Interactions between erythromycin, flunixin meglumine, levamisole and plant secondary metabolites towards bovine gastrointestinal motility-in vitro study.

Continued ingestion of plant secondary metabolites by ruminants can provoke pharmacological interactions with pharmaceutical agents used in animals. As some drugs and phytocompounds affect smooth muscle activity, the aim of this study was to verify the possible interaction between selected pharmaceutical agents and plant secondary metabolites towards bovine gastrointestinal motility. The interactions between phytocompounds-apigenin, quercetin, hederagenin, medicagenic acid-and medicines-erythromycin, flunixin meglumine and levamisole-were evaluated on bovine isolated abomasal and duodenal specimens obtained from routinely slaughtered cows. The obtained results confirmed the contractile effect of all three drugs used solely. Hederagenin and medicagenic acid (0.001 µM) enhanced the contractile effect of levamisole. Hederagenin additionally increased the impact of erythromycin. Both saponins (100 µM) showed synergistic effects with all tested pharmaceuticals. Apigenin and quercetin (0.001 µM) intensified the contractile response induced by erythromycin and levamisole. Moreover, both flavonoids (100 µM) showed an antagonistic interaction with all tested drugs which in that situation were devoid of the prokinetic effect. To conclude, plant metabolic metabolites such as saponins and flavonoids are potent modifiers of the effect of drugs towards gut motility. The synergy observed between phytocompounds and selected medicines can be beneficial in the treatment of cows with hypomotility disorders.

Transcription factor HBP1 is a direct anti-cancer target of transcription factor FOXO1 in invasive oral cancer.

Either FOXO1 or HBP1 transcription factor is a downstream effector of the PI3K/Akt pathway and associated with tumorigenesis. However, the relationship between FOXO1 and HBP1 in oral cancer remains unclear. Analysis of 30 oral tumor specimens revealed that mean mRNA levels of both FOXO1 and HBP1 in non-invasive and invasive oral tumors were found to be significantly lower than that of the control tissues, and the status of low FOXO1 and HBP1 (< 0.3 fold of the control) was associated with invasiveness of oral tumors. To investigate if HBP1 is a direct transcription target of FOXO1, we searched potential FOXO1 binding sites in the HBP1 promoter using the MAPPER Search Engine, and two putative FOXO1 binding sites located in the HBP1 promoter -132 to -125 bp and -343 to -336 bp were predicted. These binding sites were then confirmed by both reporter gene assays and the in cellulo ChIP assay. In addition, Akt activity manipulated by PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or Akt mutants was shown to negatively affect FOXO1-mediated HBP1 promoter activation and gene expression. Last, the biological significance of the FOXO1-HBP1 axis in oral cancer malignancy was evaluated in cell growth, colony formation, and invasiveness. The results indicated that HBP1 knockdown potently promoted malignant phenotypes of oral cancer and the suppressive effect of FOXO1 on cell growth, colony formation, and invasion was alleviated upon HBP1 knockdown in invasive oral cancer cells. Taken together, our data provide evidence for HBP1 as a direct downstream target of FOXO1 in oral cancer malignancy.

Modification of abomasum contractility by flavonoids present in ruminants diet: in vitro study.

Flavonoid supplementation is likely to be beneficial in improving rumen fermentation and in reducing the incidence of rumen acidosis and bloat. Flavonoids are also said to increase the metabolic performance during the peripartum period. Ruminants are constantly exposed to flavonoids present in feed. However, it is not clear if these phytochemicals can affect the activity of the gut smooth muscle. Therefore, the aim of the study was to verify the effect of three flavonoids on bovine isolated abomasum smooth muscle. The study was carried out on bovine isolated circular and longitudinal abomasal smooth muscle specimens. All experiments were conducted under isometric conditions. The effect of apigenin, luteolin and quercetin (0.001 to 100 µM) was evaluated on acetylcholine-precontracted preparations. The effect of multiple, but not cumulative, treatment and single treatment with each flavonoid on abomasum strips was compared. Apigenin (0.1 to 100 µM) dose-dependently showed myorelaxation effects. Luteolin and quercetin applied in low doses increased the force of the ACh-evoked reaction. However, if used in high doses in experiments testing a wide range of concentrations, their contractile effect either declined (luteolin) or was replaced by an antispasmodic effect (quercetin). Surprisingly, the reaction induced by flavonoids after repeated exposure to the same phytochemical was not reproducible in experiments testing only single exposure of abomasum strips to the same flavonoid used in a high concentration. Taking into account the physicochemical properties of flavonoids, this data suggests the ability of flavonoids to interfere with cell membranes and, subsequently, to modify their responsiveness. Assuming ruminant supplementation with luteolin or quercetin or their presence in daily pasture, a reduction of the likelihood of abomasum dysmotility should be expected.

Efficacy and safety of myocardial gene transfer of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and lentivirus vectors in the mouse heart.

Gene therapy is a promising new treatment option for cardiac diseases. For finding the most suitable and safe vector for cardiac gene transfer, we delivered adenovirus (AdV), adeno-associated virus (AAV) and lentivirus (LeV) vectors into the mouse heart with sophisticated closed-chest echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection method for comparing them with regards to transduction efficiency, myocardial damage, effects on the left ventricular function and electrocardiography (ECG). AdV had the highest transduction efficiency in cardiomyocytes followed by AAV2 and AAV9, and the lowest efficiency was seen with LeV. The local myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in the left ventricle (LV) was proportional to transduction efficiency. AdV caused LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Neither of the locally injected AAV serotypes impaired the LV systolic function, but AAV9 caused diastolic dysfunction to some extent. LeV did not affect the cardiac function. We also studied systemic delivery of AAV9, which led to transduction of cardiomyocytes throughout the myocardium. However, also diffuse fibrosis was present leading to significantly impaired LV systolic and diastolic function and pathological ECG changes. Compared with widely used AdV vector, AAV2, AAV9 and LeV were less effective in transducing cardiomyocytes but also less harmful. Local administration of AAV9 was safer and more efficient compared with systemic administration.

Participation of cholinergic pathways in α-hederin-induced contraction of rat isolated stomach strips.

The dry extract of Hedra helix leaves and its main active compounds, predominantly α-hederin and hederacoside C, has been traditionally believed to act spasmolytic. However, it has been recently proved that both, the extract of ivy and triterpenoid saponins, exhibit strong contractile effect on rat isolated stomach smooth muscle strips. It turned out that the most potent contractile agent isolated from the extract of ivy leaves is α-hederin. Thus, it seems reasonable to estimate the mechanism of the contractile effect of this saponin. The presented study was aimed at verifying the participation of cholinergic pathways (muscarinic and nicotine receptors) in α-hederin-induced contraction. The experiments were carried out on rat isolated stomach corpus and fundus strips under isotonic conditions. The preparations were preincubated with either atropine or hexamethonium and then exposed to α-hederin. All results are expressed as the percentage of the response to acetylcholine - a reference contractile agent. The obtained results revealed that the pretreatment of isolated stomach strips (corpus and fundus) with atropine neither prevented nor remarkably reduced the reaction of the preparations to α-hederin. Similarly, if the application of saponin was preceded by the administration of hexamethonium, the strength of the contraction of stomach fundus strips induced by α-hederin was not modified. Concluding, it can be assumed that the cholinergic pathways do not participate in α-hederin-evoked contraction of rat isolated stomach preparations.

Evaluation of the time-stability of an alternative research model based on isolated rat gastrointestinal strips.

Experiments were performed on rat isolated gastrointestinal (GI) strips. The study was carried out in isotonic conditions during a long-term (5-8 h) incubation in modified Krebs-Henseleit solution, (M K-HS) at 37 degrees C. The reaction of GI muscle strips to acetylcholine (ACh) and histological images of the tissues strips were studied. Additionally, spontaneous motor activity of the jejunum strips was evaluated. The obtained results indicate that as well the spontaneous motility as the response of jejunum muscle strips to acetylcholine and the histological structure of the preparations changed throughout the incubation time. It suggests low time-stability of jejunum strips model during long-term experiment. In contrast, the response of stomach (corpus and fundus) strips to ACh application did not change significantly during 6 h incubation. Moreover, the histological structure of the stomach preparations was maintained unaffected for a long incubation time. Thus, the isolated stomach strips can be described as an alternative experimental model of high time-stability during long-term experiments.

Target therapy using a small molecule inhibitor against angiogenic receptors in pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: PD173074, a small molecule inhibitor of VEGF-RII and FGF-RI, targets neoangiogenesis and mitogenesis. This study aimed to analyze a single-compound-driven inhibition of FGF and VEGF receptors in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: RT-PCR and Western blots were performed to quantify protein expression and phosphorylation. Anchorage dependent and independent growth assays were used to study cell growth. With flow cytometry, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were studied. In vivo HPAF-II and MIA PaCa-2 cells were xenografted. Animals were treated daily for 10 weeks. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify microvessel density and apoptosis. RESULTS: Highest levels of FGF-RI were detectable in MIA PaCa-2 cells, lowest in HPAF-II cells. PD173074 inhibited cell growth most prominently in cells expressing high levels of FGF-RI. Cell cycle progression was inhibited by blocking transition in the G(0)/G(1) phase, and consequently, apoptosis was increased. In vivo significant inhibition of orthotopic tumor growth was achieved by a combination effect of inhibition of mitogenesis, induction of apoptosis, and reduction of angiogenesis in PD173074-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight VEGF-RII and FGF-RI as therapeutic targets and suggest a potential role for the combined use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of inoperable pancreatic cancer patients.

Haemolytic crisis in sheep as a result of chronic exposure to copper.

Usually practicing veterinarians and animal keepers have to deal with inadequate supplementation of copper which causes deficiency diseases. However, instead of curing, the consequential intake of copper is likely to cause copper intoxication. Copper poisoning is observed particularly frequently, in sheep--the most sensitive domestic animal to copper toxicity. In most cases, sheep undergo chronic exposure to copper causing liver necrosis and resulting in massive haemolysis, haemoglobinuria and eventually in renal failure. The observed symptoms have an acute character and a set of them is called haemolytic crisis. The pathogenesis, signs and diagnosis of this syndrome are described in this article.

The last gene of the fla/che operon in Bacillus subtilis, ylxL, is required for maximal sigmaD function.

ylxL was found to be the last gene of the fla/che operon in Bacillus subtilis and is cotranscribed with the gene for the flagellum-specific alternate sigma factor, sigma(D). The ylxL gene was disrupted by insertional mutagenesis, and the resultant mutant strain was found to be compromised for sigma(D)-dependent functions.

Pain scores improve analgesic administration patterns for trauma patients in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of pain scores in improving pain management practices for trauma patients in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: A prospective, observational study of analgesic administration to trauma patients was conducted over a nine-week period following educational intervention and introduction of verbal pain scores (VPSs). All ED nursing and physician staff in an urban Level I trauma center were trained to use the 0-10 VPS. Patients younger than 12 years old, having a Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) <8, or requiring intubation were excluded from analysis. Demographics, mechanism of injury, vital signs, pain scores, and analgesic data were extracted from a computerized ED database and patients' records. The staff was blinded to the ongoing study. RESULTS: There were 150 patients studied (183 consecutive trauma patients seen; 33 patients excluded per criteria). Pain scores were documented for 73% of the patients. Overall, 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 45% to 61%) of the patients received analgesics in the ED. Of the patients who had pain scores documented, 60% (95% CI = 51% to 69%) received analgesics, whereas 33% (95% CI = 18% to 47%) of the patients without pain scores received analgesics. No patient with a VPS < 4 received analgesics, whereas 72% of patients with a VPS > 4 and 82% with a VPS > 7 received analgesics. Mean time to analgesic administration was 68 minutes (95% CI = 49 to 87). CONCLUSIONS: Pain assessment using VPS increased the likelihood of analgesic administration to trauma patients with higher pain scores in the ED.

Patterns of analgesic use in trauma patients in the ED.

The objective was to describe patterns of analgesic use for trauma patients treated in our emergency department (ED). We reviewed analgesic use in consecutive patients meeting American College of Surgeons (ACS) Trauma Center Guidelines. A comprehensive database was abstracted from this institution's Trauma Registry and medical records of each patient. A total of 38% (95% CI: 31-46%) of patients received analgesics. Time to administration of first dose of analgesia was 109 minutes (95% CI: 85-133). Women, patients with long bone and pelvic fractures, and those with a longer ED stay were most likely to receive analgesics. Patients with head trauma and those admitted to the intensive care unit were least likely to receive analgesics. Morphine was the most frequent analgesic used with an average total dose of 14 milligrams. A majority of patients meeting ACS Trauma Center Guidelines did not receive analgesics in the ED.

Regulation of an endogenous locus using a panel of designed zinc finger proteins targeted to accessible chromatin regions. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor A.

We have mapped conserved regions of enhanced DNase I accessibility within the endogenous chromosomal locus of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Synthetic zinc finger protein (ZFP) transcription factors were designed to target DNA sequences contained within the DNase I-hypersensitive regions. These ZFPs, when fused to either VP16 or p65 transcriptional activation domains, were able to activate expression of the VEGF-A gene as assayed by mRNA accumulation and VEGF-A protein secretion through a range exceeding that induced by hypoxic stress. Importantly, multiple splice variants of VEGF-A mRNA with defined physiological functions were induced by a single engineered ZFP transcription factor. We present evidence for an enhanced activation of VEGF-A gene transcription by ZFP transcription factors fused to VP16 and p65 targeted to two distinct chromosomal sites >500 base pairs upstream or downstream of the transcription start site. Our strategy provides a novel approach for dissecting the requirements for gene regulation at a distance without altering the DNA sequence of the endogenous target locus.

A common mutation A1298C in human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: association with plasma total homocysteine and folate concentrations.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is one of the main regulatory enzymes of homocysteine metabolism. Previous studies revealed that a common mutation in MTHFR gene C677T is related to hyperhomocysteinemia and occlusive vascular pathology. In the current study, we determined the prevalence of a newly described mutation in the human MTHFR gene A1298C, and the already known C677T mutation, and related them to plasma total homocysteine and folate concentrations. We studied 377 Jewish subjects, including 190 men and 186 women aged 56.8 +/- 13 y (range 32-95 y). The frequency of the homozygotes for the A1298C and the C677T MTHFR mutations was common in the Jewish Israeli population (0.34 and 0.37, respectively). Subjects homozygous (TT) for the C677T mutation had significantly greater plasma total homocysteine concentrations (P < 0.01) than subjects without the mutation (CC). Homozygotes (CC) for the A1298C mutation did not have elevated plasma total homocysteine concentrations. Our study indicated that subjects with the 677CC/1298CC genotype had significantly lower concentrations (P < 0. 05) than those with a 677CC/1298AA genotype. Neither mutation (the A1298C and the C677T) was associated with established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, elevated total cholesterol or body mass index.

Chronic lower back pain due to sarcoma.

We describe a 74-year-old woman with extensive pelvic leiomyosarcoma presenting with uncharacteristic musculoskeletal pain of the lumbosacral region and left lower extremity. Hemipelvectomy was considered the treatment of choice, and a model for a pelvic prosthesis was constructed based on imaging analysis. However, the tumour (and the complaints) responded surprisingly well to a combined treatment regimen including superselective arterial catheter embolization, which led to tumour regression to such a degree that aggressive surgical treatment became unnecessary.

Ocular axial length and choroidal thickness in newly hatched chicks and one-year-old chickens fluctuate in a diurnal pattern that is influenced by visual experience and intraocular pressure changes.

Low coherence laser Doppler interferometry (LDI) allows high precision measurements of the axial length of the eye and of the thickness of the individual layers of the ocular fundus. Here, we used LDI to monitor diurnal changes in these dimensions in eyes of newly hatched chicks and one-year-old chickens with normal or altered visual input. In chicks and chickens with normal visual experience, axial eye length displays diurnal fluctuations increasing during the light phase. Choroidal thickness also exhibits a diurnal pattern, shrinking during the day and expanding during the night. Retinal thickness does not vary. Based on the pressure compliance of the enucleated chick eye, the diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation could contribute both to the increase in axial length and to daytime choroidal shrinkage. Following deprivation of form vision by unilateral goggle wear, occluded chick eyes demonstrate enhanced axial elongation. Diurnal fluctuations in axial length but not in choroidal thickness are temporarily disrupted. The retina of form deprived eyes thins approximately 10% in five days. In contralateral eyes, the diurnal patterns of both axial length and choroidal thickness fluctuations are also disrupted. Following occluder removal in chicks, choroidal thickness increases for several days during both the light and dark phase, leading to its overall expansion. Retinal thickness returns to baseline. When deprived of form vision for five days, the eyes of year-old chickens do not exhibit measurable axial elongation. Diurnal patterns of fluctuation in axial length and choroidal thickness are however disrupted. After goggle removal, axial length fluctuation is restored to normal, but the diurnal choroidal thickness pattern is inverted. In contralateral eyes, choroidal thickness exhibits normal diurnal fluctuations both during and after form vision deprivation. In conclusion, axial length and choroidal thickness fluctuations are influenced by visual experience in both newborn chicks and one-year-old chickens. In selected instances a binocular interaction regarding axial length and choroidal thickness changes is suggested, the effect weakening with age.

[Endosonography of the pharynx]. / Endosonographie des Pharynx.

BACKGROUND: Endosonography is a diagnostic tool for the examination of tumors of the oral cavity. The pharynx is usually not assessable for conventional endosonography due to problems with the placement of the probe in deeper areas of the pharynx. PATIENTS: A fingertop ultrasonography probe was combined with a stick allowing the user to locate the probe in deeper areas of the pharynx. The stick had two flexible joints and a device for attaching the probe in the front. We evaluated 48 patients with tumors of the posterior wall of the pharynx (n = 6), lateral wall of the pharynx (n = 7), tonsil (n = 17), sinus piriformis (n = 13), and nasopharynx (n = 5) during preoperative tumor endoscopy under general anesthesia. Thirty-two patients suspected of having a tonsillar abscess were examined under local anesthesia. RESULTS: The evaluation of the tumor dissemination and the determination of the relationship between the tumor and the internal carotid artery was excellent for tumors of the posterior and lateral wall of the pharynx. The investigation of tumors of the sinus piriformis and the nasopharynx was difficult and tumor growth could not be determined normally with endosonography. In four cases, retropharyngeal lymph nodes could be detected. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of tonsillar abscesses was 84%. CONCLUSION: Endosonography of the deeper areas of the pharynx seems to be a useful instrument for investigating growth of tumors at the lateral and posterior wall of the pharynx. Endosonographic results might be helpful for deciding between endoscopic and external approaches. Endosonography is not sufficiently sensitive for diagnosing tonsillar abscesses, but might be helpful in clinically difficult cases.

The influence of load on the lifetime distribution.

This paper derives lifetime distributions for components that fail due to overloading. We introduce the notion of energy similarity. This makes it possible to use knowledge about how components behave under different loads in order to establish a probability model. To obtain parametric families, we consider two physically distinct cases: (1) components that function individually and (2) components that function as part of a system. The former leads to univariate and the latter to multivariate models. The results are particularly useful when little or no data is available.

Measurement by laser Doppler interferometry of intraocular distances in humans and chicks with a precision of better than ±20 µm.

A laser Doppler interferometer was built for the precise measurement of intraocular optical distances in humans and chicks. A technique using Purkinje images was developed to position the chick's eye reproducibly. A computer algorithm for the objective analysis of the interference signal and determination of the optical distances is presented. The precision of this noncontact interferometric method for measuring the cornea-retina distance is better than ±20 µm.

Estimated noise distributions across stages of consciousness utilizing the Fsp quantification technique.

We used the Fsp technique to quantify the influence of changing stages of consciousness on the signal-to-noise ratio of the middle latency response (MLR). The MLR and polysomnographic activity were obtained from 10 subjects during a continuous 6-hour period. The Fsp statistic was applied to the MLR data in order to determine the number of scores above a specified criterion in each stage of consciousness and time window of analysis. Results demonstrated that the number of Fsp scores exceeding the criterion of acceptance decreased with increasing depth of sleep. The awake stage yielded the greatest proportion of scores above the criterion. The background noise data were analyzed separately. The distributions of noise differed as a function of stage of consciousness.