Pulp analysis of teeth submitted to different types of forces: a histological study in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to histologically evaluate pulp and dentin under induced tooth movement (ITM) with different types of forces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The maxillary right first molars of rats were submitted to movement with continuous (CF), continuous interrupted (CIF) and intermittent (IF) forces during 5, 7 and 9 days with nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed-coil springs exerting 50cN force magnitude. The groups were histologically evaluated as for cellularity pattern, presence of dystrophic, hemodynamic alterations in the pulp as well dentin alterations. The main observed alterations were related to hemodynamic pulp characteristics, such as presence of thrombosis, vascular congestion and hemorrhages. The hemodynamic alterations were statistically evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance by the Kruskall-Wallis test. RESULTS: There was no significant differences observed between groups in the different types of applied forces and duration of ITM (vascular congestion, p=1.000; hemorrhage, p=0.305; thrombosis, p=1.000). CONCLUSIONS: Pulp tissue alterations resulting from ITM were limited to hemodynamic events, without progressing to irreversible degeneration, regardless of the type of force applied.

Prevalence of malocclusion in people with disabilities / Prevalência de más oclusões em pessoas com deficiência

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de má oclusão em pacientes com deficiências. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 98 pacientes com o diagnóstico prévio da deficiência. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em três grupos: deficiência intelectual (DI), paralisia cerebral (PC) e síndrome de Down (SD). Eles foram avaliados de acordo com a classificação de Angle para má oclusão, presença ou ausência de mordida cruzada posterior, mordida cruzada anterior e mordida aberta anterior. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada utilizando o teste de Kruskal Wallis com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A Classe II foi mais frequente nos três grupos (PC 45,45%, DI 40,43% and SD 50,00%); a mordida cruzada anterior e posterior foram mais prevalentes na SD (p < 0,0001). A mordida aberta anterior foi mais prevalente na PC (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Pacientes com deficiência apresentam altas taxas de má oclusão e compreender esta condição é essencial para estabelecer o tratamento mais adequado.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion in patients with disabilities. Material and Methods: The sample consisted in 98 patients of who had a previous diagnosis of disability. Patientes were divided into three groups: Intelectual Disabilities (ID), Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Down Syndrome (DS). They were evaluated according to Angle malocclusion classification, presence or absence of posterior crossbite, anterior crossbite and anterior open bite. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Kruskal Wallis test at 5% significance level. Results: Class II malocclusion was more frequent in the three groups (CP 45.45%, ID 40.43% and DS 50.00%); the anterior and the posterior crossbite were more prevalent in DS (p < 0.0001). The anterior open bite was more prevalent in CP (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with disabilities have high rate of malocclusion and understanding this condition is essential to establish appropriate treatment

Hábitos bucais deletérios em pessoas com deficiência / Oral habits in people with disabilities

Pessoas com deficiências apresentam alto índice de más oclusões, o que pode estar relacionado ao crescimento e desenvolvimento anormais, além da alta incidência de hábitos bucais deletérios (HBD). Os dados sobre a distribuição dos HBD nos diferentes tipos de síndrome ou deficiência são escassos, portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência dos HBD em pacientes com deficiências. A amostra foi composta por 100 pacientes, sendo 56 do sexo masculino (56%) e 44 do sexo feminino (44%), com idade média de 33,5 anos. Em relação ao tipo de deficiência, 47 pacientes apresentavam Retardo Mental (RM), 35 Paralisia Cerebral (PC) e 18 Síndrome de Down (SD). Constatou-se que 24 pacientes (24%) não apresentavam nenhum HBD, sendo 19 com RM, 3 com SD e 2 com PC. Quanto ao número de HBD, 35 pacientes (35%) foram diagnosticados com 1 HBD, 23 (23%) com 2 HBD e 18 (18%) com 3 ou mais HBD. Na PC, a respiração bucal foi o HBD mais prevalente (54,3%), seguido da interposição lingual (42,9%). A respiração bucal também foi o HBD mais frequente nos pacientes com RM (34%), já nos pacientes com SD, chama atenção o grande número de indivíduos que apresentaram interposição lingual (61,1%) e respiração bucal (50%). O alto índice de HBD comprova a necessidade de maior atenção dos profissionais para o desenvolvimento de procedimentos interceptores e corretivos específicos para os pacientes com deficiência. Além disso, os responsáveis devem ser orientados sobre as consequências dos hábitos mais prevalentes (AU).

People with disabilities have a high rate of malocclusion, which may be related to abnormal growth and development, and the high incidence of oral habits (OH). Data on the distribution of OH in the different types of syndrome or disability are limited, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of OH in patients with disabilities. The sample consisted in 100 patients, 56 male (56%) and 44 female (44%), mean age of 33.5 years old. Regarding the type of disability, 47 patients had Mental Retardation (MR), 35 Cerebral Palsy (CP) and 18 Down Syndrome (DS). It was found 24 patients (24%) did not have any HBD, 19 with RM, 3 with SD, and 2 PC. As the number of OH, 35 patients (35%) were diagnosed with 1 OH, 23 (23%) 2 OH, and 18 (18%) had 3 OH or more. In PC, mouth breathing was the most prevalent OH (54.3%), followed by tongue thrusting (42.9%). Mouth breathing was also the most frequent in patients with MR (34%), while in patients with SD, the large number of individuals had tongue thrusting (61.1%) and mouth breathing (50%). The high level of OH proves the need for greater attention of professionals for the development of specific interceptors and corrective procedures for patients with disabilities. In addition, those responsible must be informed about the consequences of the most prevalent habits (AU).

Resina infiltrativa para tratamento de lesão de mancha branca: revisão de literatura / Resin infiltration for treatment of white spot lesion in adolescents: review

Resina infiltrativa é um material de baixa viscosidade para determinados tratamentos não invasivos, assim o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica de pesquisas clínicas que abordaram o uso deste material restaurador dentário. A busca eletrônica foi realizada por 2 autores independentes utilizando o Pubmed, Scopus e BIREME, abrangendo o período de julho de 2009 e agosto de 2014 e somente na língua inglesa. , com os seguintes descritores: “dental caries”, “white spot”, “resin infiltration”, “dental caries treatment”. Foram obtidos 461 resumos, os quais foram lidos por dois revisores individualmente. Obtiveram-se 161 pesquisas no PUBMED, 168 na Scopus e por fim 121 na BIREME. Porém, apenas 14 artigos foram considerados nesta revisão, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos de acordo com PICOS. Consideraram-se os seguintes aspectos: pacientes com lesões de mancha branca em dentição decídua e/ou permanente, aplicação da resina infiltrativa, aplicação de vernizes fluoretados, gel fluoretado, associação das técnicas, ou tratamentos isolados, entre os procedimentos anteriores em pacientes que apresentavam lesões de mancha branca nas faces proximais ou vestibulares dos elementos dentais, ou avaliação da eficácia isolada da resina infiltrativa, taxa de sucesso, longevidade das técnicas utilizadas e o mascaramento da lesão de mancha branca (alteração de cor). A resina infiltrativa demonstrou ser bem sucedida, principalmente nos primeiros seis meses das avaliações clínicas e parece ser eficaz quanto ao poder de mascaramento das lesões de mancha branca, além de limitar o avanço das lesões de cárie

Infiltrative resin is a low viscosity material for certain non-invasive treatments, so the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of scientific literature clinical research that addressed the use of this dental restorative material. For the literature search used the site Pubmed, Scopus and BIREME in the period from July 2009 to August 2014, with the following descriptors: “dental caries”, “white spot”, “resin infiltration,” “dental caries treatment”. That were obtained 461 abstracts, which were read by two reviewers individually. There was obtained 161 searches in PubMed, 168 in Scopus and finally 121 in BIREME. However, only 14 articles were considered in this review, according to the inclusion criteria established in accordance with PEAKS. The following aspects were considered: patients with white spot lesions in deciduous dentition and / or permanent application of resin infiltration, application of fluoride varnish, fluoride gel, association techniques, or single treatments, between the above procedures in patients with white spot lesions on the proximal surfaces or vestibular dental elements, or assessment of efficacy alone infiltrative resin, success rate, longevity of the techniques used and the masking of white spot lesions (color change). The infiltrative resin proved to be successful, especially in the first six months of clinical evaluations and appears to be effective as to the power of blinding white spot lesions and limiting the advance of caries lesions

Analysis of mesiodistal angulations of preadjusted brackets.

Manufacturers offer various prescriptions of preadjusted brackets for use in the "straight-wire" orthodontic technique. However, the need to incorporate bends in the rectangular wires during orthodontic finishing has led to concerns regarding the type of prescription chosen and the credibility of information provided by the manufacturer. The aim of this study was to compare the slot angulations of Roth prescription preadjusted metallic brackets for the maxillary left central incisor and maxillary left canine. For each tooth type, 10 brackets of three commercial brands (GAC, Forestadent and Morelli) were selected. Two individual metal matrices for brackets and tooth positioning were made for each group of teeth. Captured images were obtained by standardized ortho-radial photography with a digital camera. Images were exported and analyzed with the Image J software package. One-way ANOVA and Tukey statistical analyses were performed at the 5% significance level. For brackets of the maxillary left central incisor, differences in mean angulation were observed between the Morelli and GAC groups (p < 0.01) and between the Forestadent and GAC groups (p < 0.01). For brackets of the maxillary left canine, differences in mean angulation were found between the Morelli and GAC groups (p < 0.01) and between the Morelli and Forestadent groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, despite their same prescription name, the different brands exhibited significantly different angulation measurements.

Resorption of roots of different dimension induced by different types of forces.

Root resorption is a variable to be considered in induced tooth movement (ITM). It is related to root morphology and alveolar bone crest, and also to the types of forces exerted by mechanotherapy. This histometric study evaluated the predominance of root resorption among roots of different dimensions, following ITM with different types of forces and at different time intervals. The study was conducted on 54 rats divided into three groups, according to the type of force: continuous (CF), continuous interrupted (CIF) and intermittent (IF), at periods of 5, 7 and 9 days. The percentage of resorption between mesiobuccal roots of larger dimension and intermediate roots of smaller dimension was assessed. The evaluations were performed on the AxioVision software, and the non-parametric analysis of variance for repeated measures in independent groups was further applied, consisting of a scheme of two factors, and complemented by the Dunn test at a significance level of 5%. The intermediate roots presented a higher percentage of resorption, which was gradual at the periods evaluated for the three types of forces, but mainly for CF. Comparing the intermediate roots with the mesiobuccal roots, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the CF group at day 7 and day 9, and in the FI group, at day 9. The intragroup analysis evidenced a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the 5th and the 9th day for the intermediate root in the CF group. The intergroup analysis did not reveal any statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in individually analyzed roots.

Microscopic evaluation of induced tooth movement after subluxation trauma: an experimental study in rats

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the histological alterations that occurred in the periodontal area of rat molars submitted to induced tooth movement (ITM) right after an intentional trauma (subluxation). METHODS: Forty adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were selected. The animals were divided into eight groups (n = 5), according to the combination of variables: Group 1 - control (neither trauma nor ITM); Group 2 - ITM; Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 - dentoalveolar trauma groups corresponding, respectively, to 1, 3, 8 and 10 days after trauma; Groups 7 and 8 - the animals' molars were subjected to a 900 cN impact and, one and three days after the trauma event, tooth movement was induced. The rats' maxillary first molars were mesially moved during seven days with a closed coil (50 cN). After the experimental period of each group, the animals were sacrificed by anesthetic overdose and the right maxillas were removed and processed for histological analysis under light microscopy. RESULTS: In the animals of group 3, 4, 5 and 6, the histological alterations were not very significant. Consequently, the effect of induced tooth movement right after a subluxation event (groups 7 and 8) was very similar to those described for Group 2. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the quality of periodontal repair when ITM was applied to teeth that had suffered a subluxation trauma. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar as alterações histológicas ocorridas na área periodontal de molares de ratos submetidos à movimentação dentária induzida (MDI), logo após um trauma intencional (subluxação). MÉTODOS: quarenta ratos Wistar machos adultos (Rattus norvegicus albinus) foram selecionados. Os animais foram divididos em oito grupos (n = 5), de acordo com a combinação das variáveis: Grupo 1 - controle (sem trauma e sem MDI); Grupo 2 - MDI; Grupos 3, 4, 5 e 6 - grupos de trauma dentoalveolar correspondendo, respectivamente, para 1, 3, 8 e 10 dias após o trauma; Grupos 7 e 8 - os molares murinos foram submetidos a um impacto de 900cN e, de um e três dias após o evento trauma, o movimento do dente foi induzido. Os primeiros molares superiores dos animais foram movidos mesialmente durante sete dias, com uma mola fechada (50cN). Após período experimental de cada grupo, os animais foram sacrificados por overdose anestésica e as maxilas direitas foram removidas e processadas para análise histológica qualitativa. RESULTADOS: nos animais dos grupos 3, 4, 5 e 6, as alterações histológicas não foram muito significativas. Consequentemente, o efeito do movimento dentário induzido logo após um evento de subluxação (grupos 7 e 8) foi muito semelhante ao descrito para o grupo 2. CONCLUSÃO: não houve diferença na qualidade do reparo periodontal quando a MDI foi aplicada aos dentes que sofreram um trauma de subluxação. .

Storage Media For Avulsed Teeth: A Literature Review

Dental avulsion is the most severe type of traumatic tooth injuries because it causes damage to several structures and results in the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone. The ideal situation is to replant an exarticulated tooth immediately after avulsion because the extraoral time is a determinant factor for treatment success and for a good prognosis. However, it is not always possible. The success of replantation depends on a number of factors that may contribute to accelerate or minimize the occurrence of root resorption or ankylosis, among which is the type and characteristics of the medium used for temporary storage during the time elapsed between avulsion and replantation. Maintaining the tooth in an adequate wet medium that can preserve, as longer as possible, the vitality of the periodontal ligament cells that remain on root surface is the key to success of replantation. Recent research has led to the development of storage media that produce conditions that closely resemble the original socket environment, with adequate osmolality (cell pressure), pH, nutritional metabolites and glucose, and thus create the best possible conditions for storage. Although these storage media can now be purchased in the form of retail products, the most common scenario is that such a product will not be readily available at the moment of the accident This paper reviews the literature on the different storage media that have been investigated for avulsed teeth based on full-length papers retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBO and SciELO electronic databases using the key words ‘storage medium’, ‘transportation medium’, ‘avulsion’, ‘tooth avulsion’, ‘replantation’, ‘tooth replantation’, ‘milk’ and ‘propolis’. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 papers were selected and critically reviewed with respect to the characteristics, efficacy and ease of access of the storage medium. The review of the literature showed that a wide array of types of wet storage media have been evaluated in laboratory studies and clinical reports, including cell and tissue culture solutions like Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS); medical/hospital products developed specifically for organ storage purposes, such as Viaspan® and Euro-Collins®; culture media, like Minimum Essential Medium (MEM); saline; natural products like water, saliva, bovine milk and its variations, propolis, green tea, Morus rubra (red mulberry), egg white and coconut water; rehydrating solutions, like Gatorade® and Ricetral, and even contact lens solutions. Based on the literature, it could be stated that, so far, apart from Based on the literature, it could be stated that, so far, apart from solutions designed specifically for storage and culture purposes, regular pasteurized whole milk is the most frequently recommended and with the best prognosis among other solutions that are likely to be available at the scene of an accident, such as water, saline or saliva. Its advantages include its high availability, ready accessibility, physiologically compatible pH and osmolality (fluid pressure) with the root-surface adhered PDL cells, presence of nutrients and growth factors. However, there is not yet a single solution that fulfills all requirements to be considered as the ideal medium for temporary storage of avulsed teeth, and research on this field should carry on.

Dentre os traumatismos dento-alveolares, a avulsão dentária é a mais severa por causar danos em muitas estruturas e por consistir num deslocamento total do dente de seu alvéolo ósseo. O tratamento ideal é o reimplante dentário imediatamente após avulsão, pois o tempo extra-bucal é fator determinante para um bom prognóstico e o sucesso do tratamento. Infelizmente, isto nem sempre é possível. O sucesso do reimplante depende de muitos fatores que podem acelerar ou retardar a reabsorção radicular ou mesmo a anquilose e entre eles estão o tipo e as características do meio de armazenamento no qual esse dente foi mantido entre a avulsão e o reimplante. Manter o dente num meio úmido adequado que possa preservar pelo maior tempo possível a vitalidade das células do ligamento periodontal na superfície radicular é o elemento-chave do reimplante bem sucedido. Pesquisas recentes levaram ao desenvolvimento de meios de armazenamento que tem condições muito próximas às do alvéolo dental, possuindo osmolalidade (pressão celular) adequada, pH, metabólitos nutrientes e glicose. Embora estes meios de armazenamento possam ser adquiridos comercialmente, a situação mais comum é que o produto não esteja facilmente acessível no momento do acidente. Frente a isto, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre diversos meios de armazenamento para dentes avulsionados, considerando suas características, efetividade e acessibilidade. Para isto, foi realizada uma busca de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBO e Scielo por meio das palavras-chave: ‘storage media’, ‘tooth replantation’, ‘tooth avulsion’, ‘milk’ e ‘propolis’. Após a avaliação dentro dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 39 artigos foram selecionados e os meios de armazenamento neles descritos foram criteriosamente estudados quanto às suas características, efetividade e acessibilidade. A revisão da literatura revelou uma grande variedade de meios úmidos de estocagem avaliada em estudos laboratoriais e casos clínicos, incluindo soluções para cultura de células e tecidos, como a Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS); produtos médico-hospitalares desenvolvidos especificamente para armazenamento de órgãos, como Viaspan® e Euro-Collins®; meios de cultura como o Meio Mínimo Essencial (MEM); solução fisiológica; produtos naturais, como água, saliva, leite bovino em suas diferentes apresentações, própolis, chá verde, Morus rubra, clara de ovo e água de coco; produtos reidratantes como Gatorade® e Ricetral, até mesmo soluções para lentes de contato. Com base na literatura, pode-se afirmar que até agora, com exceção das soluções específicas para armazenamento e culturas, o leite pasteurizado integral é o mais indicado e o que tem o melhor prognóstico dentre as substâncias que estejam mais provavelmente disponíveis no local do acidente, como água, solução fisiológica ou saliva. Suas vantagens são a grande disponibilidade, fácil acesso, pH fisiologicamente compatível e osmolalidade (pressão do líquido) com as células do ligamento periodontal aderidas à superfície radicular, presença de nutrientes e fatores de crescimento. Apesar disso, o fato é que não se tem um produto que preencha todos os requisitos para ser considerado ideal para o armazenamento temporário de dentes avulsionados e as pesquisas para tanto devem prosseguir.

Corticotomia e osteotomia como coadjuvantes no tratamento ortodôntico / Corticotomy and osteotomy as coadjuvant in orthodontic treatment

Introdução: muitas vezes, as limitações em técnicas ortodônticas tradicionais e o fator tempo criam barreiras para a realização de determinados tratamentos ortodônticos. Com o uso associado de novas técnicas cirúrgicas, esses tratamentos podem ser realizados de forma mais previsível, acessível e rápida, buscando maior eficiência, pois podem expandir significativamente as limitações da Ortodontia. Dois tipos principais de terapia ortodôntica cirurgicamente facilitada, cada uma com suas indicações próprias e protocolos, estão tornando-se habituais: corticotomia e osteotomia, as quais envolvem secções cirúrgicas do osso alveolar associadas à aplicação de forças. Objetivo: o presente trabalho objetivou a realização de uma revisão de literatura acerca dessas técnicas, haja vista que são alternativas eficazes, porém pouco difundidas, necessitando de maiores evidências clínicas e técnicas aprimoradas para que se tornem mais frequentes e opções reais de tratamento.

Importance of periodontal ligament thickness

This study evaluated whether periodontal ligament (PL) thickness varied with root size and examined the possible influence of this variation on orthodontic mechanics. Measurements were taken of the maxillary left first molar in 54 male Wistar rats. Mean mesial and distal PL thicknesses were compared between the intermediate buccal and mesiobuccal roots using paired Student's t-tests with a 5% significance level. Mean values differed significantly between roots (p < 2.2 × 10-16). PL thickness in rats is directly proportional to root dimensions.

Importance of periodontal ligament thickness.

This study evaluated whether periodontal ligament (PL) thickness varied with root size and examined the possible influence of this variation on orthodontic mechanics. Measurements were taken of the maxillary left first molar in 54 male Wistar rats. Mean mesial and distal PL thicknesses were compared between the intermediate buccal and mesiobuccal roots using paired Student's t-tests with a 5% significance level. Mean values differed significantly between roots (p < 2.2 × 10(-16)). PL thickness in rats is directly proportional to root dimensions.

A importância da mucosa queratinizada na implantodontia / Importance of keratinized mucosa in implantology

A proposta da implantodontia atual é garantir que os implantes, além de osseintegrados, mantenham seu estado de plena saúde, função e estética adequada. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, a importância da mucosa queratinizada com relação à higienização, a manutenção gengival e a estética envolvendo a implantodontia, bem como avaliar algumas opções para proporcionar uma quantidade de mucosa queratinizada quando esta é insuficiente. Para a identificação dos estudos incluídos ou considerados nesta revisão, foi utilizado o banco de dados Pubmed com os descritores: implant e mouth mucosa e, seguindo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 27 artigos. De acordo com os artigos revisados considerou-se que o tecido queratinizado não influencia diretamente na sobrevida do implante; porém ele facilita a higienização, diminue a irritação dos tecidos periimplantares e favorece a estética em regiões anteriores

The purpose of current implantology is to ensure that implants maintain its state of full health, proper function and aesthetics. The aim of this paper is to discuss, through a literature review, the importance of keratinized mucosa in relation to cleaning, gingival maintenance, aesthetics involving dentistry implant and evaluating some options to provide a keratinized mucosa when it is insufficient. For the studies identification, it is included or considered in this review, Pubmed database with the following keywords: implant and mouth mucosa and, according to the criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 27 articles were selected. According to the reviewed articles, it was found that the keratinized tissue does not influence the survival of the implant, but it facilitates the cleaning, decreases the irritation of the peri-implant tissues and promotes aesthetics in anterior regions

Extrações seriadas: protocolos e implicações clínicas / Serial extractions: protocols and clinical implications

A Ortodontia é uma especialidade da Odontologia que visa, entre seus diversos objetivos, proporcionar uma arcada dentária alinhada, estável e funcional. A discrepância dentoalveolar negativa em indivíduos na fase de dentição mista apresenta alta prevalência e requer a utilização de métodos de tratamento que proporcionem a obtenção de espaço. As extrações seriadas constituem uma solução adequada, mas frequentemente questionada quanto às indicações, contraindicações e sequência apropriada. Assim, o propósito deste artigo é apresentar uma discussão, embasada na literatura pertinente, dos principais fatores envolvidos com esse procedimento e ilustrar esta terapia por meio de um caso clínico.

Histomorphometric evaluation of periodontal compression and tension sides during orthodontic tooth movement in rats

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thickness of the periodontal ligament of rat molars during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals each: GI, GII and GIII and the mice were euthanized at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. Experimental subjects were compared to their respective controls by the Mann-Whitney test. Comparison of values between compression and tension sides were performed during the same and different time periods through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test and, subsequently, Tukey's test. RESULTS: Groups GI and GII showed decreased PDL size in the apical regions of the mesiobuccal root and in the cervical region of the distobuccal root. There was also an increased PDL in the cervical regions of the mesiobuccal root, apical region of the distobuccal root and middle region of both roots. CONCLUSION: The reduction and increase in PDL size were seen in the same root, which characterizes tooth inclination. The apical, middle and cervical regions were compared with one another in each time period and at three times: 7, 14 and 21 days. They were also compared in each region, confirming a tipping movement in GI and GII and a gradual decreased intensity between GI to GII, reaching normal dimension in GIII.

Sistemas de retenção intrarradicular: considerações teóricas e comportamento biomecânico / Inner root retention systems: theoretical considerations and biomechanical behavior

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura científica atual, a fim de discutir o comportamento biomecânico e as características inerentes tanto aos núcleos metálicos fundidos, quanto aos pinos pré-fabricados utilizados na prática restauradora dos dentes endodonticamente tratados. Para a identificação dos estudos dessa revisão, foi realizada uma estratégia de busca detalha e avançada para os bancos de dados PubMed e Medline. Foram utilizados como descritores: endodontically treated teeth, post, core, fiber post e metal post. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos clínicos, estudos controlados aleatórios, estudos in vitro, revisões de literatura e revisões sistemáticas com e sem meta-análise dos últimos 10 anos, que abordassem o tema proposto. Os critérios de exclusão foram: artigos sem resumo, estudos em animais, artigos cujo idioma não fosse o inglês e artigos de periódicos que não pertencessem à área odontológica. De um total de 211 artigos, após uma análise segundo o critério de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 65 artigos. A maioria da literatura científica atual indica que os pinos pré-fabricados reforçados por fibras e os pinos cerâmicos deveriam ser indicados para os dentes endodonticamente tratados que apresentem uma altura mínima de 2mm de férula. Já os núcleos metálicos fundidos, juntamente com os pinos pré-fabricados metálicos representam uma boa opção protética, quando os dentes a serem restaurados apresentam-se enfraquecidos por qualquer motivo. Apesar do grande número de pesquisas, ainda há uma carência de estudos prospectivos em longo prazo que avaliem a efetividade desses pinos no tratamento de dentes tratados endodonticamente

The aim of this study was to review the current scientific literature to discuss the biomechanical behavior and characteristics inherent to both cast post and core and the prefabricated posts used in the practice of restoring endodontically treated teeth. To identify studies of this review, it was performed a detailed and advanced search strategy to the databases PubMed and Medline. It was used as descriptors: endodontically treated teeth, post, core, fiber post and metal post. Inclusion criteria were: clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, in vitro studies, literature reviews and systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis of the last 10 years that addressed the theme. Exclusion criteria were: articles without abstracts, animal studies, articles whose language was not English and articles from journals that do not belong to the Dentistry field. Of a total of 35 articles, after an analysis according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 articles were selected. Most of the current scientific literature indicates that the prefabricated fiber reinforced and ceramic posts should be appointed for endodontically treated teeth that have a minimum height of 2mm ferrule. As for the cast metal cores, along with pre-fabricated metal represent a good prosthetic option, when weakened teeth have to be restored for any reason. Despite the large number of studies, there is still a lack of longterm prospective studies that evaluate the effectiveness of these posts in the treatment of endodontically treated teeth

Movimentação dentária e aplicabilidade na clínica ortodôntica / Tooth movement and its applicability in Orthodontic Clinics

A Ortodontia apresenta como um de seus pilares de sustentação as reações biológicas provenientes da indução mecânica. Desde seu início, vários estudos foram realizados para esclarecer os eventos biológicos decorrentes da movimentação dentária sob indução mecânica. Entretanto, mesmo sabendo-se que entre os procedimentos mecânicos e os fenômenos biológicos que acontecem no cotidiano ortodôntico não deve ocorrer disparidade, frequentemente observa-se uma preponderância para a busca do tipo de aparelhagem e o emprego de forças controladas, principalmente pelos fios. Esses aspectos deixam transparecer, principalmente para o profissional menos experiente, que somente o controle mecânico rege a movimentação dentária. Um exemplo que enfatiza exclusivamente o procedimento mecânico nos cursos de Ortodontia é o typodont. Convém salientar que essa metodologia de ensino é válida para simular a movimentação dentária no aspecto técnico-mecânico, porém, o conhecimento biológico da movimentação deve ter o mesmo nível de importância e não pode haver dicotomia; caso contrário, o resultado da movimentação ortodôntica pode causar prejuízos nas estruturas radiculares, óssea e periodontais, bem como comprometer as diversas estruturas em longo prazo.

Effect of heat treatment on stainless steel orthodontic wires

This study evaluated the effect of heat treatment on CrNi stainless steel orthodontic archwires. Half of forty archwires of each thickness - 0.014" (0.35 mm), 0.016" (0.40 mm), 0.018" (0.45 mm) and 0.020" (0.50 mm) (totalling 160 archwires) - were subjected to heat treatment while the remainder were not. All of the archwires had their individual thickness measured in the anterior and posterior regions using AutoCad 2000 software before and after compressive and tensile strength testing. The data was statistically analysed utilising multivariance ANOVA at a 5 percent significance level. All archwires without heat treatment that were subjected to tensile strength testing presented with anterior opening, which was more accentuated in the 0.020" archwires. In the posterior region, the opening produced by the tensile force was more accentuated in the archwires without heat treatment. There was greater stability in the thermally treated archwires, especially those subjected to tensile strength testing, which indicates that the heat treatment of orthodontic archwires establishes a favourable and indispensable condition to preserve the intercanine width.

Effect of heat treatment on stainless steel orthodontic wires.

This study evaluated the effect of heat treatment on CrNi stainless steel orthodontic archwires. Half of forty archwires of each thickness - 0.014" (0.35 mm), 0.016" (0.40 mm), 0.018" (0.45 mm) and 0.020" (0.50 mm) (totalling 160 archwires) - were subjected to heat treatment while the remainder were not. All of the archwires had their individual thickness measured in the anterior and posterior regions using AutoCad 2000 software before and after compressive and tensile strength testing. The data was statistically analysed utilising multivariance ANOVA at a 5% significance level. All archwires without heat treatment that were subjected to tensile strength testing presented with anterior opening, which was more accentuated in the 0.020" archwires. In the posterior region, the opening produced by the tensile force was more accentuated in the archwires without heat treatment. There was greater stability in the thermally treated archwires, especially those subjected to tensile strength testing, which indicates that the heat treatment of orthodontic archwires establishes a favourable and indispensable condition to preserve the intercanine width.

Spectophotometric evaluation of color changes of esthetic brackets stored in potentially staining solutions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the chromatic behavior of esthetic brackets stored in potentially staining solutions. The sample were divided into four groups according to the commercial brand and stored in four different solutions (distilled water, cola soda, coffee and mouthrinse) at 37°C for 14 days. Possible color changes measured according to the CIE L*a*b* color system with a spectrophotometer at five intervals of time after storage. The statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA to 1%, TukeyÆs tests and decomposition of interactions with a significance level of 5%.The color changes were dependent on the solution, storage time and the brand of brackets. The largest color changes were observed in the G3, followed by G2. The esthetic brackets do not present satisfactory and stable chromatic behavior

Condutas clínicas da contenção em ortodontia corretiva: revisão de literatura / Clinical behavior of retainer in corrective orthodontics: literature review

A instabilidade pós-tratamento ortodôntico costuma acompanhar todas as más-oclusões corrigidas, tanto no que se refere à relação intra-arcos como inter-arcos, contrariando os objetivos cultuados pelos ortodontistas e almejados pelos leigos. Dessa forma, a contenção e a estabilidade pós-tratamento ortodôntico constituem-se num dos maiores desafios enfrentados pelos ortodontistas. Algumas linhas de pensamento enfatizam que a forma do arco inferior não deve ser expandida porque ela compromete a estabilidade. Hoje em dia, entretanto, sabe-se que a manutenção da largura intercaninos original não garante a estabilidade. No entanto, não se pode afirmar que a sua manutenção, ou mesmo a execução de pequenas alterações, garantirá estabilidade após o período de contenção. Deve-se sempre considerar a variabilidade individual, o que torna difícil o clínico predizer as conseqüências de um tratamento que tenha sustentado categoricamente a forma original do arco. Logo, o empenho do ortodontista não se resume em tratar a má oclusão, mas também garantir alguma estabilidade para a oclusão tratada. Visto ser este um dos assuntos mais controversos da Ortodontia, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a contenção na Ortodontia.

The unstable post-orthodontic treatment usually keep all malocclusions corrected, both in regard to the intra-and inter-arches arches, contrary to the goals worshiped by orthodontists and desired by the laity. Thus, the containment and stability after orthodontic treatment constitute one of the biggest challenges faced by orthodontists. Some lines of thought that emphasize the shape of the lower jaw should not be expanded because it jeopardizes stability. However, nowadays it is known that maintaining the original width intercanine not guarantee stability. During orthodontic treatment, if the shape of the arch is changed without criteria, there is a great tendency to relapse after retention for its original formation. Therefore, the maintenance of the arch pre-treatment should be considered as an excellent guide in the conduct of orthodontic mechanics, contributing to the long-term stability. However, one can not say that its maintenance, or even the implementation of minor changes, ensure stability after the period of restraint. You should always consider the individual variability, which makes it difficult to predict the clinical consequences of a treatment that you categorically supported the original form of the arc. Therefore, the efforts of the orthodontist is not just in treating malocclusion, but also ensure some stability to the treated occlusion. Since this is one of the most controversial issues in orthodontics, the objective of this study was to review the literature on restraint in Orthodontics.