Herbal Vitamin C Prevents DNA Oxidation and Modifies the Metabolomic Water Profile of Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.).

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of herbal vitamin C at different levels on tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) growth, potential DNA damage, and the metabolomic profile of water effluent. Forty-five tilapias were housed in separate plastic tanks (80 L), and these were randomly assigned to three treatments: (a) a commercial diet (CD) only; (Nutripec Purina®); (b) the commercial diet plus 250 mg of herbal vitamin C (HVC)/kg (CD250); and (c) the commercial diet plus 500 mg of HVC/kg (CD500). Biometric measurements were taken each week, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein on the final day, and water effluent was taken each week and immediately frozen (-80 °C) until further analysis (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems). Data were completely randomized with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Upon including herbal vitamin C, the final BW (p = 0.05) and BWG (p = 0.06) increased linearly. Herbal vitamin C decreases DNA damage (p ≥ 0.05). PLS-DA showed a 41.6% variation between treatments in the water samples. Fifteen metabolites had the best association between treatments, with a stronger correlation with CD500. Herbal vitamin C could improve fish performance, prevent DNA damage, and influence changes in the metabolomic profile of the water.

Influence of supplemental canola or soybean oil on milk yield, fatty acid profile and postpartum weight changes in grazing dairy goats.

OBJECTIVE: This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with soybean or canola oil on milk production and the composition of long chain fatty acids as well as weight changes in the goats and their kids. METHODS: Thirty nine mulitparous crossed Alpine×Nubian goats (initial body weight [BW] 43.5±1.7 kg) from the day of parturition were assigned to the treatments: grazing control (n = 15); grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental soybean oil (n = 12); and grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental canola oil (n = 12) from November 26, 2014 to March 7, 2015. The planned contrasts were: CI (control vs supplemented with oils); CII (soybean vs canola oil) to compare the treatment effects. RESULTS: The vegetable oil supplementation reduced weight losses in lactating goats (CI: -0.060 vs 0.090 kg/d; p = 0.03) but did not improve milk production or affect kids' growth. The content of C4, C6, C8, C10, C11, C14, and C18:1n9t in the milk was increased (p<0.05) with respect to control. However, C12, C14, C16, C18, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C18:3n3 were reduced (p<0.05) in supplemented goats. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with oils compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with 20 mL/d of soybean or canola oil did not affect milk production or kids' performance; however, it increased CLA concentration and reduced the reduced weight losses in lactating goats.

Genetic variability and structure of jaguar (Panthera onca) in Mexican zoos.

Genealogical records of animals (studbook) are created to avoid reproduction between closely related individuals, which could cause inbreeding, particularly for such endangered species as the Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758). Jaguar is the largest felid in the Americas and is considered an important ecological key species. In Mexico, wild jaguar populations have been significantly reduced in recent decades, and population decline typically accompany decreases in genetic variation. There is no current census of captive jaguars in Mexico, and zoos do not follow a standardized protocol in breeding programs based on genetic studies. Here, we emphasise the importance of maintaining an adequate level of genetic variation and propose the implementation of standardised studbooks for jaguars in Mexico, mainly to avoid inbreeding. In addition, achieving the aims of studbook registration would provide a population genetic characterisation that could serve as a basis for ex situ conservation programmes.

Feeding interactions in an assemblage of terrestrial carnivores in central Mexico.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the strategies of resources partitioning among species, dietary overlap and niche breadth in an assemblage of carnivores integrated by top predators (Puma concolor and Panthera onca) and mesopredators(Leoparduspardalis,Leoparduswiedii,Puma yagouaroundi,Nasuanarica andUrocyoncinereoargenteus). The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms explaining the coexistence among species at a temperate zone in central Mexico. RESULTS: We collected 259 scats of carnivores and identified 45 food items. The analysis showed the common consumptionof mammals in the assemblage, and the correspondence analysis showed three guilds: 1) top predators associated with the use of medium-sized mammals and the exclusive consumption of large mammals, 2) carnivore mesopredators associated with the consumption of small mammals and birds and 3) omnivore mesopredators associated with the consumption of arthropods and plants. The dietary overlap analysis indicated a low overlap between guilds and a high overlap within them. Top predators were specialist foragers, whilst the carnivore mesopredators showed generalist consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence in this carnivore assemblage seems to be related to body size, morphology and prey segregation because such characteristics suggest the presence of three guilds. We observed high dietary overlap within guilds and resource partitioning betweenguilds.

Productive response of grazing dairy cows to fresh chopped maize supplementation under a small farming system in the Mexican Highlands.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the animal performance of late lactating grazing dairy cows in response to fresh chopped maize (FCM) supplementation under a small farming system. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a rotational grazing on a mixed alfalfa-orchard grass sward. Three treatments were evaluated: 0, 4, and 8 kg dry matter (DM) of FCM cow(-1) day(-1). The experimental design was a crossover, with three periods lasting 19 days each. There were no differences on individual milk production nor on milk composition. Herbage DM intake decreased (P < 0.0001) from 8.4 to 5.2 and 3.1 kg DM when increasing FCM from 0 to 4 and 8 kg DM, respectively. Total DM intake increased (P < 0.0001) with 8 kg DM of FCM, averaging 14.8 kg. Substitution rate was 0.75 and 0.67 kg of pasture per kilogram of FCM with 4 and 8 kg DM of FCM, respectively. Consequently, stocking rate (STR) increased (P < 0.0001) from 3.8 to 6.2 and 8.8 cows ha(-1), and milk production per hectare increased (P < 0.0001) from 39.3 to 64.5 and 95.5 kg of milk, with 0, 4, and 8 kg DM of FCM, respectively. This means that STR increases 0.63 cows ha(-1), and 0.75 kg of milk ha(-1) when FCM is increased in 1 kg of DM. In conclusion, offering FCM as supplement to grazing dairy cows in their final lactation stage had no benefits in individual milk production or milk composition, but had benefits on milk production per hectare.

Comportamiento Productivo y Fermentación Ruminal de Corderos Suplementados con Harina de Cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium), Morera (Morus alba) y Tulipán (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) / Productive Lambs Performance and Ruminal Fermentation Using Cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium), Morera (Morus alba) and Tulipan (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) Meal as Supplement

Para conocer el efecto de suplementación con harina de tres arbustivas forrajeras tropicales, en el comportamiento productivo y fermentación ruminal de corderos en crecimiento, se realizó un estudio durante 90 días, utilizando 30 corderos con encaste de Pelibuey y Black Belly (18,29 ± 1,56 kg PV), mantenidos en pastoreo continuo en estrella africana (Cynodon plestostachyus; 75,5% FDN y 6,1% PC) de 7:00 a.m. a 4:00 p.m, posteriormente los animales fueron alojados en corraletas individuales, proporcionándoles 200 g animal-1 d-1 de suplemento de acuerdo a los tratamientos (T) evaluados: T1 = sólo pastoreo (SP), T2 = T1+concentrado comercial (CC), T3 = T1+harina de cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium; HC), T4 = T1+harina de morera (Morus alba; HM) y T5 = T1+harina de tulipán (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; HT). Las variables registradas fueron: consumo de suplemento y pasto, ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), digestibilidad aparente de materia seca del suplemento y del pasto. En fluido ruminal se midió pH, concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles, nitrógeno amoniacal, bacterias totales y protozoarios. El CC y la HT presentaron el mejor (P < 0,05) consumo de suplemento (CC, 181,6ª; HC, 97,7c; HM, 149,7b; HT, 167,2ab g d-1), de materia seca total (SP, 789,1b; CC, 976,8ª; HT, 941,8ª g d-1) y la mejor GDP (SP, 46,1b; CC, 81,6ª; HT, 77,1ª; g d-1). El CC propició la más alta (P < 0,05) digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (DAMS, 60,97ª); en contraste la más baja (P < 0,05) DAMS se presentó con el uso de HC (SP, 49,27ab; CC, 54,00ª; HC, 48,52C; HM, 50,47ab; HT, 50,54ab). En las variables ruminales, no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos para pH, nitrógeno amoniacal y AGV; solamente se registraron cambios (P < 0,05) en la concentración (1 × 10(8) mL-1) de bacterias totales (SP, 45,0ª; HM, 1,1b) y de protozoarios (SP, 20,73b; CC, 96,01ª; 1 × 10(4) mL-1). La harina de tulipán mostró una respuesta similar a la del CC. La menor respuesta se obtuvo con HC. Por lo anterior se recomienda HT como sustituto de CC para corderos en pastoreo en el trópico.

A study was carried out in order to determine the effect of a commercial feed and three different meals produced by tropical forage shrubs, on productive performance, digestibility and some rumen variables, when used as supplements for grazing lambs. Thirty crossbreed (Pelibuey X Black Belly) male lambs (18.29 ± 1.56 Kg BW), were used in a 90 d study. Animals were on continuous grazing of African star (Cynodon plestostachyus; (75.5% NDF, 6.1% CP) from 7:00 am to 4:00 pm. After grazing animals were housed in individual pens and fed (200 g animal-1 d-1)any of four supplements, according to treatment: T1 = grazing (G); T2 = T1 + commercial concentrate (CC); T3 = T1 + cocoite meal (Gliricidia sepium; CM); T4 = T1 + morera meal (Morus alba; MM), and T5 = T1 + tulipan meal (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; TM). Supplement and forage intake, dry matter digestibility and daily weight gain, were measured. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen concentration, total bacteria and protozoa were determined in rumen liquor. Differences in supplement intake (P < 0.05) (CC, 181.6ª; CM, 97.7c; MM, 149.7b; TM, 167.2ab g d-1), dry matter intake (OG, 789.1b; CC, 976.8ª; TM, 941.8ª g d-1) and daily weight gain (OG, 46.1b; CC, 81.6ª; TM, 77.1ª; g d-1) were found. The highest (P < 0.05) percentage of dry matter digestibility (DMD) was found for CC (CC, 60.97ª). Forage DMD was the lowest for CM (OG, 49.27ab; CC, 54.00ª; CM, 48.52C; MM, 50.47ab; TM, 50.54ab). No differences (P > 0.05) were found for rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen and VFA concentration among treatments. Compared with OG treatment, supplementation with MM decreased (P < 0.05) total bacteria concentration (OG, 45.0ª vs MM, 1.1b × 10(8) mL-1)whilst CC increased protozoa concentration (OG, 20.73b vs CC, 96.01ª × 10(4) mL-1). Supplementation with TM showed similar results that those observed with CC. The lowest response was observed for CM and OG. It is concluded that TM can be used as a supplement instead of CC in the tropic for grazing lambs.

Efecto de eCG e inseminación laparoscópica sobre el comportamiento reproductivo en ovejas F1 (damara x merino) / Effect of eCG and laparoscopic insemination on reproductive performance in F1 (damarax merino) ewes

Cuarenta y cinco ovejas F1 (Damara x Merino) con 123 ± 27,6 días post parto mantenidas en clima tropical húmedo fueron utilizadas para evaluar el efecto de dosis de gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG) en el porcentaje de sincronización del estro, fertilidas por inseminación laparoscópica (IL) prolificidad. Para sincronizar estros en la ovejas se les colocó un dispositivo intravaginal (CIDR) inpregnado con 0,03 de progesterona por 12 d. Las ovejas fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a tres tratamientos. T1: CIDR y monta natural; T2: CIDR más 150 UI de ecG e IL a las 42-46 h al retiro del dispositivo con semen de machos de la raza Damara; T3. CIDR más 300 UI de eCG e IL a las 42-46 h de retiro del dispositivo con semen de machos de la raza Damara. La fertilidad del estro sincronizado fue de 40; 40 y 46,6% para T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente, no encontrando diferencias (P> 0,05) entre ellos. El porcentaje de prolificidad presentó diferencias (P<0,05) entre tratamientos y fue de 100; 100 y 133,3% para T1, T2 y T3. Estos resultados permitirán hacer ajustes en estudios futuros sobre la metodología de programas de sincronización de estros e inseminación artificial laparoscópica a tiempo fijo con semen congelado, con el objetivo de mejorar el comportamiento reproductivo de ovejas F1 (Damara x Merino) bajo condiciones de clima tropical húmedo en México.

Efecto de la adición de Saccharomyces cerevisiae y melaza-urea sobre la digestibilidad in vivo e in situ en dietas para ovinos basadas en paja de cártamo / Effect of the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and urea-molasses on in vivo and in situ digestibility in diets for sheep based on sesame straw

Se realizaron dos experimentos para evaluar los cambios en la digestibilidad de paja de cártamo (PAC) usando un suplemento melaza-urea (MU) y un probiótico (PRO; Saccharomyces cerevisiae). En el experimento 1, se determinó la degradabilidad in situ de fibra (FDN) con cánula ruminal en 12 ovinos (45 ñ 5.8 kg). Se incubaron in situ 4 g de muestra en base seca por periodos de 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 y 96 h, y se muestreó líquido ruminal a 0, 2, 4 y 6 h pospandrial para determinar pH y concentración de N amoniacal. Los resultados se analizaron usando un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial de tratamiento (2 x 2 x 3), donde los factores fueron dos niveles de PRO (o vs .5 g/d intrarruminal), MU (0 vs 10 por ciento) y tres niveles de PAC (50, 60 y 70). La digestibilidad de FDN se incrementó (P< .05) por PRO (3.2 por ciento promedio) y MU (3 por ciento promedio) en todos los tiempos de incubación; también hubo diferencias (P< .05) en la digestión de FDN para 50 por ciento de PAC (35.9 por ciento) con respeco a 60 y 70 por ciento (31.82 y 30.75 por ciento, respectivamente). En el experimento 2 se midió la digestibilidad in vivo (DIV) usando 70 por ciento de PAC, dos niveles de pro (0 vs .05 g/animal/d) y MU (0 vs .10 por ciento) y una ración testigo (T5:40 por ciento PAC, 30 por ciento heno de alfalfa y 30 por ciento concentrado) en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (2 x 2 + 1). Los tratamientos fueron: T1, MU 0 por ciento + PRO 0 por ciento; T2, MU 0 por ciento + PRO .5 por ciento; T3, MU 10 por ciento + PRO 0 por ciento y T4, MU 10 por ciento + PRO .5 por ciento. La DIVFDN (por ciento) fue diferente (P< .05) entre tratamientos: 66.8a (T4), 61.9ab (T5),52.2bc (T3),52.1bc (T2) y 41.5c (T1). No hubo cambios en comsumo y pH ruminal (P>.05). El número de protozoarios/ml x 10 3 fue diferente (P< .05) entre tratamientos: 1128a (T4), 950ab (T5), 900ab (T3), 764b (T2) y 771b (T1). Los resultados indican que el probiótico y el suplemento melaza-urea incrementaron la digestibilidad de la fibra y la población de protozoarios, los cuales pudieran haber influido en la digestibilidad de la fibra