Linear low-density polyethylene and zirconium phosphate nanocomposites: evidence from thermal, thermo-mechanical, morphological and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.

Lamellar alpha-zirconium phosphate was synthesized by direct precipitation and also directly expanded with octadecylamine, through alcoholic solution. To produce a nanocomposite, it was incorporated in linear low-density polyethylene in the molten state, using a counterrotating twin-screw extruder set at 170-190 degrees C and 100 rpm. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed a decrease in the polyolefin melting temperature and crystallinity degree. The higher onset temperature of the zirconium phosphate modified with octadecylamine and linear low density polyethylene composite indicated an increasing of thermal stability and it suggests that some polyethylene chains entered into the filler's spacing. Dynamic-mechanical analysis evidenced an increase in both moduli (storage and loss). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction showed additional peaks--diffraction angles appeared in the region beneath 12 degrees--which were attributed to partial intercalation of polyethylene chains between filler interlamellar spacing. By hydrogen low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, the two low intensity relaxation time peaks shifted to higher values, strongly suggesting interaction between the octadecylamine and polymer matrix into the filler galleries. From these results, it may be postulated that a partially intercalated and/or exfoliated nanostructure in the zirconium phosphate modified with octadecylamine and linear low density polyethylene composite was achieved.

Degradation of polymeric restorative materials subjected to a high caries challenge.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degradation of different resin filling materials after a caries challenge, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and contact angle (θ) measurement. METHODS: Four different polymeric restorative materials (a resin composite, a polyacid-modified resin composite, an ormocer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement) were tested. Five samples (30 mm × 6 mm × 2 mm) of each material were formed in a Teflon mold, following the manufacturer's instructions. After pH cycles, the solutions were injected in an HPLC. The θ was obtained, before and after pH cycle, by a goniometer at 60% air humidity and 25°C. A distilled water drop (0.006 ml) was put on the material surface, and after 6 min, 10 measures were obtained at 20s intervals. Each sample received 4 drops, one at a time, on different areas. RESULTS: HPLC results showed elution of byproducts in all materials. This was greater in the acid medium. Bis-GMA and TEGDMA were detected in TPH Spectrum and Definite residues. Analyses of the contact angle by ANOVA and Student-Neuman-Keuls's test showed that the surfaces of TPH Spectrum, Dyract AP and Definite were altered, except Vitremer (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: All materials tested degraded on a caries simulated medium, suggesting that a great effort should be made to disseminate oral health information, since a high caries challenge environment (low pH) can lead to dental composite degradation, with potential toxic risks to patients.