótico adecuado, en esta técnica que demostró ser segura, cursó con estabilidad hemodinámica y evitó el uso de halogenados

Utilidad de exámenes preoperatorios en pacientes con estado físico ASA I y II, programados para cirugía electiva / The value of preoperative laboratory in patients with ASa physical status I - II scheduled for elective surgery

Se estudió el valor de los exámenes preoperatorios en pacientes cuya exploración física no mostró alteraciones, y sus implicaciones anestésicas. Se solicitaron exámenes preoperatorios de rutina (Biometría hemática, química sanguínea, tiempo de protrombina, tiempo de tromboplastina y examen general de orina), a una muestra de pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva, mayores de 2 años, ASA I y II, en un periodo de 7 meses. En la hoja de registro anestésico, se anotaron las alteraciones de los exámenes y si estas influyeron en el proceso anestésico y la presencia de complicaciones. El 1.740 pacientes solo 31 exámenes fueron anormales (1.78 por ciento). La principal alteración fue en la biometría. Ningún paciente tubo cambios en su manejo anestésico. No hubo complicaciones relacionadas a exámenes anormales. 19 casos fueron malvalorados clínicamente. No se encontró utilidad en los exámenes perioperatorios en pacientes valorados correctamente por el examen clínico