APPLICABILITY OF BIOMECHANICS IN SCHOOL PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE AS A SUBJECT DURING GRADUATION / APLICABILIDAD DE LA BIOMECÁNICA EN LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA ESCOLAR Y SU IMPORTANCIA DURANTE LA GRADUACIÓN / APLICABILIDADE DA BIOMECÂNICA NO PROCESSO DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM NA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR

Introduction: knowledge of basic biomechanical concepts is essential for Physical Education teachers, as well as for other professionals who work with human movement. This importance is reflected in the presence of Biomechanics in the curricula of Degree courses in Physical Education. Objective: to identify the applicability and importance of Biomechanics in the pedagogical practice of the Physical Education discipline in Basic Education and its importance in the training of teachers in the area. Methods: qualitative study with the elaboration of a narrative bibliographic review through research using theoretical references that deal with the applicability of Biomechanics in School Physical Education and/or its importance as an academic discipline in Bachelor's Degree courses in Physical Education. Results: after reading the abstracts, 51 theoretical references found through keyword searches were selected, including: 2 doctoral theses, 1 master's dissertation, 2 books and 46 scientific articles, being theoretical references from the Portuguese and English languages . After full reading, 23 articles and 1 book were excluded because it was understood that they had no specific relationship with the proposed topic. Of these, 28 theoretical references found in the databases researched were included. Conclusions: the use of Biomechanics in Physical Education classes proves to be an effective tool for applying knowledge and new teacher intervention processes, such as new experiences with School Physical Education content for students, contributing to broader learning.

Introducción: el conocimiento de conceptos biomecánicos básicos es fundamental para el profesorado de Educación Física, así como para otros profesionales que trabajan con el movimiento humano. Esta importancia se refleja en la presencia de la Biomecánica en los planes de estudio de las carreras de Grado en Educación Física. Objetivo: identificar la aplicabilidad e importancia de la Biomecánica en la práctica pedagógica de la disciplina Educación Física en la Educación Básica y su importancia en la formación de docentes del área. Métodos: estudio cualitativo con elaboración de una revisión bibliográfica narrativa a través de una investigación utilizando referentes teóricos que abordan la aplicabilidad de la Biomecánica en la Educación Física Escolar y/o su importancia como disciplina académica en las carreras de Licenciatura en Educación Física. Resultados: después de la lectura de los resúmenes, se seleccionaron 51 referencias teóricas encontradas mediante búsquedas por palabras clave, entre ellas: 2 tesis doctorales, 1 disertación de maestría, 2 libros y 46 artículos científicos, siendo referencias teóricas de los idiomas portugués e inglés. Luego de la lectura completa, se excluyeron 23 artículos y 1 libro por entenderse que no tenían relación específica con el tema propuesto. De ellos, se incluyeron 28 referencias teóricas encontradas en las bases de datos investigadas. Conclusiones: el uso de la Biomecánica en las clases de Educación Física demuestra ser una herramienta efectiva para aplicar conocimientos y nuevos procesos de intervención docente, como nuevas experiencias con contenidos de Educación Física Escolar para los estudiantes, contribuyendo a aprendizajes más amplios.

Introdução: o conhecimento dos conceitos biomecânicos básicos são essenciais para o professor de Educação Física, assim como para outros profissionais que trabalham com o movimento humano. Tal importância é refletida na presença da Biomecânica como componente dos currículos dos cursos de Licenciatura em Educação Física. Objetivo: identificar a aplicabilidade e importância da Biomecânica na prática pedagógica da disciplina de Educação Física na Educação Básica e sua importância na formação de professores da área. Métodos: estudo qualitativo com elaboração de revisão bibliográfica narrativa por meio de pesquisa por referenciais teóricos que tratam da aplicabilidade da Biomecânica na Educação Física Escolar e/ou sua importância como disciplina acadêmica nos cursos de Licenciatura em Educação Física. Resultados: após a leitura dos resumos, foram selecionados 51 referenciais teóricos encontrados a partir das buscas pelas palavras-chave, sendo: 2 teses de doutorado, 1 dissertação de mestrado, 2 livros e 46 artigos científicos, sendo referenciais teóricos das línguas portuguesa e inglesa. Após leitura integral, foram excluídos 23 artigos e 1 livro por entender que eles não possuíam relação específica com o tema proposto. Destes, foram incluídos 28 referenciais teóricos encontrados nas bases de dados pesquisadas. Conclusões: a utilização da Biomecânica nas aulas de Educação Física mostra-se uma ferramenta eficaz para a aplicação dos conhecimentos e novos processos de intervenção do professor, como novas experiências com os conteúdos da Educação Física Escolar para os alunos, contribuindo para um aprendizado mais ampliado em diferentes dimensões.

Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia in chronic neck pain patients (TSK-neck): structural and construct validity and reliability in a Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND: To date, there are no studies in the literature that define the internal structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) in patients with chronic neck pain based on factorial analysis. As such, we aimed to verify and identify the best structure of the Brazilian version of the TSK in patients with chronic neck pain. METHODS: We included Brazilian participants aged ≥18 years, both sexes, with self-reported neck pain for more than 3 months and pain intensity ≥3 on the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Dimensionality and number of TSK items were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We tested the following internal structures: structure 1 (1 domain and 17 items), structure 2 (1 domain and 11 items), structure 3 (2 domains and 11 items), and structure 4 (2 domains and 9 items). We used the Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS) and the NPRS for construct validity. In addition, we assessed test-retest reliability for the seven-day interval using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency, and ceiling and floor effects. RESULTS: The study sample included of 335 patients. Most were women (77.6%), young adults (~ 34 years), single (48.4%), with complete primary education (57.3%), physically inactive (66.6%), with a mean pain duration of 46 months and a mean pain intensity of ~ 5 points on the NPRS. Redundancy was found in the following items: item 1 with item 2 (modification indices = 21.419) and item 13 with item 15 (modification indices = 13.641). Subsequently, based on these paired analyses, the items with the lowest factor loadings (items 2 and 15) were excluded. As such, TSK structure 4 was composed of two domains ("somatic focus" and "activity avoidance") and 9 items, which showed adequate fit indices and lower AIC and SABIC values. We observed significant values (p < 0.05) with a correlation magnitude greater than 0.142 to 0.657 between the two domains of the TSK-neck and the other instruments (PCTS and NPRS). We found excellent reliability (ICC2,1 ≥ 0.96) and adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥0.98) of the TSK-neck. Finally, ceiling and floor effects were not observed. CONCLUSION: The TSK-neck structure with two domains (somatic focus and activity avoidance) and nine items is the most appropriate for patients with chronic neck pain.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese.

BACKGROUND: Psychological factors play an important role in the adequate return of an athlete to sport. Our aim was to perform the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: We performed the translation and cross-cultural adaptation and evaluated the structural validity, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. In addition to the AFAQ, we used the Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to analyze the internal structure of the AFAQ. We used the Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) to determine the magnitude of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments. We evaluated the test-retest reliability and internal consistency by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. RESULTS: No adaptation was necessary to produce the AFAQ version in Brazilian Portuguese. We included 160 participants in the study. We identified the one-dimensionality of the AFAQ through the EFA with the implementation of parallel analysis (KMO = 0.83, p < 0.001 in Bartlett's Sphericity test). In construct validity, the magnitudes of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments ranged from 0.257 to 0.548. We identified adequate reliability (ICC = 0.85) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the AFAQ with one domain and 10 items has adequate measurement properties in injured professional and recreational athletes.

Fear of Return to Sport Scale (FRESS): a new instrument for use in injured professional or recreational athletes in rehabilitation.

Objective: To create, develop, and validate the Fear of Return to Sport Scale (FRESS) for injured professional or recreational athletes in rehabilitation. Methods: This is a questionnaire validation study. To determine the structural and construct validity, 192 injured professional or recreational athletes of different sports modalities were included. We used a subsample with 32 participants to analyze test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Main outcome measures were the FRESS, Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Initially, 25 questions were proposed by the specialists. Of these, 4 questions were excluded due to similarity with others. After applying the content validity coefficient, 8 questions were excluded for presenting a value lower than 0.80, leaving 13 items. The exploratory factor analysis identified the one-dimensional structure of the FRESS with 13 items. However, five items were excluded for presenting high covariance with the error of several other FRESS items in the confirmatory factor analysis. Thus, the final version of the FRESS was defined with one domain and eight items. Regarding the construct validity, we observed a magnitude of correlation varying between 0.257 and 0.470 between the FRESS and the instruments used here. We observed adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.896) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.868). Ceiling and floor effects were not observed. Conclusion: The FRESS with one domain and eight items has acceptable measurement properties and its use in clinical and sports environments to measure the fear of returning to sport in injured professional or recreational athletes is supported. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11332-022-00975-4.

Barthel Index is a valid and reliable tool to measure the functional independence of cancer patients in palliative care.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to verify the reliability, internal consistency and construct validity of the Barthel Index in Brazilian cancer patients in palliative care. METHODS: We included patients with cancer, both sexes, and age greater than or equal to 18 years. We used to evaluate patients the Barthel Index, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), and European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer Questionnaire-core 15 (EORTC-QLQ-C15-PAL). The measurement properties evaluated in this study were test-retest and inter-rater reliability and construct validity (tested by means of correlations with other instruments). RESULTS: We included 220 patients for construct validity and a subsample of 27 patients for reliability analyses. We observed adequate reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.962) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.942). There were adequate correlations between the Barthel Index and the KPS (rho = 0.766), and the functional capacity domain of the EORTC-QLQ-C15-PAL (rho = -0.698). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the Barthel Index presents adequate test-retest and inter-rater reliability, acceptable internal consistency, and valid construct for measuring functional independence in cancer patients.

Structural validity of the Japanese Orthopedic Association back pain evaluation questionnaire in individuals with chronic low back pain.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the Brazilian version of the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ). METHODS: Individuals with chronic low back pain were included. The data collection of the study occurred by means of online platform. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The theoretical version proposed for the JOABPEQ with five domains was tested. The following indices were considered to verify the fit of the model: comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF). RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 175 volunteers, mostly women (68%), adults (mean age of 28.98 years), lean (mean body mass index of 25 kg/m2), with incomplete higher education, single, with mean of pain chronicity of 61.50 months and mean of pain intensity of 6.78 points on the Numeric Pain Scale. Regarding the structure of the JOABPEQ, the original version with five domains was adequate: chi-square/DF=1.52, CFI=0.954, TLI=0.948, and RMSEA=0.055. The factorial load ranges from 0.41 to 0.90. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the structure of JOABPEQ with 5 domains (low back pain, lumbar function, walking ability, social life function, and mental health) and 25 items in individuals with chronic low back pain.

Structural validity of the Japanese Orthopedic Association back pain evaluation questionnaire in individuals with chronic low back pain

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the Brazilian version of the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ). METHODS: Individuals with chronic low back pain were included. The data collection of the study occurred by means of online platform. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The theoretical version proposed for the JOABPEQ with five domains was tested. The following indices were considered to verify the fit of the model: comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF). RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 175 volunteers, mostly women (68%), adults (mean age of 28.98 years), lean (mean body mass index of 25 kg/m2), with incomplete higher education, single, with mean of pain chronicity of 61.50 months and mean of pain intensity of 6.78 points on the Numeric Pain Scale. Regarding the structure of the JOABPEQ, the original version with five domains was adequate: chi-square/DF=1.52, CFI=0.954, TLI=0.948, and RMSEA=0.055. The factorial load ranges from 0.41 to 0.90. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the structure of JOABPEQ with 5 domains (low back pain, lumbar function, walking ability, social life function, and mental health) and 25 items in individuals with chronic low back pain.

Brazilian version of the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire does not have a well-defined internal structure in patients with chronic neck pain.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the structural validity of the Brazilian version of the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire in patients with chronic neck pain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community participants collected via online platform. SUBJECTS: Participants with neck pain (minimal pain intensity of 3 points at rest on 11-point Numerical Rating Scale), both genders and aged ⩾18 years old. MAIN MEASURE: The Numerical Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire were completed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to identify dimensionality and to compare different structures of the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire. RESULTS: We included 103 participants. The sample consisted mostly of adults (mean age = 33.64 years, standard deviation = 10.48 years), females (n = 82, 79.6%), lean, single and with higher education. The exploratory factor analysis with implementation of the parallel analysis identified the one-dimensional structure of the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire, with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.80 and Bartlett's test significant (P < 0.05). We observed that all structures tested in this study presented a high amount of residues in confirmatory factor analysis, which were identified by the value of root mean square error of approximation > 0.08 and chi-square/degree of freedom > 3.00. CONCLUSION: The internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire is not clear and well-defined. It was not possible to identify the construct measured by the instrument in individuals with chronic neck pain.