Knowledge, confidence, and clinical experience of physiotherapists and multiprofessional team on pulmonary rehabilitation / Conocimiento, confianza y experiencia clínica de los fisioterapeutas y el equipo multiprofesional sobre la rehabilitación pulmonar / Conhecimento, confiança e experiência clínica dos fisioterapeutas e equipe multiprofissional sobre reabilitação pulmonar

ABSTRACT The knowledge deficit of health professionals has been a barrier to expanding and implementing of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) services, despite the reported benefits of PR for individuals with Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). This study aims to assess the preparedness of health care professionals from two Brazilian cities to perform PR in the public health system. This is survey is part of a larger project to implement PR in the Brazilian public health system. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge (19 questions), training (7 questions), confidence (10 questions), and clinical experience (8 questions) of physical therapists (PT) and the multiprofessional team (MT) before a PR workshop. In total, 44 PT and 231 MT answered the questionnaire. The mean total knowledge score was 10±3 for PT and 6±3 for MT. Few physical therapist reported having "a lot" of experience (25%) and confidence (22.7%) to perform PR, as well as sufficient training to conduct the six-minute walk test (27.3%).Even fewer MT reported having "a lot" of experience (10%) and sufficient training (4.8%) to perform PR, as well as to plan the educational program for patients (10%) and the confidence to refer patients to PR (6.5%). This is the first study to evaluate the preparedness of professionals from the Brazilian public health network to provide PR. Notably, both PT and MT have low preparation to perform PR in the studied cities, reinforcing the need for continuing education.

RESUMEN El déficit de conocimientos entre los profesionales de la salud ha sido una barrera para la expansión e implementación de los servicios de rehabilitación pulmonar (RP) a pesar de sus beneficios comprobados para las personas con enfermedad respiratoria crónica (ERC). Este estudio de encuesta forma parte de un proyecto más amplio para implantar la RP en el sistema público sanitario brasileño mediante la evaluación de la preparación de los profesionales sanitarios de dos municipios brasileños para proporcionarla. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado para evaluar los conocimientos (19 preguntas), la formación (7 preguntas), la confianza (10 preguntas) y la experiencia clínica (8 preguntas) de los fisioterapeutas (FT) y del equipo multiprofesional (EM), aplicado previamente en un taller sobre RP. La puntuación media de los conocimientos fue de 10±3 para FT y de 6±3 para EM. Menos de un tercio de los FT afirmaron que tenían "mucha" experiencia (25%) y confianza (22,7%) para realizar la RP, así como formación suficiente para realizar la prueba de la marcha de seis minutos (27,3%). Pocos profesionales del EM declararon que tenían "mucha" experiencia (10%) y formación suficiente (4,8%) para realizar la RP, así como para planificar el programa educativo (10%) y tenían confianza para derivar a pacientes para la RP (6,5%). Este es el primer estudio que evalúa la preparación de los profesionales de la red pública de salud en Brasil para proporcionar la RP, y se observa que, en los municipios donde se realizó, tanto los FT como el EM están poco preparados para llevarla a cabo, lo que refuerza la necesidad de una formación continuada.

RESUMO O déficit de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde tem sido uma barreira para a expansão e implementação dos serviços de reabilitação pulmonar (RP), apesar dos seus benefícios comprovados para indivíduos com doença respiratória crônica (DRC). Objetivo: avaliar o preparo dos profissionais de saúde de dois municípios brasileiros para fornecer a RP no sistema público de saúde. Esse estudo, do tipo survey, foi parte de um projeto maior para implementação da RP no sistema público de saúde brasileiro. Foi utilizado um questionário autoaplicável para avaliar o conhecimento (19 questões), o treinamento (7 questões), a confiança (10 questões) e a experiência clínica (8 questões) dos fisioterapeutas (FT) e da equipe multiprofissional (EM), aplicado antes de um workshop sobre RP. No total, 44 FT e 231 EM responderam o questionário. A pontuação média de conhecimento foi de 10±3 para FT e 6±3 para EM. Poucos FT referiam ter "muita" experiência (25%) e confiança (22,7%) para realizar RP, bem como treinamento suficiente para realizar o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (27,3%). Ainda menos profissionais da EM relataram ter "muita" experiência (10%) e treinamento suficiente (4,8%) para realizar RP, assim como para planejar o programa educacional dos pacientes (10%) e ter confiança para encaminhar pacientes para a RP (6,5%). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar o preparo dos profissionais da rede pública de saúde no Brasil para fornecer RP. Notavelmente, tanto FT quanto EM têm baixo preparo para realizar RP nos municípios estudados, reforçando a necessidade de realização de educação continuada.

Glittre-ADL test without backpack: A qualitative study of perceptions of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: The Glittre Activities of Daily Living (Glittre-ADL) test without backpack was recently validated to assess the functional capacity of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) OBJECTIVE: To understand the perceptions of people with COPD about the Glittre-ADL test with and without backpack and the possible similarities with their activities of daily living (ADLs). METHODS: Participants performed 2 Glittre-ADL tests with a backpack (visit 1). On visit 2, participants randomly performed the Glittre-ADL test with and without backpack and completed a semi-structured interview with questions about the tests. Interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Twelve participants aged between 57 and 76 years with mild to severe COPD were included. Interviews were grouped into four thematic categories: (1) Glittre-ADL test with a backpack: does the backpack make the test worse, or does it not matter?; (2) test tasks and ADL: what is in common between them?; (3) "I enjoyed taking the test": the possibility of learning and new expectations; and (4) symptoms during the Glittre-ADL tests. CONCLUSION: The following perceptions while performing the Glittre-ADL test with and without the backpack were observed: dyspnea and fatigue sensation, difficulty using the backpack while performing tasks such as squatting, and similarities to ADLs tasks despite different perspectives regarding the degree of ease and expectations on how to perform test tasks at home.

Telehealth and telemedicine in the management of adult patients after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: A substantial number of people with COPD suffer from exacerbations, which are defined as an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms. To minimize exacerbations, telehealth has emerged as an alternative to improve clinical management, access to health care, and support for self-management. Our objective was to map the evidence of telehealth/telemedicine for the monitoring of adult COPD patients after hospitalization due to an exacerbation. METHODS: Bibliographic search was carried in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde/LILACS and Cochrane Library databases to identify articles describing telehealth and telemonitoring strategies in Portuguese, English, or Spanish published by December of 2021. RESULTS: Thirty-nine articles, using the following concepts (number of articles), were included in this review: telehealth (21); telemonitoring (20); telemedicine (17); teleconsultation (5); teleassistance (4); telehomecare and telerehabilitation (3 each); telecommunication and mobile health (2 each); and e-health management, e-coach, telehome, telehealth care and televideo consultation (1 each). All these concepts describe strategies which use telephone and/or video calls for coaching, data monitoring, and health education leading to self-management or self-care, focusing on providing remote integrated home care with or without telemetry devices. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrated that telehealth/telemedicine in combination with telemonitoring can be an interesting strategy to benefit COPD patients after discharge from hospitalization for an exacerbation, by improving their quality of life and reducing re-hospitalizations, admissions to emergency services, hospital length of stay, and health care costs.

Telehealth and telemedicine in the management of adult patients after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation: a scoping review / Telessaúde e telemedicina no manejo de pacientes adultos após hospitalização por exacerbação da DPOC: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective: A substantial number of people with COPD suffer from exacerbations, which are defined as an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms. To minimize exacerbations, telehealth has emerged as an alternative to improve clinical management, access to health care, and support for self-management. Our objective was to map the evidence of telehealth/telemedicine for the monitoring of adult COPD patients after hospitalization due to an exacerbation. Methods: Bibliographic search was carried in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde/LILACS and Cochrane Library databases to identify articles describing telehealth and telemonitoring strategies in Portuguese, English, or Spanish published by December of 2021. Results: Thirty-nine articles, using the following concepts (number of articles), were included in this review: telehealth (21); telemonitoring (20); telemedicine (17); teleconsultation (5); teleassistance (4); telehomecare and telerehabilitation (3 each); telecommunication and mobile health (2 each); and e-health management, e-coach, telehome, telehealth care and televideo consultation (1 each). All these concepts describe strategies which use telephone and/or video calls for coaching, data monitoring, and health education leading to self-management or self-care, focusing on providing remote integrated home care with or without telemetry devices. Conclusions: This review demonstrated that telehealth/telemedicine in combination with telemonitoring can be an interesting strategy to benefit COPD patients after discharge from hospitalization for an exacerbation, by improving their quality of life and reducing re-hospitalizations, admissions to emergency services, hospital length of stay, and health care costs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Um número substancial de pessoas com DPOC sofre de exacerbações, definidas como uma piora aguda dos sintomas respiratórios. Para minimizar as exacerbações, a telessaúde surgiu como alternativa para melhorar o manejo clínico, o acesso aos cuidados de saúde e o apoio à autogestão. Nosso objetivo foi mapear as evidências de telessaúde/telemedicina para o monitoramento de pacientes adultos com DPOC após hospitalização por exacerbação. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nos bancos de dados PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde/LILACS e Cochrane Library para identificar artigos que descrevessem estratégias de telessaúde e telemonitoramento em português, inglês, ou espanhol, publicados até dezembro de 2021. Resultados: Trinta e nove artigos, utilizando os seguintes conceitos (número de artigos), foram incluídos nesta revisão: telessaúde (21); telemonitoramento (20); telemedicina (17); teleconsulta (5); teleassistência (4); telecuidado domiciliar e telerreabilitação (3 cada); telecomunicação e saúde móvel (2 cada); e gestão de e-saúde, e-coach, teledomicílio, cuidados de telessaúde e tele/videoconsulta (1 cada). Todos esses conceitos descrevem estratégias que utilizam chamadas telefônicas e/ou de vídeo para coaching, monitoramento de dados e educação em saúde levando à autogestão ou autocuidado, com foco na prestação de cuidados domiciliares remotos integrados, com ou sem dispositivos de telemetria. Conclusões: Esta revisão demonstrou que a telessaúde/telemedicina associada ao telemonitoramento pode ser uma estratégia interessante para beneficiar pacientes com DPOC após a alta hospitalar por exacerbação, por meio da melhora da qualidade de vida e da redução das re-hospitalizações, admissões em serviços de emergência, tempo de internação hospitalar e custos de cuidados de saúde.

Incentive spirometer: Aspects of the clinical practice of physical therapists from Minas Gerais working with patients with respiratory dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Incentive spirometers (ISs) are clinical devices used in respiratory physical therapy to increase alveolar ventilation and functional residual capacity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors that influence physical therapists from Minas Gerais in selecting a type of IS and the scientific background behind the use of ISs by physical therapists who work with patients with respiratory dysfunctions. METHODS: Physical therapists from 13 hospital and non-hospital institutions (public/private) completed a self-administered questionnaire based on the current evidence on ISs. RESULTS: Indications and contraindications of ISs are not fully understood by most of the 168 physical therapists who completed the questionnaire. Volume-oriented IS was preferred over flow-oriented IS. However, only half of the physical therapists have a scientific background to justify the choice of one IS type rather than the other. CONCLUSIONS: Most physical therapists from Minas Gerais do not fully understand the indications and contraindications for ISs. Despite physical therapists stating their preference for volume-oriented IS, this choice is not necessarily based on current scientific evidence. The development of strategies to bring physical therapists closer to evidence-based practice is necessary to ensure best patient care.

Vivendo bem com DPOC: orientações para o autocuidado / Vivendo bem com DPOC: orientações para o autocuidado

Produto do projeto: Impacto da coordenação e acompanhamento do cuidado por telemonitoramento na qualidade da assistência prestada aos usuários do SUS portadores de doenças crônicas, egressos de internação hospitalar em Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.

Influence of posture, sex, and age on breathing pattern and chest wall motion in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of posture, sex, and age on breathing pattern and chest wall motion during quiet breathing in healthy participants. METHODS: Eighty-three participants aged 42.72 (SD=21.74) years presenting normal pulmonary function were evaluated by optoelectronic plethysmography in the seated, inclined (with 45° of trunk inclination), and supine positions. This method allowed to assess the chest wall in a three dimensional way considering the chest wall as three compartments: pulmonary rib cage, abdominal rib cage and abdomen. RESULTS: Posture influenced all variables of breathing pattern and chest wall motion, except respiratory rate and duty cycle. Chest wall tidal volume and minute ventilation were reduced (p<0.05) in both sexes from seated to inclined and from seated to supine positions, mainly in males. Moreover, moving from seated to supine position significantly increased the percentage contribution of the abdomen to the tidal volume in both sexes (p<0.0001). Regarding sex, women showed higher contribution of thoracic compartment compared to men (p=0.008). Aging provided reductions on rib cage contributions to tidal volume that were compensated by increases of abdomen contributions (p<0.0001). In addition, increases in end-inspiratory and end-expiratory volumes over the years were observed. CONCLUSION: The degree of contribution of chest wall compartments is dependent on posture, sex, and age. Therefore, verticalization increases expansion of pulmonary rib cage as well as horizontalization increases abdominal displacement. Women presented higher thoracic contribution to tidal volume than men. Aging reduces rib cage contributions to tidal volume that were compensated by increases of abdomen contributions.

Prediction equation for the mini-mental state examination: influence of education, age, and sex / Equação de predição para o miniexame do estado mental: influência da educação, idade e sexo / Ecuación de predicción para el mini-examen del estado mental: influencia de la educación, edad y sexo

ABSTRACT The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) is a screening test used worldwide for identifying changes in the scope of cognition. Studies have shown the influence of education, age and sex in the MMSE score. However, in Brazil, the studies consider only one factor to score it. The aim of this study was to establish a prediction equation for the MMSE. An exploratory cross-sectional study was developed and trained researchers examined participants at the community. The volunteers were evaluated by the MMSE and also by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The MMSE score was the dependent variable. Age, educational level, sex, and GDS score were the independent variables. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the model of best prediction value for MMSE scores. A total of 250 participants aged 20-99 years, without cognitive impairment, were assessed. The educational level, age, and sex explained 38% of the total variance of the MMSE score (p<0.0001) and resulted in the following equation: MMSE=23.350+0.265(years of schooling)-0.042(age)+1.323(sex), in which female=1 and male=2. The MMSE scores can be better explained and predicted when educational level, age, and sex are considered. These results enhance the knowledge regarding the variables that influence the MMSE score, as well as provide a way to consider all of them in the test score, providing a better screening of these patients.

RESUMO O mini-exame do estado mental (MEEM) é um teste de rastreio mundialmente utilizado para identificar alterações no âmbito da cognição. Estudos têm demonstrado a influência da educação, idade e gênero na pontuação do MEEM. No entanto, no Brasil, os estudos consideram apenas um fator para a pontuação no teste. O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer uma equação preditiva para o MEEM. Um estudo transversal exploratório foi desenvolvido e examinadores treinados avaliaram participantes da comunidade. Os voluntários foram avaliados pelo MEEM e pela Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG). A pontuação do MEEM foi a variável dependente. A idade, nível educacional, gênero e pontuação na EDG foram as variáveis independentes. A análise de regressão multivariada foi utilizada para determinar o modelo de melhor valor preditivo para os escores do MEEM. Foram avaliados 250 indivíduos entre 20 e 99 anos, sem comprometimento cognitivo. O nível educacional, a idade e o sexo explicaram 38% da variância total da pontuação do MEEM (p<0,0001) e resultaram na equação: MEEM=23,350+0,265(anos de escolaridade)-0,042(idade)+1,323(gênero), em que mulher=1 e homem=2. A pontuação do MEEM pode ser melhor explicada e predita quando o nível educacional, idade e gênero são considerados. Os resultados contribuem para o conhecimento sobre as variáveis que influenciam o escore do MEEM, bem como fornece uma maneira de considerá-las na pontuação do teste, proporcionando uma melhor triagem desses pacientes.

RESUMEN El mini-examen del estado mental (MEEM) es una prueba de rastreo mundialmente utilizada para identificar alteraciones en el ámbito de la cognición. Los estudios han demostrado la influencia de la educación, la edad y el sexo en la puntuación del MEEM. Sin embargo, en Brasil, los estudios consideran sólo un factor para la puntuación en la prueba. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer una ecuación predictiva para el MEEM. Un estudio transversal exploratorio fue desarrollado y examinadores entrenados evaluaron a participantes de la comunidad. Los participantes fueron evaluados por el MEEM y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (EDG). La puntuación del MEEM fue la variable dependiente. La edad, nivel educativo, sexo y puntuación en la EDG fueron las variables independientes. El análisis de regresión multivariada fue utilizado para determinar el modelo de mejor valor predictivo para los escores del MEEM. Se evaluaron 250 individuos entre 20 y 99 años, sin comprometimiento cognitivo. El nivel educativo, la edad y el sexo explicaron el 38% de la varianza total de la puntuación del MEEM (p <0,0001) y resultaron en la ecuación: MEEM=23,350+0,265(años de escolaridad)-0,042 (edad)+1,323 (sexo), en que mujer = 1 y hombre = 2. La puntuación del MEEM puede ser mejor explicada y predecible cuando se considera el nivel educativo, la edad y el sexo. Los resultados contribuyen para el conocimiento sobre las variables que influencian el score del MEEM, así como proporciona una manera de considerar las variables en la puntuación de la prueba, proporcionando una mejor forma de triar a estos pacientes.

Comparison of three protocols for measuring the maximal respiratory pressures / Comparação de três protocolos na mensuração das pressões respiratórias máximas

Introduction To avoid the selection of submaximal efforts during the assessment of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), some reproducibility criteria have been suggested. Criteria that stand out are those proposed by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) and by the Brazilian Thoracic Association (BTA). However, no studies were found that compared these criteria or assessed the combination of both protocols. Objectives To assess the pressure values selected and the number of maneuvers required to achieve maximum performance using the reproducibility criteria proposed by the ATS/ERS, the BTA and the present study. Materials and method 113 healthy subjects (43.04 ± 16.94 years) from both genders were assessed according to the criteria proposed by the ATS/ERS, BTA and the present study. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis, followed by ANOVA for repeated measures and post hoc LSD or by Friedman test and post hoc Wilcoxon, according to the data distribution. Results The criterion proposed by the present study resulted in a significantly higher number of maneuvers (MIP and MEP – median and 25%-75% interquartile range: 5[5-6], 4[3-5] and 3[3-4] for the present study criterion, BTA and ATS/ERS, respectively; p < 0.01) and higher pressure values (MIP – mean and 95% confidence interval: 103[91.43-103.72], 100[97.19-108.83] and 97.6[94.06-105.95]; MEP: median and 25%-75% interquartile range: 124.2[101.4-165.9], 123.3[95.4-153.8] and 118.4[95.5-152.7]; p < 0.05). Conclusion The proposed criterion resulted in the selection of pressure values closer to the individual’s maximal capacity. This new criterion should be considered in future studies concerning MIP and MEP measurements. .

Introdução Para evitar a seleção de esforços submáximos durante as medidas das pressões inspiratórias e expiratórias máximas (PImáx e PEmáx), alguns critérios de reprodutibilidade têm sido sugeridos, destacando-se os propostos pela ATS/ERS e pela SBPT. Entretanto, não foram encontrados na literatura estudos que confrontem esses dois critérios, ou que investiguem a combinação de ambos. Objetivos Avaliar os valores pressóricos selecionados e o número de manobras necessárias para se alcançar a capacidade máxima por meio do emprego dos critérios de reprodutibilidade propostos pela ATS/ERS, pela SBPT e pelo presente estudo. Materiais e métodos Foram avaliados 113 indivíduos saudáveis (43,04 ± 16,94 anos), de ambos os sexos, considerando-se os critérios de reprodutibilidade propostos pela ATS/ERS, pela SBPT e pelo presente estudo. Análise estatística realizada com estatística descritiva, seguida do teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas (post hoc LSD) ou do teste de Friedman (post hoc Wilcoxon), segundo a normalidade dos dados. Resultados O critério proposto resultou em um número de manobras significativamente maior (PImáx e PEmáx – mediana e intervalo interquartílico 25%-75%: 5[5-6], 4[3-5] e 3[3-4] para este estudo, SBPT e ATS/ERS, respectivamente; p < 0,01) e na seleção de valores pressóricos mais elevados (PImáx – média e intervalo de confiança 95%: 103[91,43-103,72], 100[97,19-108,83] e 97,6[94,06-105,95]; PEmáx – mediana e intervalo interquartílico 25%-75%: 124,2[101,4-165,9], 123,3[95,4-153,8] e 118,4[95,5-152,7] para este estudo, SBPT e ATS/ERS, respectivamente; p < 0,05). Conclusão O critério proposto resultou em valores pressóricos mais próximos da real capacidade máxima dos sujeitos avaliados. Este novo critério deve ser considerado em estudos futuros relacionados às medidas de PImáx e PEmáx. .