Solid-state optical refrigeration to sub-100 Kelvin regime.

Since the first demonstration of net cooling twenty years ago, optical refrigeration of solids has progressed to outperform all other solid-state cooling processes. It has become the first and only solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching cryogenic temperatures, and now the first solid-state cooling below 100 K. Such substantial progress required a multi-disciplinary approach of pump laser absorption enhancement, material characterization and purification, and thermal management. Here we present the culmination of two decades of progress, the record cooling to ≈ 91 K from room temperature.

Intra-cavity cryogenic optical refrigeration using high power vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs).

A 7% Yb:YLF crystal is laser cooled to 131 ± 1 K from room temperature by placing it inside the external cavity of a high power InGaAs/GaAs VECSEL operating at 1020 nm with 0.15 nm linewidth. This is the lowest temperature achieved in the intracavity geometry to date and presents major progress towards realizing an all-solid-state compact optical cryocooler.

Optical refrigeration to 119 K, below National Institute of Standards and Technology cryogenic temperature.

We report on bulk optical refrigeration of Yb:YLF crystal to a temperature of ~124 K, starting from the ambient. This is achieved by pumping the E4-E5 Stark multiplet transition at ~1020 nm. A lower temperature of 119±1 K (~-154C) with available cooling power of 18 mW is attained when the temperature of the surrounding crystal is reduced to 210 K. This result is within only a few degrees of the minimum achievable temperature of our crystal and signifies the bulk solid-state laser cooling below the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-defined cryogenic temperature of 123 K.

Local laser cooling of Yb:YLF to 110 K.

Minimum achievable temperature of ~110 K is measured in a 5% doped Yb:YLF crystal at λ = 1020 nm, corresponding to E4-E5 resonance of Stark manifold. This measurement is in excellent agreement with the laser cooling model and was made possible by employing a novel and sensitive implementation of differential luminescence thermometry using balanced photo-detectors.

Laser cooling of a semiconductor load to 165 K.

We demonstrate cooling of a 2 micron thick GaAs/InGaP double-heterostructure to 165 K from ambient using an all-solid-state optical refrigerator. Cooler is comprised of Yb(3+)-doped YLF crystal, utilizing 3.5 Watts of absorbed power near the E4-E5 Stark manifold transition.