Rapid methicillin resistance detection and subspecies discrimination in Staphylococcus hominis clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF MS.

PURPOSE: Staphylococcus hominis is a coagulase-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for implanted medical device infections. Rapid identification and virulence factors detection are crucial for appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We aimed to search protein biomarker peaks for rapid classification of antibiotic resistance and subspecies of S. hominis using MALDI-TOF MS. METHODS: S. hominis clinical isolates (n = 148) were screened for subspecies differentiation by novobiocin resistance. Biofilm composition and formation were determined by detachment assay and crystal violet staining, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the broth microdilution method. The search for potential biomarkers peaks was enabled by ClinProTools 3.0, flexAnalysis 3.4, and Biotools 3.2 for statistical analysis, peak visualization, and protein/peptide alignment, respectively. RESULTS: Of 148 isolates, 12.16% were classified as S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, 77.77% were biofilm producers, and ˃ 50% were multidrug-resistant. Two potential biomarker peaks, 8975 m/z and 9035 m/z were detected for the discrimination of methicillin resistance with a sensitivity of 96.72%. The following peaks were detected for subspecies differentiation: 2582 m/z, 2823 m/z, and 2619 m/z with 88.89-98.28% of sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: We found potential biomarker peaks to predict methicillin resistance and discriminate S. hominis subspecies during routine MALDI-TOF MS identification in a clinical setting to enable better antibiotic treatment.

[Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests for the detection of COVID-19]. / Metaanálisis de pruebas diagnósticas para la detección de COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disease emerged at the end of 2019 and it started to be considered a pandemic at the beginning of 2020. The reference methodology for the COVID-19 diagnosis is the RT-qPCR. OBJECTIVE: It was assessed the sensitivity and specificity of molecular test kits found on the list of tests of the Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE, Institute for Epidemiologic Diagnosis and Reference). MATERIAL AND METHODS: By using the PubMed and the Google Scholar platforms, a search was carried out for articles, out of which 14 were selected, retrieving the number of samples analyzed and their status (positive or negative), according to the molecular reference method, the name of the test kit used, as well as the characteristics and results obtained, expressed as true positives, false negatives, true negatives and false positives. Sensitivity and specificity of 8 kits were calculated, with compilations of the OpenEpi, version 3.01, statistical calculators, by using the Wilson score with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity results for the kits were greater than 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Tests evaluated allow the detection of presence or absence of virus, but they can be affected by conditions during the stages of the method.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la enfermedad COVID-19 surgió a finales de 2019 y se empezó a considerar pandemia a principios de 2020. La metodología de referencia para su diagnóstico es la prueba RT-qPCR. OBJETIVO: se evalúo la sensibilidad y la especificidad de kits de pruebas moleculares que se encuentran en la lista de pruebas del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: a partir del uso de las plataformas PubMed y Google Scholar se realizó una búsqueda de artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 14 y se recuperó el número de muestras analizadas y su estado (positivo o negativo) según el método molecular de referencia, el nombre del kit de prueba utilizado, así como las características y los resultados obtenidos, expresados como verdaderos positivos, falsos negativos, verdaderos negativos y falsos positivos. Se calculó la sensibilidad y la especificidad de ocho kits con la compilación de calculadoras estadísticas OpenEpi versión 3.01, mediante el método de puntos de Wilson con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS: los kits evaluados tuvieron una sensibilidad y una especificidad superior al 90%. CONCLUSIONES: las pruebas permiten detectar la presencia o ausencia del virus, pero pueden verse afectadas por condiciones durante las etapas del método.

Azithromycin effect on multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm production and composition.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of azithromycin (AZM) on biofilm formation and composition in multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-six A. baumannii isolates were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility and sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Carbapenemase genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction and clonal diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Biofilm formation without AZM and AZM sub-MIC were determined by crystal violet staining. AZM-free biofilm composition and AZM sub-MIC were determined by detachment assays. RESULTS: The selected A. baumannii were MDR; 93.8% were carbapenem-resistant and 24 were OXA-24-positive. PFGE showed predominance of clones A (53%), B (34.7%) and C (12.5%). Biofilm production at AZM sub-MICs decreased in 53.1%, increased in 34.7% and showed no differences in 12.5% of isolates, in comparison with biofilm production without AZM. CONCLUSION: AZM sub-MIC can reduce biofilm production in A. baumannii MDR isolates with decreased protein and DNA in the biofilm. Our results may be useful in synergy studies for new therapeutic alternatives.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el efecto de la azitromicina (AZM) en la formación y composición de biopelículas en Acinetobacter baumannii resistente a múltiples fármacos (MDR). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 96 aislamientos de A. baumannii. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y la concentración inhibitoria submínima (sub-MIC) se determinaron por el método de microdilución del caldo. Los genes carbapenemasa fueron detectados por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y la diversidad clonal por electroforesis en gel de campos pulsados (PFGE). La formación de biopelículas sin AZM y la sub-MIC de AZM por tinción de cristal violeta. La composición de la biopelícula sin AZM y la sub-MIC de AZM se determinaron mediante ensayos de desprendimiento. RESULTADOS: Los A. baumannii seleccionados fueron MDR; el 93.8% resistentes al carbapenem y 24 OXA-24 positivos. El PFGE demostró predominancia en los clones A (53%), B (34.7%) y C (12.5%). La producción de biopelículas en sub-MIC de AZM disminuyó en un 53.1%, aumentó en un 34.7% y no mostró diferencias en un 12.5% de los aislamientos, comparado con la producción de biopelículas sin AZM. CONCLUSIÓN: La sub-MIC de AZM puede reducir la producción de biopelículas en aislamientos de A. baumannii MDR con disminución de proteínas y el ADN en la biopelícula. Nuestros resultados pueden ser útiles en estudios de sinergia para nuevas alternativas terapéuticas.

Screening of biomarkers of drug resistance or virulence in ESCAPE pathogens by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Rapid identification and characterisation of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens have an important role in diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. Response time in the diagnosis of not only the etiological agent but also in antimicrobial susceptibility results is of utmost importance in patient treatment. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to screen for biomarkers of ESCAPE (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, hypervirulent NAP1/ribotype 027 Clostridioides [Clostridium] difficile, multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) pathogens to predict antimicrobial resistance or hypervirulence. Several biomarkers of drug-resistant genotypes in S. aureus, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae, as well as hypervirulence in C. difficile, were detected. The fastest possible susceptibility testing with MALDI-TOF MS is simultaneous detection of a characteristic drug-resistant peak and species identification in the same spectra generated in routine processing. According to our approach, resistance or virulence biomarker peaks can be identified while performing routine microbiology analysis, and no additional assays nor prolonged incubation time is needed. Outstanding biomarker peaks detected in our study should be further analysed by additional methods to identify the specific proteins involved.

Randomized Clinical Trial Using Sterile Single Use and Reused Polyvinylchloride Catheters for Intermittent Catheterization with a Clean Technique in Spina Bifida Cases: Short-Term Urinary Tract Infection Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infections are common and severe complications in patients with spina bifida. Management includes intermittent bladder catheterization with single use or reused sterile catheters. There is insufficient evidence to set a standard among the different techniques. We determined whether single use polyvinylchloride catheters would reduce urinary tract infections compared to reused polyvinylchloride catheters in patients with neurogenic bladder due to spina bifida. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a 2-arm randomized parallel clinical trial from 2015 to 2016 with an 8-week followup at our center in patients with neurogenic bladder caused by spina bifida. Patients were divided into single use and reused polyvinylchloride catheter groups. Evaluations were done on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Participants reported symptoms and urine cultures were obtained. The primary outcome was urinary tract infection frequency, defined as positive urine culture plus fever, flank pain, malaise, or cloudy or odorous urine. Study eligibility criteria were age 2 years or greater, spina bifida diagnosis with regular clean intermittent bladder catheterization and no urinary tract infection at initial evaluation. RESULTS: The calculated sample size was 75. Of the patients 135 were screened, 83 were randomized and 75 completed followup. Mean age was 12.7 years (range 2-56) and there were 29 males and 46 females. No statistical difference was found between the single use vs reused catheter groups in the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria (32.4% vs 23.7%, p = 0.398) or urinary tract infections (35.2% vs 36.8%, p = 0.877). CONCLUSIONS: Single use polyvinylchloride catheters for intermittent bladder catheterization did not decrease the incidence of urinary tract infections in our patients with neurogenic bladder compared to reused polyvinylchloride catheters. These results are consistent with the 2014 Cochrane Review.

A snapshot of antimicrobial resistance in Mexico. Results from 47 centers from 20 states during a six-month period.

AIM: We aimed to assess the resistance rates of antimicrobial-resistant, in bacterial pathogens of epidemiological importance in 47 Mexican centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we included a stratified sample of 47 centers, covering 20 Mexican states. Selected isolates considered as potential causatives of disease collected over a 6-month period were included. Laboratories employed their usual methods to perform microbiological studies. The results were deposited into a database and analyzed with the WHONET 5.6 software. RESULTS: In this 6-month study, a total of 22,943 strains were included. Regarding Gram-negatives, carbapenem resistance was detected in ≤ 3% in Escherichia coli, 12.5% in Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp., and up to 40% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; in the latter, the resistance rate for piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) was as high as 19.1%. In Acinetobacter sp., resistance rates for cefepime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and TZP were higher than 50%. Regarding Gram-positives, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was as high as 21.4%, and vancomycin (VAN) resistance reached up to 21% in Enterococcus faecium. Acinetobacter sp. presented the highest multidrug resistance (53%) followed by Klebsiella sp. (22.6%) and E. coli (19.4%). CONCLUSION: The multidrug resistance of Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and E. coli and the carbapenem resistance in specific groups of enterobacteria deserve special attention in Mexico. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and MRSA are common in our hospitals. Our results present valuable information for the implementation of measures to control drug resistance.

The successful containment of a hospital outbreak caused by NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 using active surveillance.

The worldwide dissemination of high-risk carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clones has become a major threat to healthcare facilities. This study describes the successful containment of a hospital outbreak caused by NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae Sequence Type (ST) 307 using active surveillance. The outbreak began when a patient was transferred from a local hospital. After 48 hours in our hospital, a tracheal aspirate was positive for a meropenem resistant and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. All patients in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) and the neurology wards were subject to contact precautions. The hospital surfaces and devices, healthcare workers, and patients from these wards were screened by cultures. Fecal swabs were placed into broth and PCR for blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM, which were performed directly from the broth after 12 hours. PCRs were also performed on DNA extracted from carbapenemase-producing species from subcultured broths. Five and nine days later, two more patients' rectal swabs tested positive. Molecular assays identified K. pneumoniae blaNDM-1 onto a 130-kb conjugative plasmid (IncY, IncFIIs, and IncFIIY), ST307. After the three patients were discharged, monitoring continued, and after three weeks with negative results, rectal swabbing ended. In conclusion, it was possible to contain a hospital outbreak caused by NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae ST307 through epidemiological and microbiological surveillance. With the methodology used, the detection of NDM-type genes in fecal samples was obtained in approximately 15 hours after obtaining the fecal sample.

Intestinal Microbiome Changes in Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) vs. FMT Enriched with Lactobacillus in the Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection.

Aim: In this study, we conducted a comparative study to explore the differences in therapeutic efficacy and intestinal microbiome of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) vs. FMT in addition with Lactobacillus (FMT-L) for treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (R-CDI). Methods: We designed a double-blinded randomized comparative two-arm pilot multicenter study to assess the efficacy and impact in the intestinal microbiome of standard capsules of FMT vs. FMT-L enriched with 3 species of Lactobacillus for patients with R-CDI. A 90-day follow-up of 21 patients was performed, starting at the beginning of the study. From the selected patients, fecal samples were obtained at days 0, 3, 7, and 28 after treatment. Fecal samples and FMT were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: We included 21 patients (13 in the FMT group and 8 in the FMT-L group). Overall, both groups had a reduction in bowel movements per day, from 8.6 to 3.2 in the first 48 h (62.7% reduction, p=0.001). No severe adverse reactions or recurrences were recorded. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum in donors. A low relative abundance of Proteobacteria was detected and mostly found in patients even at higher proportions than the donor. The donor's pool also had relatively few Bacteroidetes, and some patients showed a higher abundance of this phylum. Based on the ANOSIM R values, there is a significant difference between the microbial communities of basal samples and samples collected on day 7 (p=0.045) and at day 28 (0.041). Conclusion: Fecal microbiota transplant by capsules was clinically and genomically similar between traditional FMT and enriched FMT with Lactobacillus spp. Restoration of bacterial diversity and resolution of dysbiosis at days 7 and 28 were observed. Patients with a first episode of recurrence treated with FMT had an excellent response without severe adverse events; FMT should be considered as an early treatment during R-CDI.

Helicobacter pylori drug resistance: therapy changes and challenges.

INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Over half the world's population is infected with H. pylori, with higher prevalence in developing countries. Areas covered: In this review, current guidelines on H. pylori therapy, such as the Toronto consensus statement, the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report, and the American College of Gastroenterology guidelines, are compared. Also, we analyzed reports of antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori published in PubMed in the last years to determine current antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Expert commentary: Although H. pylori antimicrobial resistance varies by geographic area, its prevalence has been increasing over time, causing therapy failures and low eradication rates. To best optimize the management of H. pylori infection, H. pylori therapy should be based on patterns of local and individual antimicrobial resistance, if possible.

Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-infected patients managed in a common isolation unit compared with isolation in their bed of diagnosis.

Cohorting Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) patients is a strategy which has not been thoroughly evaluated. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes of CDI patients treated in a common isolation unit (CIU) versus those treated in their bed of diagnosis. Patients treated in the CIU showed lower mortality rates and antibiotic usage; however, a higher recurrence rate was reported.

Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of fecal microbiota transplant for initial Clostridium difficile infection in intestinal microbiome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of fecal donor-unrelated donor mix (FMT-FURM) transplantation as first-line therapy for C. difficile infection (CDI) in intestinal microbiome. METHODS: We designed an open, two-arm pilot study with oral vancomycin (250mg every 6 h for 10-14 days) or FMT-FURM as treatments for the first CDI episode in hospitalized adult patients in Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez". Patients were randomized by a closed envelope method in a 1: 1 ratio to either oral vancomycin or FMT-FURM. CDI resolution was considered when there was a reduction on the Bristol scale of at least 2 points, a reduction of at least 50% in the number of bowel movements, absence of fever, and resolution of abdominal pain (at least two criteria). From each patient, a fecal sample was obtained at days 0, 3, and 7 after treatment. Specimens were cultured to isolate C. difficile, and isolates were characterized by PCR. Susceptibility testing of isolates was performed using the agar dilution method. Fecal samples and FMT-FURM were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS: We included 19 patients; 10 in the vancomycin arm and 9 in the FMT-FURM arm. However, one of the patients in the vancomycin arm and two patients in the FMT-FURM arm were eliminated. Symptoms resolved in 8/9 patients (88.9%) in the vancomycin group, while symptoms resolved in 4/7 patients (57.1%) after the first FMT-FURM dose (P = 0.26) and in 5/7 patients (71.4%) after the second dose (P = 0.55). During the study, no adverse effects attributable to FMT-FURM were observed in patients. Twelve isolates were recovered, most isolates carried tcdB, tcdA, cdtA, and cdtB, with an 18-bp deletion in tcdC. All isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin but susceptible to metronidazole, linezolid, fidaxomicin, and tetracycline. In the FMT-FURM group, the bacterial composition was dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria at all-time points and the microbiota were remarkably stable over time. The vancomycin group showed a very different pattern of the microbial composition when comparing to the FMT-FURM group over time. CONCLUSION: The results of this preliminary study showed that FMT-FURM for initial CDI is associated with specific bacterial communities that do not resemble the donors' sample.

Correction: The carriage of interleukin-1B-31*C allele plus Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae increases the risk of recurrent tonsillitis in a Mexican population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178115.].

Rapid spread of an ongoing outbreak of Zika virus disease in pregnant women in a Mexican hospital

Abstract In the first nine weeks of implementation of a Zika Virus Preparedness Plan in a Mexican Public Hospital, we cared for 221 pregnant women with any signal or symptom suggesting Zika virus infection and 99 (44.8%) patients were found to be positive for Zika virus.The median age of patients was 25.3 years (range 13-49). Symptoms in PCR-positive patients were rash (91.4%) followed by headache (53.1%), myalgia (46.9%), arthralgia (45.7%), pruritus (35.8%), retroocular pain (29.6%), conjunctivitis (21%), and fever (21%). The women's epidemiologic exposure history indicates local transmission and a community outbreak.

Draft genome sequences of two opportunistic pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus cohnii isolated from human patients.

Herein, we report the draft-genome sequences and annotation of two opportunistic pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus cohnii isolated from humans. One strain (SC-57) was isolated from blood from a male patient in May 2006 and the other (SC-532) from a catheter from a male patient in June 2006. Similar to other genomes of Staphylococcus species, most genes (42%) of both strains are involved in metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and proteins. Eighty (4%) genes are involved in virulence, disease, and defense and both species show phenotypic low biofilm production and evidence of increased antibiotic resistance associated to biofilm production. From both isolates, a new Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec was detected: mec class A, ccr type 1. This is the first report of whole genome sequences of opportunistic S. cohnii isolated from human patients.

Risk factors and molecular mechanisms associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Mexico.

PURPOSE: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen causing an increasing number of nosocomial infections. Our aim was to evaluate the risk factors and mechanisms associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) resistance in S. maltophilia infections in Mexico. METHODOLOGY: Clinical isolates and patients' demographic and clinical data were collected from February 2007 to August 2015 in two tertiary-care hospitals in Mexico. Antimicrobial susceptibility and analysis of sul and SmeABC and SmeDEF efflux pump overexpression were performed in all isolates.Results/Key findings. In the 9-year period, 196 patients infected with S. maltophilia were identified. Most patients were male, and the mean age was 46.2 years. The mean Charlson score was 1.42, and the most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (26.7 %), type 2 diabetes (21.2 %) and cerebral infarction (11.6 %). High drug resistance to meropenem (93.4 %), gentamicin (55.1 %), ceftazidime (52.3 %), cefotaxime (51.5 %), amikacin (42.3 %) and cefepime (32.1 %), and lower resistance to ciprofloxacin (26.0 %), SXT (25.0 %), chloramphenicol (14.3 %) and levofloxacin (2.6 %) were detected. SXT resistance was not associated with the sul genes. SmeABC overexpression was associated with gentamicin (P=0.001) and levofloxacin resistance (P=0.041), whereas SmeDEF overexpression was associated with ceftazidime resistance (P=0.003). Prolonged hospitalization (≥15 days) was an independent risk factor for SXT-resistant S. maltophilia infections (OR=3.05; 95 % CI=1.12-8.86; P=0.029). CONCLUSION: Given the high SXT resistance rate, SXT is not an effective first-line therapy for our patients; instead, levofloxacin could be used as an appropriate therapeutic option against S. maltophilia infections.

Chlorhexidine whole-body washing of patients reduces methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and has a direct effect on the distribution of the ST5-MRSA-II (New York/Japan) clone.

PURPOSE: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonizes the skin of hospitalized patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. To prevent colonization and infection by S. aureus, better disinfection practices are required. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of chlorhexidine whole-body washing on hospital-acquired S. aureus infections among intensive care unit (ICU) patients in a tertiary hospital in Mexico. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted over 18 months to evaluate the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate (CXG) whole-body washing of ICU adult patients on chlorhexidine and antibiotic resistance, biofilm production and clonal distribution of S. aureus in a tertiary care hospital. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for CXG, antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production by S. aureus isolates were determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR for Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) were used for molecular typing of MRSA isolates.Results/Key findings. We included 158 isolates. A reduction in antibiotic resistance in the study period was observed for clindamycin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, oxacillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. None of the isolates showed reduced susceptibility to CXG. Most of the isolates were non-biofilm producers (147/158). The most commonly identified clone was a descendant of the ST5-MRSA-II (New York/Japan) clone. This clone decreased during the intervention period and reappeared markedly in the post-intervention period. During the post-intervention period, two isolates were related with the clone ST8-MRSA-IV (also known as USA300). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the CXG bathing favored the reduction of healthcare-associated MRSA isolates and a temporary reduction of the predominant ST5-MRSA-II (New York/Japan) clone.

Rapid spread of an ongoing outbreak of Zika virus disease in pregnant women in a Mexican hospital.

In the first nine weeks of implementation of a Zika Virus Preparedness Plan in a Mexican Public Hospital, we cared for 221 pregnant women with any signal or symptom suggesting Zika virus infection and 99 (44.8%) patients were found to be positive for Zika virus. The median age of patients was 25.3 years (range 13-49). Symptoms in PCR-positive patients were rash (91.4%) followed by headache (53.1%), myalgia (46.9%), arthralgia (45.7%), pruritus (35.8%), retroocular pain (29.6%), conjunctivitis (21%), and fever (21%). The women's epidemiologic exposure history indicates local transmission and a community outbreak.

The carriage of interleukin-1B-31*C allele plus Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae increases the risk of recurrent tonsillitis in a Mexican population.

The aim of the present study was to estimate the relative contribution of immunogenetic and microbiological factors in the development of recurrent tonsillitis in a Mexican population. Patients (n = 138) with recurrent tonsillitis and an indication of tonsillectomy (mean age: 6.05 years ± 3.00; median age: 5 years, female: 58; age range: 1-15 years) and 195 non-related controls older than 18 years and a medical history free of recurrent tonsillitis were included. To evaluate the microbial contribution, tonsil swab samples from both groups and extracted tonsil samples from cases were cultured. Biofilm production of isolated bacteria was measured. To assess the immunogenetic component, DNA from peripheral blood was genotyped for the TNFA-308G/A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and for the IL1B -31C/T SNP. Normal microbiota, but no pathogens or potential pathogens, were identified from all control sample cultures. The most frequent pathogenic species detected in tonsils from cases were Staphylococcus aureus (48.6%, 67/138) and Haemophilus influenzae (31.9%, 44/138), which were found more frequently in patient samples than in samples from healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Importantly, 41/54 (75.9%) S. aureus isolates were biofilm producers (18 weak and 23 strong), whereas 17/25 (68%) H. influenzae isolates were biofilm producers (10 weak, and 7 strong biofilm producers). Patients with at least one copy of the IL1B-31*C allele had a higher risk of recurrent tonsillitis (OR = 4.03; 95% CI = 1.27-14.27; P = 0.013). TNFA-308 G/A alleles were not preferentially distributed among the groups. When considering the presence of IL1B-31*C plus S. aureus, IL1B-31*C plus S. aureus biofilm producer, IL1B-31*C plus H. influenzae or IL1B-31*C plus H. influenzae biofilm producer, the OR tended to infinite. Thus, the presence of IL1B-31*C allele plus the presence of S. aureus and/or H. influenzae could be related to the development of tonsillitis in this particular Mexican population.

Sexually transmitted pathogens, coinfections and risk factors in patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Jalisco, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of nine sexually transmitted pathogens, coinfections and risk factors in patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Jalisco, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples from 662 patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics were analyzed. Treponema pallidum, HIV, and HCV were detected by serology. HPV was detected by Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and its genotype was determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Trichomonas vaginalis, HSV-1, HSV-2, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and T. pallidum were detected by multiplex PCR. RESULTS: By serology, HIV frequency was 6.8%, T. pallidum was 2.26%, and HCV was 0.15%. By PCR, HPV frequency was 13.9%, (more frequent genotype was 16, 33.7%), followed by T. vaginalis (14.2%), HSV-1 (8.5%), M. genitalium (2,41%), N. gonorrhoeae (2.11%), HSV-2 (1.8%), and T. pallidum (1.05%). Patients infected with T. vaginalis were more likely to have multiple coinfections (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The frequency of HPV, HVS-1, HSV-2, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis was lower than that reported. However, a high frequency of HIV, T. pallidum, and N. gonorrhoeae was detected.

Sexually transmitted pathogens, coinfections and risk factors in patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Jalisco, Mexico / Patógenos de transmisión sexual, coinfecciones y factores de riesgo en pacientes que asisten a clínicas de obstetricia y ginecología en Jalisco, México

Abstract: Objective: To determine the frequency of nine sexually transmitted pathogens, coinfections and risk factors in patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Jalisco, Mexico. Materials and methods: Samples from 662 patients attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics were analyzed. Treponema pallidum, HIV, and HCV were detected by serology. HPV was detected by Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and its genotype was determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Trichomonas vaginalis, HSV-1, HSV-2, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and T. pallidum were detected by multiplex PCR. Results: By serology, HIV frequency was 6.8%, T. pallidum was 2.26%, and HCV was 0.15%. By PCR, HPV frequency was 13.9%, (more frequent genotype was 16, 33.7%), followed by T. vaginalis (14.2%), HSV-1 (8.5%), M. genitalium (2,41%), N. gonorrhoeae (2.11%), HSV-2 (1.8%), and T. pallidum (1.05%). Patients infected with T. vaginalis were more likely to have multiple coinfections (p = 0.01). Conclusion: The frequency of HPV, HVS-1, HSV-2, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis was lower than that reported. However, a high frequency of HIV, T. pallidum, and N. gonorrhoeae was detected.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de nueve patógenos de transmisión sexual, coinfecciones y factores de riesgo en pacientes que acudieron a una consulta de ginecología y obstetricia en Jalisco, México. Material y métodos: Se analizaron muestras de 662 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta de ginecología y obstetricia. Se detectaron Treponema pallidum, VIH y VHC mediante serología. Se detectó VPH por Reacción de Cadena de Polimerasa (PCR) y sus genotipos se detectaron por Polimorfismos de Longitud de Fragmentos de Restricción (RFLP). Se detectaron Trichomonas vaginalis, VHS-1,VHS-2, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae y T. pallidum por PCR múltiple. Resultados: Por serología, la frecuencia deVIH fue 6.8%, de T. pallidum fue 2.26% y deVHC fue 0.15%. Por PCR, la frecuencia más alta fue deVPH (13.9%, el genotipo más frecuente fue el 16, 33.7%), seguida deT. vaginalis (14.2%), VHS-1 (8.5%), M. genitalium (2.41%), N. gonorrhoeae (2.11%), VHS-2 (1.8%) y T. pallidum (1.05%). Los pacientes infectados con T. vaginalis presentaron más probabilidades de tener múltiples coinfecciones (p = 0.01). Conclusiones: La frecuencia de infección por VPH, VHS-1,VHS-2, M.genitalium y T. vaginalis fue menor a lo reportado. Sin embargo, se detectó una alta frecuencia de VIH, T. pallidum, y N. gonorrhoeae.