[On the margins of care: sex workers' experiences of health and social (non-)protection in Oporto, Portugal]. / Al margen de los cuidados: experiencias de (des)protección sociosanitaria de trabajadoras del sexo en Oporto, Portugal.

This article analyzes the social and health challenges linked to sex work and the interventions carried out within this arena, taking into consideration the ways in which prostitution is socially marginalized. Basing our analysis on the experiences and understandings of sex workers practicing in the city of Oporto (Portugal), we attempt to understand the main forms of vulnerability faced by this group, along with the ways in which they experience the relationship with State services and social and health interventions that target them. Qualitative field research was conducted involving a case study of an intervention project. Data collection was carried out from March to June 2019, and included documentary research, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with project staff and six sex workers. Among the results of our study, we found that sex workers are subject to severe constraints, limiting their use of informal support networks and their access to State social protection and healthcare services. Moreover, although the intervention project based on harm reduction intended to support these women and was indeed valued, it had a strong epidemiological prevention bias favoring an individualistic and assistentialist approach, while failing to address other social vulnerabilities identified by the women themselves.

Teniendo en cuenta las marginaciones que recaen sobre la prostitución, analizamos los retos sociales y sanitarios que subyacen al ejercicio del trabajo sexual y la intervención realizada en este ámbito. Partimos de las experiencias y entendimientos de trabajadoras sexuales que ejercen su actividad en la ciudad de Oporto (Portugal), en un intento de comprender cuáles son las principales vulnerabilidades a las que se enfrentan y cómo viven la relación con los servicios del Estado y con la intervención sociosanitaria dirigida a ellas. La investigación de campo siguió un enfoque cualitativo basado en un estudio de caso de un proyecto de intervención. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo, entre los meses de marzo y junio de 2019, mediante investigación documental, ejercicios de observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal técnico y a seis trabajadoras sexuales. Como resultado de esta investigación, se ha constatado que las trabajadoras del sexo están sometidas a graves restricciones que limitan su recurso a las redes de apoyo informales y su acceso a los dispositivos de protección del Estado en términos de apoyo social y atención sanitaria. Es más, el proyecto de intervención de reducción de riesgos que apoya a estas mujeres, aunque valorado, asume un fuerte sesgo de prevención epidemiológica y favorece un enfoque individualista y asistencialista, dejando al descubierto otras vulnerabilidades sociales identificadas por ellas mismas.

Al margen de los cuidados: experiencias de (des)protección sociosanitaria de trabajadoras del sexo en Oporto, Portugal / On the margins of care: sex workers' experiences of health and social (non-)protection in Oporto, Portugal

RESUMEN Teniendo en cuenta las marginaciones que recaen sobre la prostitución, analizamos los retos sociales y sanitarios que subyacen al ejercicio del trabajo sexual y la intervención realizada en este ámbito. Partimos de las experiencias y entendimientos de trabajadoras sexuales que ejercen su actividad en la ciudad de Oporto (Portugal), en un intento de comprender cuáles son las principales vulnerabilidades a las que se enfrentan y cómo viven la relación con los servicios del Estado y con la intervención sociosanitaria dirigida a ellas. La investigación de campo siguió un enfoque cualitativo basado en un estudio de caso de un proyecto de intervención. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo, entre los meses de marzo y junio de 2019, mediante investigación documental, ejercicios de observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal técnico y a seis trabajadoras sexuales. Como resultado de esta investigación, se ha constatado que las trabajadoras del sexo están sometidas a graves restricciones que limitan su recurso a las redes de apoyo informales y su acceso a los dispositivos de protección del Estado en términos de apoyo social y atención sanitaria. Es más, el proyecto de intervención de reducción de riesgos que apoya a estas mujeres, aunque valorado, asume un fuerte sesgo de prevención epidemiológica y favorece un enfoque individualista y asistencialista, dejando al descubierto otras vulnerabilidades sociales identificadas por ellas mismas.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the social and health challenges linked to sex work and the interventions carried out within this arena, taking into consideration the ways in which prostitution is socially marginalized. Basing our analysis on the experiences and understandings of sex workers practicing in the city of Oporto (Portugal), we attempt to understand the main forms of vulnerability faced by this group, along with the ways in which they experience the relationship with State services and social and health interventions that target them. Qualitative field research was conducted involving a case study of an intervention project. Data collection was carried out from March to June 2019, and included documentary research, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with project staff and six sex workers. Among the results of our study, we found that sex workers are subject to severe constraints, limiting their use of informal support networks and their access to State social protection and healthcare services. Moreover, although the intervention project based on harm reduction intended to support these women and was indeed valued, it had a strong epidemiological prevention bias favoring an individualistic and assistentialist approach, while failing to address other social vulnerabilities identified by the women themselves.

Results from chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell cervical cancer with or without intracavitary brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy (BT-IC) boost and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) boost in patients treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a retrospective review of 92 patients with stage IB1-IVA cervical cancer treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy between 2008 and 2013. All patients received pelvic 3D conformal EBRT (range, 45-50.4 Gy) concomitant with weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2), and a BT-IC boost (37 patients: 4 fractions of 6 Gy prescribed to a point A) to the tumor or a 3D conformal EBRT boost (55 patients: 16.2 Gy), if the former was not technically feasible. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates for both groups were 68% and 55%, respectively. The 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival were better and statistically significant in the BT-IC group with 82% and 79%, respectively, as compared to the EBRT group with 58% and 38%, respectively. In multivariate analysis controlling for maximum tumor dimension, lymph node status, and FIGO stage, EBRT boost was associated with a statistical significant increase in the risk of recurrence (HR: 3.56; 95% CI: 1.27-10.02; p = 0.016) and a trend towards an increase in the risk of death (HR: 3.14; 95% CI: 0.97-10.17; p = 0.056). Lymph node status was also significantly associated with a greater risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: BT-IC boost was associated with a lower recurrence rate and better overall survival and recurrence-free survival. EBRT boost patients had a three-fold increase in the risk of recurrence. Brachytherapy is essential in the treatment of cervical cancer and improved alternatives are needed for patients who are not candidates for standard brachytherapy applicators.

Tamoxifen in breast cancer ipse dixit in uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumor and sarcoma-A report of 8 cases and review of the literature.

AIM: Report the outcome of 8 patients (pts) with breast cancer (BC) treated with Tamoxifen (TAM) that developed malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT) and rare uterine sarcoma (RUS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study based on data collected from the department medical records between April 1999 and September 2010 among 583 pts with endometrial cancer, 36 pts with MMMT and RUS histopathology. Among them, 8 pts underwent TAM between 4 and 10 years due to a previous diagnosis of BC; all pts were post-menopausal with regular gynecological surveillance; 6 pts (75%) with abnormal uterine bleeding. The diagnosis of 6 pts (MMMT) and 2 pts (RUS) occurred at median interval of 8 years (range 4-12) after initial BC treatment. Pts underwent surgical treatment and were staged as stage I (3pts), IIIA (3pts) and IIIC (2 pts) (FIGO 1988); followed by whole pelvis irradiation (50 Gy) and intracavitary HDR brachytherapy boost (24 Gy). Two pts underwent chemotherapy (CT). Overall and disease free survival was calculated by Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 47 months (range 17-130), 3 pts remain alive recurrence-free of BC and RUS. Four pts died with distant metastasis within the first follow-up year, without BC. One pt died from non-related cancer cause. No evidence of local recurrence was found in the whole group of pts. At two years, DFS and OS were 40% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: As reported in the literature, TAM administration and causal effect on MMMT and RUS in BC pts is still unknown. No reports about outcome from these specific pts were found.

Síndrome de Burnout em médicos docentes de uma instituição pública

Trata-se de um estudo correlacional e de comparação entre participantes, em que foram considerados dois conjuntos principais de variáveis: critério (síndrome de burnout e fadiga) e antecedentes (estresse no trabalho e indicadores de situação de trabalho). Participaram deste estudo 60 professores/médicos de instituições públicas de ensino superior de Maceió - AL, sendo 36 (60%) homens e 24 (40%) mulheres, com idade variando de 32 até 67 anos (M = 52,31; DP = 8,41). Os participantes foram solicitados a responder a: (a) o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach; (b) a Escala de Avaliação da Fadiga; (c) a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho; além de (d) fornecer suas características sociodemográficas. Evidenciou-se que o estresse no trabalho tem implicações negativas, como a síndrome de burnout e a fadiga. Por fim, chama-se a atenção para necessidade de intervenção e de mais estudos junto a esta população.(AU)

This is a correlational and comparative study among participants, in which two main variable groups were considered: criteria (burnout syndrome and fatigue) and antecedents (work stress and work situation indicators). Sixty teaching physicians from higher education public institutions in Maceió, State of Alagoas, Brazil, participated in this study, including 36 (60%) men and 24 (40%) women, with average age between 32 and 67 years old (m= 52,21; SD=8,41). The participants were requested to answer the Maslach's Burnout Inventory, the Fatigue Evaluation Scale, the Work Stress Scale, and to give their socio-demographic characteristics. It was shown that work stress has negative effects such as burnout syndrome and fatigue, and argued that more studies and interventions in this population are needed.(AU)

Síndrome de burnout em médicos docentes de uma instituição pública / The burnout syndrome in teaching physicians from a public service institution

Trata-se de um estudo correlacional e de comparação entre participantes, em que foram considerados dois conjuntos principais de variáveis: critério (síndrome de burnout e fadiga) e antecedentes (estresse no trabalho e indicadores de situação de trabalho). Participaram deste estudo 60 professores/médicos de instituições públicas de ensino superior de Maceió - AL, sendo 36 (60%) homens e 24 (40%) mulheres, com idade variando de 32 até 67 anos (M = 52,31; DP = 8,41). Os participantes foram solicitados a responder a: (a) o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach; (b) a Escala de Avaliação da Fadiga; (c) a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho; além de (d) fornecer suas características sociodemográficas. Evidenciou-se que o estresse no trabalho tem implicações negativas, como a síndrome de burnout e a fadiga. Por fim, chama-se a atenção para necessidade de intervenção e de mais estudos junto a esta população.

This is a correlational and comparative study among participants, in which two main variable groups were considered: criteria (burnout syndrome and fatigue) and antecedents (work stress and work situation indicators). Sixty teaching physicians from higher education public institutions in Maceió, State of Alagoas, Brazil, participated in this study, including 36 (60%) men and 24 (40%) women, with average age between 32 and 67 years old (m= 52,21; SD=8,41). The participants were requested to answer the Maslach's Burnout Inventory, the Fatigue Evaluation Scale, the Work Stress Scale, and to give their socio-demographic characteristics. It was shown that work stress has negative effects such as burnout syndrome and fatigue, and argued that more studies and interventions in this population are needed.(AU)

Cuidados paliativos na prática médica: contexto bioético / Palliative care in medical practice: bioethical context

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O estudo trata de pesquisa teórica, com levantamento bibliográfico e documental do tema, frente ao contexto histórico e a situação atual das questões relacionadas aos cuidados paliativos na prática médica. Objetivando avaliar a evolução do pensamento da sociedade em geral e da sociedade médica a respeito dos cuidados paliativos e procurando fundamentação consistente para a construção de argumentos capazes de satisfazer padrões atuais da bioética.CONTEÚDO: Apresenta-se introdução ao tema geral,seguida de análise da literatura, ressaltando aspectos introdutórios,histórico, evolução e definições sobre cuidados paliativos e a ortotanásia, fazendo acompanhamento ético e bioético, seguida de discussão sobre os princípios bioéticos aplicados ao tema.CONCLUSÃO: A ideologia dos cuidados paliativos é atender a pessoa, na fase final da vida, na sua globalidade de ser, promovendo o bem estar global e a dignidade do paciente crônico e terminal e sua possibilidade de não ser expropriado do momento final de sua vida, mas de viver a própria morte.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This is a theoretical research in books and documents on the subject,faced to the historical context and the current situation of issues related to palliative care in the medical practice.Our aim was to evaluate general and medical societies thinking evolution about palliative care, looking for a consistent foundation on which to build arguments ableto meet current bioethical standards.CONTENTS: The general subject is introduced, followed by literature analysis stressing introductory and historical aspects, the evolution and definitions of palliative care and orthothanasia, with ethical and bioethical follow up, followed by a discussion on bioethical principles applied to the subject.CONCLUSION: Palliative care ideology is to assist peoplein their final stage of life, as human beings, promoting chronic and terminal patients' well being and dignity and their possibility of not being dispossessed of the final moment of their lives, but rather living their own death.

Tracheal chondrosarcoma.

Tracheal chondrosarcoma are rare diseases, with only 15 cases previously described in the literature between 1959 and 2008. Here we present a rare case of tracheal chondrosarcoma and a review of the literature. Our patient, a 72-year-old man, had progressive throat pain for 2 years before diagnosis. Clinical and imaging investigation revealed a giant tracheal mass that was partially debulked by laser for symptomatic relief. Histologically, the mass was characterized as a low-grade tracheal chondrosarcoma. The patient underwent external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and received 60 Gy. At the time this report was written, 7 years after the end of the treatment, the patient was alive and asymptomatic without evidence of locoregional disease. This case and some described in the literature demonstrate the value of EBRT as a single treatment modality in achieving local control. More experience is required to establish the definitive role of radiotherapy in low-grade tracheal chondrosarcoma.

Endoluminal high dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of primary and recurrent bronchogenic tree malignancies.

INTRODUCTION: Locally advanced tumours as the initial form of presentation of tumours in the bronchial tree are not a rare event. Bronchogenic recurrence is frequent in the natural history of some tumours. The choice of therapeutic options from the raft available depends on such variables as initial therapy, place of recurrence, symptoms and patient's physical status. AIM: To demonstrate the advantages of endoluminal brachytherapy (EBT) with high dose rate (HDR) in primary and recurrent tumour of the bronchial tree. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of seven patients (pts) with primary tumours of the colon, trachea and lung. Tracheobronchial recurrence (trachea, two pts, bronchus, five pts) occurred between March 2003 and September 2004. Patients under- went EBT with HDR for primary or recurrent therapy in association with external radiotherapy, laser therapy and chemotherapy with palliative or curative intention. EBT with HDR doses of 5 to 7 Gy in 2 to 4 fractions at 1 cm from the source axis were given. Treatment included endoluminal application of Ir192 with a French 6 catheter. RESULTS: There was symptomatic relief related to reduction of tumour in six of the seven patients treated. In one of the six patients studied, there was progression of the local disease between the second and third fractions of the treatment (obstruction of the trachea). In a mean follow up of 17 (2-40) months between EBT and this study, three patients are alive, one has no evidence of disease while two have had bronchial recurrence, four patients have died, one after massive haemoptysis and three due to disease progression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing brachytherapy for symptomatic primary tumours or endobronchial recurrence show good tolerance, important symptom relief and improved quality of life. Despite the small size of our sample, it is clear that EBT with HDR plays an important role in the palliative/ curative treatment of these patients.

Protetores solares de alta proteçäo: estabilidade física e eficácia / Sun protectors of high protection: efficiency and physical stability

Protetores solares säo eficientes em prevenir a produçäo de radicais livres a queimadura solar, o envelhecimento precoce e câncer de pele associados com a exposiçäo solar crônica. Neste trabalho foi investigada a estabilidade física e eficácia de uma emulsäo solar de alta proteçäo, contendo o filtro físico dióxido de titânio transparente ('TiO IND. 2') tamanho de partícula 0,02µm, em associaçäo com filtros químicos UVB (salicilato de octila e metoxicinamato de octila) e UVA e UVA (Benzofenona-3). O produto foi estudado quanto ao envelhecimento acelerado durante 84 dias, sob várias condiçöes de estresse. Tendo as amostras, submetidas à estresse térmico e temperatura ambiente, sido avaliadas após 5, 42 e 84 dias, em vários aspectos físico-químicos. A determinaçäo da eficácia foi avaliada por método espectrofotométrico (por dissoluçäo), utilizando a equaçäo de Mansur para cálculos da determinaçäo do Fator de Proteçäo Solar...