RESUMO
Submersed aquatic plants are a key component of shallow, clear water lakes contributing to primary production and water quality. High mountain lakes are naturally fishless although invasive trout and most recently minnows have been introduced causing a major impact on fauna richness. The Pyrenean high mountain range has preserved soft-water oligotrophic boreal isoetids in their southern limit of distribution but the recent fish introduction is a potential factor of stress that needs to be addressed. We here work under the hypothesis that due to contrasting ecological features, trout will not be heavily affecting quillwort populations while minnows will have a stronger effect on zooplankton and zoobenthos that will promote algal growth and reduce light availability for the underwater meadows. Ten Pyrenean shallow lakes representative of three scenarios -fishless, with trout and with minnows-, were sampled for meadow structure, water column and benthic environment characterization in mid-summer 2015 and 2016. Quillwort biomass allocation (above vs. belowground), epiphytic load, and composition of the algal community (abundant cyanobacteria) differed in the presence of minnows. In trout lakes biomass allocation and epiphytic load were average and the algal community composed by chlorophytes and diatoms as in fishless lakes. Biomass ratio was close to thresholds of negative buoyancy in minnow lakes indicating that meadows were at risk of uprooting and consequent de-vegetation. Total and soluble carbohydrates were lower and the sporangia contained significantly less reserves to constrain growth and expansion in the presence of minnows. Lake scenarios were coupled to physicochemical differences with low light, high phosphorus and Chl-a (mesotrophia) in minnow lakes, while trout and fishless lakes remained oligotrophic. This is the first study assessing the impact of non-native fish on soft-water isoetids from mountain lakes and shows that minnows are a major threat to quillworts. The impaired light environment (from epiphytic algal overgrow and water column Chl-a) entails consequent regression (i.e., no recruitment) and de-vegetation (uprooting) of the meadows. Since soft-water oligotrophic mountain lakes are protected under the Habitats Directive, some action needs to be urgently implemented not only to preserve quillworts but to the overall ecological integrity of the lakes.
RESUMO
El riesgo cardiovascular es responsable de un cuarto de las muertes por enfermedad coronaria, y dentro de estos pacientes el 75% son mayores de 65 años de edad, población a la que nos enfocaremos en esta revisión. Por ello es de suma importancia considerar tanto los beneficios clínicos como económicos de una terapia preventiva en este grupo poblacional. La prescripción en los ancianos se ha convertido en la actualidad en una cuestión compleja que tiende a incrementar el uso irracional de los fármacos, los errores de medicación, los efectos adversos, así como la subutilización o sobreutilización de los mismos. Las estatinas (inhibidores de la HMG-CoA reductasa), son consideradas como el tratamiento hipolipemiante de primera elección para la disminución del riesgo cardiovascular y a pesar de no haber publicaciones enfocadas en el uso exclusivo de estatinas en la población de adultos mayores así como de múltiples controversias, se pueden encontrar beneficios similares a los percibidos en poblaciones más jóvenes, pero con un enfoque en prevención primaria en la población de edad avanzada.
The cardiovascular risk is responsible for a quarter splits of deaths by coronary illness and inside these patients, three quarter splits are greater than 65 years old. Because of it, it's very important to consider the clinical and economic benefits of a preventive therapy in this population group. The statins (inhibiting of the HMG-CoA reductasa), are considered as the greater hypolipemic therapy election for decrease the cardiovascular risk and in spite of not there to be publications focused in the exclusive use of statins in the population of older adults, besides multiple controversies, similar benefits to them can be found perceived in younger populations, but with a focus in primary prevention in the population of advanced age.
RESUMO
AIMS: Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) as a tumour suppressor gene can give rise to several transcripts by an alternative splicing event, generated at least for CELF cofactors. At present, the NF1 isoforms and CELF splicing transcripts in sporadic breast cancer are unknown. The aim of the authors was to detect NF1 gene expression, the NF1 isoform ratio and the CELF transcripts present in sporadic breast cancer. METHODS: Neurofibromin and RAS expression were analysed on tissue microarrays containing sporadic breast cancer (n=22), benign lesions (n=18, including six fibroadenomas, six fibrocystic changes and six ductal hyperplasias) and normal breast tissue (n=6) by immunohistochemistry assay. NF1 and CELF 3-6 RNA expression was performed by end point reverse transcription-PCR in the breast samples. RESULTS: NF1 and RAS expression in breast tissues showed no differential expression by immunohistochemistry results. Interestingly, the authors observed a shift transition in the isoform transcripts, from type II in normal breast tissue to type I isoform in breast carcinomas. CELF cofactor expression failed to be related with the shift transition of NF1 in breast tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that there is a tendency for an NF1 expression shift transition from type II to type I isoform, which could comprise a significant event in the development and progression of sporadic breast cancer. This shift transition may not be related with CELF cofactors.
