Enhanced Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescent Test Strip for Rapid and Visual Detection of Norfloxacin via a Smartphone.

Paper-based test strips with on-site visual detection have become a hot spot in the field of target detection. Yet, low specific surface area and uneven deposition limit the further application of test strips. Herein, a novel "turn-on" ratio of molecularly imprinted membranes (Eu@CDs-MIMs) was successfully prepared based on a Eu complex-doped polyvinylidene fluoride membrane for the selective, rapid and on-site visual detection of norfloxacin (NOR). The formation of surface-imprinted polymer-containing carbon dots (CDs) improves the roughness and hydrophilicity of Eu@CDs-MIMs. Fluorescence lifetimes and UV absorption spectra verified that the fluorescence enhancement of CDs is based on the synergistic effect of charge transfer and hydrogen bonding between CDs and NOR. The fluorescent test strip showed a linear fluorescent response within the concentration range of 5-50 nM with a limit of detection of 1.35 nM and a short response time of 1 min. In comparison with filter paper-based test strips, Eu@CDs-MIMs exhibit a brighter and more uniform fluorescent color change from red to blue that is visible to the naked eye. Additionally, the applied ratio fluorescent test strip was combined with a smartphone to translate RGB values into concentrations for the visual and quantitative detection of NOR and verified the detection results using high-performance liquid chromatography. The portable fluorescent test strip provides a reliable approach for the rapid, visual, and on-site detection of NOR and quinolones.

Three-Dimensional Porous PVDF Foam Imprinted Membranes with High Flux and Selectivity toward Artemisinin/Artemether.

In this study, a new 3D porous PVDF-foam-imprinted membrane (PPIM) for the selective separation of artemisinin (ART) was first prepared via the dopamine adhesion of pre-synthesized MIPs into the interior of the PPIM. In the PPIM, the pre-synthesized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with artesunate (ARU) as a dummy template were uniformly loaded on the interior of the membrane, avoiding the defects of recognition site encapsulation found in the conventional membrane. This membrane also exhibited excellent flux, which is beneficial in practical separation applications. The PPIM was systematically characterized via FT-IR, SEM, pore-size distribution analysis, water contact angle test, membrane flux, and mechanical performance analysis, respectively. In the static adsorption experiment, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better fitted the rebinding data of ART. Under dynamic conditions, the ART adsorption capacity of the PPIM could be further remarkably improved by tailoring the flow rate to 3 mL min-1. In the selective separation experiment, with artemether (ARE) as the competition substrate, the selective separation ability (α) of the PPIM towards ART/artemether (ARE) reached its peak value (3.16) within only 10 min at this flow rate, which is higher than that of porous PVDF foam non-imprinted membranes (PPNM) (ca. 1.5), showing great separation efficiency in a short time. Moreover, the PPIM can be reused five times without a significant decrease in its adsorption capacities, showing good regeneration performance. This work highlights a simple strategy for constructing new MIMs with high flux and great mechanical strength to achieve the efficient selective separation of ART and ARE in practical applications.

Advanced Development of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes for Selective Separation.

Molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs), the incorporation of a given target molecule into a membrane, are generally used for separating and purifying the effective constituents of various natural products. They have been in use since 1990. The application of MIMs has been studied in many fields, including separation, medicine analysis, solid-phase extraction, and so on, and selective separation is still an active area of research. In MIM separation, two important membrane performances, flux and permselectivities, show a trade-off relationship. The enhancement not only of permselectivity, but also of flux poses a challenging task for membranologists. The present review first describes the recent development of MIMs, as well as various preparation methods, showing the features and applications of MIMs prepared with these different methods. Next, the review focuses on the relationship between flux and permselectivities, providing a detailed analysis of the selective transport mechanisms. According to the majority of the studies in the field, the paramount factors for resolving the trade-off relationship between the permselectivity and the flux in MIMs are the presence of effective high-density recognition sites and a high degree of matching between these sites and the imprinted cavity. Beyond the recognition sites, the membrane structure and pore-size distribution in the final imprinted membrane collectively determine the selective transport mechanism of MIM. Furthermore, it also pointed out that the important parameters of regeneration and antifouling performance have an essential role in MIMs for practical applications. This review subsequently highlights the emerging forms of MIM, including molecularly imprinted nanofiber membranes, new phase-inversion MIMs, and metal-organic-framework-material-based MIMs, as well as the construction of high-density recognition sites for further enhancing the permselectivity/flux. Finally, a discussion of the future of MIMs regarding breakthroughs in solving the flux-permselectivity trade-off is offered. It is believed that there will be greater advancements regarding selective separation using MIMs in the future.

Design of double-lattice GaN-PCSEL based on triangular and circular holes.

We have theoretically designed a double-lattice photonic crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL) based on triangular and circular holes. In the design, porous-GaN which has the properties of lower refractive index and high quality stress-free homo-epitaxy with GaN, was first proposed to be the cladding layer for GaN-PCSEL. The finite difference-time domain (FDTD), the plane wave expansion (PWE), and the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method were employed in the investigation. Our simulations achieved a radiation constant of up to 50 cm-1 and a slope efficiency of more than 1 W/A while maintaining a low threshold gain. We conducted a systematic study on the effects of the filling factor, etching depth, and holes shift, on the performance of the PCSEL. The findings indicate that increasing the filling factor improves the radiation constant and slope efficiency. Asymmetric hole patterns and varying etching depths have a similar effect. The introduction of asymmetric patterns and a double lattice in the photonic crystal breaks the symmetry of electric fields in the plane, while different etching depths of the two holes break the symmetry in the vertical direction. Additionally, altering the shift of the double lattice modifies the optical feedback in the resonators, resulting in variations of cavity loss and confinement factor.

Boosting Photosynthetic H2O2 of Polymeric Carbon Nitride by Layer Configuration Regulation and Fluoride-Potassium Double-Site Modification.

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production will become a burgeoning strategy for solar energy utilization by selective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) shows relatively high two-electron ORR selectivity for H2O2 production but still limited low H2O2 production efficiency due to slow exciton dissociation. Herein, we constructed a heptazine/triazine layer stacked carbon nitride heterojunction with fluorine/potassium (F/K) dual sites (FKHTCN). The introduction of F/K not only can regulate layer components to enhance the charge separation efficiency but, more importantly, also optimize the adsorption of surface oxygen molecules and intermediate *OOH during H2O2 production. Consequently, FKHTCN efficiently improves the photocatalytic H2O2 production rate up to 3380.9 µmol h-1 g-1, nearly 15 times higher than that of traditional PCN. Moreover, a production-utilization cascade system was designed to explore their practical application in environmental remediation. This work lays out the importance of engineering a layer-stacked configuration and active sites for enhancing photocatalysis.

Investigation on GaN-Based Membrane Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers.

A GaN-based blue photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL) featured with membrane configuration was proposed and theoretically investigated. The membrane dimension, photonic crystal (PhC) material, lattice constant and thickness were studied by RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations with the confinement factor and gain threshold as indicators. The membrane PCSEL's confinement factor of active media is of 13~14% which is attributed to multi-pairs of quantum wells and efficient confinement of the mode in the membrane cavity with air claddings. The excellent confinement factor and larger Q factor of resonance mutually contribute to the lower gain threshold of the design (below 400 cm-1 for GaN-PhC with 100 nm thick top and bottom GaN layer, 40 nm hole radius and 40 nm depth). The PhC confinement factor exceeds 13% and 6% for TiO2-PhC with 80 nm and 60 nm PhC thickness and 20 nm and 40 nm distance between PhC and active media, respectively. It is around two times larger than that of GaN-PhC, which is attributed to the higher refractive index of TiO2 that pulls field distribution to the PhC layer.

Fabrication of silver vanadate quantum dots/reduced graphene oxide/graphitic carbon nitride Z-scheme heterostructure modified polyvinylidene fluoride self-cleaning membrane for enhancing photocatalysis and mechanism insight.

The enhancement of the self-cleaning ability of photocatalytic membranes and their degradation efficiency over tetracycline (TC) still remains a challenge. In this study, an alternative silver vanadate quantum dots (AgVO3 QDs) doped reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) nanocomposites modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (AgVO3/RGO/C3N4-PVDF) was successfully fabricated to enhance the photocatalytic activity. The AgVO3/RGO/C3N4 nanocomposites were functioned as the active component for the photocatalytic membrane. The unique Z-scheme heterostructure of AgVO3/RGO/C3N4 and the porous PVDF framework synergistically enhanced the separation and transport efficiency of photogenerated carriers and facilitated the interaction between the photocatalyst and the pollutant. As a result, the degradation efficiency of TC for the AgVO3/RGO/C3N4-PVDF reached 88.53% within 120 min, which was higher than those of the binary component membranes (64.8% for RGO/C3N4-PVDF and 79.18% AgVO3/C3N4-PVDF). In addition, AgVO3/RGO/C3N4-PVDF exhibited high permeability (1977 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1) and excellent antifouling activity. Under visible-light irradiation, the flux recovery rate (FRR) increased from 92.4% to 99.1%. Furthermore, AgVO3/RGO/C3N4-PVDF could reject 97.4% of Escherichia coli (E. coli) owning to its self-cleaning capacity, and eliminated the E. coli under visible-light irradiation trough the photogeneration of h+. This study highlights a highly efficient photocatalytic membrane based on a Z-scheme heterostructure, which may have a great potential application in practical wastewater treatment.

Fluorescent polydopamine based molecularly imprinted sensor for ultrafast and selective detection of p-nitrophenol in drinking water.

A highly effective fluorescent molecularly imprinted sensor (F-PDA-MIS) based on fluorescent polydopamine (F-PDA) was successfully synthesized for selective and ultrafast detection of p-nitrophenol (P-NP) in drinking water. F-PDA with abundant surface functional groups has been artfully modified to firstly serve as both fluorescent monomer and functional monomer in the synthesis of a uniform luminous F-PDA-MIS, which can greatly improve the detection efficiency. As expected, F-PDA-MIS had an obvious emission wavelength of 535 nm with the optimal excitation wavelength at 400 nm. Specially, F-PDA-MIS could detect P-NP in the range 100 to 1100 nM with much lower detection limit of 24.2 nM within 120 s compared with other conventional imprinted fluorescent sensors based on pure quantum dots (QDs) or dyes. This excellent test phenomenon is mainly ascribed to the rapid electron transfer between F-PDA and P-NP. Satisfactory recovery of 98.0-104% for mineral water and 98.6-106% for boiling water were obtained with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.7-3.4% and 2.6-3.5% respectively. The detection reliability of F-PDA-MIS was verified by the comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Consequently, F-PDA as a fluorescence functional monomer has been shown to be a possible strategy to effectively improve the detection limit and shorten response time of the target determination in water..

A novel mixed matrix polysulfone membrane for enhanced ultrafiltration and photocatalytic self-cleaning performance.

Photocatalytic materials can be used as self-cleaning functional materials to alleviate the irreversible fouling of ultrafiltration membranes. In this work, the small size g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 (SCB) blended polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration membranes was fabricated by hydrothermal and phase inversion methods. As a functional filler of ultrafiltration membranes, the small size g-C3N4 nanosheet decorated on the surface of Bi2MoO6 can enhance the photocatalytic performance for bovine serum albumin (BSA) degradation, and remove irreversible fouling under visible light irradiation. In addition, the introduction of SCB microspheres into PSF matrix obviously increased the porosity of ultrafiltration membranes. Therefore, the SCB-PSF ultrafiltration membranes displayed excellent antifouling performance (flux recovery ratio is 82.53%) and BSA rejection rates (94.77%). SCB-PSF also had high photocatalytic self-cleaning activity, indicating excellent application prospects in organic wastewater treatment.

Synergistic interaction of Z-scheme 2D/3D g-C3N4/BiOI heterojunction and porous PVDF membrane for greatly improving the photodegradation efficiency of tetracycline.

Designing photocatalytic membranes with excellent photocatalytic and self-cleaning ability based on the synergistic effect between the crystal structure of membrane matrix and photocatalyst is highly desirable. Herein, Z-scheme 2D/3D g-C3N4/BiOI heterojunction blended in beta-phase polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (ß-phase PVDF) was prepared via solvent crystallization and phase inversion technique. As expected, the designed g-C3N4/BiOI/ß-phase PVDF photocatalytic membranes (CN/BI/ß-phase PVDF PMs) achieved exceptional photocatalytic degradation efficiency for tetracycline (94.6%) as compared to the CN/BI heterojunction power (84.0%) and two other control membrane matrixes (CN/BI/PAN and CN/BI/CA PMs) within 120 min. Meanwhile, the dynamic cyclic degradation system of CN/BI/ß-phase PVDF PMs was also investigated that reached to be 94.8% in 80 min. Besides, the CN/BI/ß-phase PVDF PMs not only had outstanding self-cleaning activity and remarkable permeability (up to 30,688 L·m-2·h-1) but also had high stability and reusability even after five runs. Importantly, the hydroxyl radical detection and ESR analysis identified that the ß-phase PVDF membrane could promote photoinduced carrier separation efficiency of 2D/3D g-C3N4/BiOI heterojunction. This work may open up a novel strategy for designing and constructing high-efficient photocatalytic membranes for water treatment.

Rationally constructing of a novel 2D/2D WO3/Pt/g-C3N4 Schottky-Ohmic junction towards efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and mechanism insight.

Effectively separating photo-generated charge carriers is usually important but difficult for the high-activity photocatalysis. Fabricating 2D/2D Schottky-Ohmic junction is more beneficial to the spatial separation and transfer of photo-induced charges at the interface of different components due to the matching of distinct two-dimension structure and band alignment, but the manipulation and mastery of junction type (Schottky-Ohmic junction and Z-scheme junction) and electronic structure is an arduous task for preparing satisfactory photocatalysts and investigating the PHE mechanism. In this work, the 2D/2D WO3/Pt/g-C3N4 (WPC) Schottky-Ohmic junction composite photocatalysts is formed via facile hydrothermal and photo-induced deposition method for employing to produce H2. The optimized WPC Schottky-Ohmic junction photocatalyst exhibits remarkable photocatalytic H2-release performance with ability to produce the amount of H2 reaches 1299.4 µmol upon exposure to visible light, which is about 1.2 and 11.5 times higher than that of WO3/g-C3N4/Pt (WCP) (1119.4 µmol) and pure CN (113.2 µmol)), respectively. This remarkable enhancement of photocatalytic performance is ascribed to: (i) Schottky-Ohmic junction can strikingly expedite spatial charge separation and elongate electron lifetime, (ii) the 2D/2D structure can shorten the charge transportation distance, (iii) Pt with rich electron density can stably adsorb H+. This work provides a successful paradigm for future fundamental research, and exquisitely designs ideal g-C3N4-based photocatalysts by simultaneously adjusting and optimizing material structure and electronic dynamics.

Biomimetic design and synthesis of visible-light-driven g-C3N4 nanotube @polydopamine/NiCo-layered double hydroxides composite photocatalysts for improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.

In the practical process of photocatalytic H2 evolution, optimizing the ability of light absorption and charge spatial separation is the top priority for improving the photocatalytic performance. In this study, we elaborately engineer neoteric g-C3N4 nanotube@polydopamine(pDA)/NiCo-LDH (LPC) composite photocatalyst by combining hydrothermal and calcination method. In the LPC composite system, the one-dimensional (1D) g-C3N4 nanotubes with larger specific surface area can afford more active sites and conduce to shorten the charge migration distance, as well as the high-speed mass transfer in the nanotube can accelerate the reaction course. The g-C3N4/NiCo-LDH type-II heterojunction can efficaciously stimulate the spatial separation of photo-produced charge. In addition, pDA as heterojunction metal-free interface mediums can provide multiple action (π-π* electron delocalization effect, adhesive action and photosensitization). The optimized LPC nanocomposite displays about 3.3-fold high photoactivity for H2 evolution compared with the g-C3N4 nanotube under solar light irradiation. In addition, the cycle experiment result shows that the LPC composite photocatalyst possesses superior stability and recyclability. The resultant g-C3N4@pDA/NiCo-LDH composite photocatalyst displays the potential practical application in the field of energy conversion.

Antifouling molecularly imprinted membranes for pretreatment of milk samples: Selective separation and detection of lincomycin.

As a veterinary antibiotic, lincomycin (LIN) residues in milk are raising concerns of public on account of potential harm to human health. Efficient strategy is eagerly desired for detection of LIN from milk samples. Hence, lincomycin molecularly imprinted membranes (LINMIMs) were developed for selective separation of LIN as an efficient pretreatment of milk samples. The synergistic effect of polyethylenimine and dopamine provided effective antifouling performance by improving the hydrophilicity. Based on click chemistry, specific recognition sites were facilely formed on membranes using 4-vinylpyridine as functional monomers. The satisfactory rebinding capacity (151.62 mg g-1), permselectivity (4.43), together with the linear dependence (R2 = 0.9902) of concentrations in eluents and original samples. Moreover, the method was utilized to determine LIN from milk, with good recovery and relative standard deviation. Achievements in this work will actively promote the development of efficient detection technology.

Development of composite membranes with irregular rod-like structure via atom transfer radical polymerization for efficient oil-water emulsion separation.

Development of superhydrophilic, stable and cost-effective composite membranes for efficient oil-water emulsion separation is highly desirable. Herein, an irregular rod-like composite membrane was prepared through 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modification, followed by acrylamide polymerization with atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The as-prepared membrane exhibits superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity due to its irregular rod-like structure and pores-induced capillary actions. The composite membrane has demonstrated sufficient stability in acidic, alkaline and salty environments due to the polymerization of acrylamide. Moreover, the as-prepared composite membrane has effectively separated various oil-water emulsions and demonstrated high permeation and superior flux recovery. The present work demonstrates that the ATRP-assisted composite membrane is a promising material in a wide range of applications, such as industrial wastewater recovery and drinking water treatment.

Bioinspired synthesis of SiO2/pDA-based nanocomposite-imprinted membranes with sol-gel imprinted layers for selective adsorption and separation applications.

Inspired by the biomimetic membrane modification technique of polydopamine (pDA), SiO2/pDA-based nanocomposite-imprinted membranes (SpIMs) with high selectivity and stability have been successfully synthesized. Herein, tetracycline (TC) was used as a template molecule and instead of constructing imprinted polymers onto pristine membrane surfaces, a versatile pDA-modified strategy was initially conducted on the membrane surfaces followed by the reformative sol-gel imprinting technique. Moreover, largely enhanced TC-rebinding capacity (45.95 mg g-1), permselectivity of TC (separation factors more than 11.5) and structural stability (maintained 93% of the maximum adsorption capacity after 11 cycling operations) could be easily achieved because of the construction of membrane-based multilevel nanocomposite surfaces. These results strongly illustrated that the incorporation of pDA-based sol-gel imprinted polymers into molecularly imprinted membranes could result in both high rebinding capacity and excellent permselectivity. All synthesis processes were carried out at low temperatures and ordinary pressures, which is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly for large-scale applications.

Bioinspired Synthesis of Au Nanostructures Templated from Amyloid ß Peptide Assembly with Enhanced Catalytic Activity.

Peptides have been regarded as useful biomolecule templates to control the synthesis of various inorganic nanomaterials in mild conditions. Inspired by this, the easily self-assembled amyloid ß (Aß) peptide was developed as an alternative template to prepare Au nanostructures for the enhanced catalytic activity, for instance, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The presence of Aß peptide assemblies with different structures could direct the nucleation of Au to form different Au nanostructures. Using the Aß25-35 monomers, nanoribbons, and nanofibrils prepared by the self-assembly in phosphate buffered (PB) solution at 0, 3, and 12 h, respectively, as templates could controllably prepare Au nanospheres, nanoribbons, and nanofibers, while the Aß25-35 monomers prepared by the self-assembly in water at 0 h could direct the synthesis of Au nanoflowers. The Aß25-35-templated Au nanostructures had different catalytic activities due to the size and structure effects, which however are significantly enhanced as compared with the template-free Au nanoparticles.

Fouling Resistant CA/PVA/TiO2 Imprinted Membranes for Selective Recognition and Separation Salicylic Acid from Waste Water.

Highly selective cellulose acetate (CA)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) imprinted membranes were synthesized by phase inversion and dip coating technique. The CA blend imprinted membrane was synthesized by phase inversion technique with CA as membrane matrix, polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the functional polymer, and the salicylic acid (SA) as the template molecule. The CA/PVA/TiO2 imprinted membranes were synthesized by dip coating of CA blend imprinted membrane in PVA and different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 wt %) of TiO2 nanoparticles aqueous solution. The SEM analysis showed that the surface morphology of membrane was strongly influenced by the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. Compared with CA/PVA-TiO2(0.05, 0.1, 0.2%)-MIM, the CA/PVA-TiO2(0.4%)-MIM possessed higher membrane flux, kinetic equilibrium adsorption amount, binding capacity and better selectivity for SA. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was studied to describe the kinetic of CA/PVA-TiO2(0.2%)-MIM judging by multiple regression analysis. Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity for SA were 24.43 mg g-1. Moreover, the selectivity coefficients of CA/PVA-TiO2 (0.2%)-MIM for SA relative to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB) and methyl salicylate (MS) were 3.87 and 3.55, respectively.

A molecularly imprinted polymer placed on the surface of graphene oxide and doped with Mn(II)-doped ZnS quantum dots for selective fluorometric determination of acrylamide.

A polymer imprinted with acrylamide (AM-MIP) was synthesized on the surface of graphene oxide by surface polymerization of propionamide (serving as a dummy template), methacrylic acid (as the functional monomer) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (the cross-linker). ZnS quantum dots (QDs) doped with Mn(II) ions were added to the AM-MIP to act as fluorescence source. The AM-MIP was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, suggesting that the imprinted layer was successfully grafted onto graphene oxide. The fluorescence of the doped QDs is quenched when loading the AM-MIP with acrylamide (AM), and the quenching effect is much stronger than the non-imprinted polymer (AM-NIP). Quenching follows Stern-Volmer kinetics. The combination of imprinting and fluorometric detection offer AM-IIP capability to accumulate trace AM before direct determination, omitting desorption and separation or other methods. The excitation and emission spectra of AM-MIP peak at 325 nm and 601 nm, respectively. Under optimal conditions, fluorescence drops linearly in the 0.5-60 µmol·L-1 acrylamide concentration range, and the detection limit is 0.17 µmol·L-1. The method has been applied to the determination of AM in spiked water samples and gave recoveries in the range from 100.2 to 104.5%, with relative standard deviations in the 1.9 to 3.9% range. In our perception, the AM-MIP presented here is a promising fluorescent probe for the detection of trace acrylamide in food. Graphical abstract Schematic of the preparation of graphene oxide coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer doped with Mn(II)-doped ZnS quantum dots. Propionamide serves as a dummy template. Acrylamide acts as a quencher of fluorescence, and this effect is used for its selective fluorometric determination.

Bioinspired synthesis of high-performance nanocomposite imprinted membrane by a polydopamine-assisted metal-organic method.

Significant efforts have been focused on the functionalization and simplification of membrane-associated molecularly imprinted materials, which can rapidly recognize and separate specific compound. However, issues such as low permselectivity and unstable composite structures are restricting it from developing stage to a higher level. In this work, with the bioinspired design of polydopamine (pDA)-assisted inorganic film, we present a novel molecular imprinting strategy to integrate multilevel nanocomposites (Ag/pDA) into the porous membrane structure. The molecularly imprinted nanocomposite membranes were then obtained through an in situ photoinitiated ATRP method by using tetracycline (TC) as the template molecule. Importantly, attributing to the formation of the Ag/pDA-based TC-imprinted layers, largely enhance TC-rebinding capacity (35.41mg/g), adsorption selectivity and structural stability (still maintained 92.1% of the maximum adsorption capacity after 10 cycling operations) could been easily achieved. Moreover, largely enhanced permselectivity performance toward template molecule (the permeability factor ß values were also more than 5.95) was also obtained. Finally, all synthesis methods were conducted in aqueous solution at ambient temperature, which was environmental friendly for scaling up without causing pollution.

Preparation of a Two-Dimensional Ion-Imprinted Polymer Based on a Graphene Oxide/SiO2 Composite for the Selective Adsorption of Nickel Ions.

In the present work, a novel two-dimensional (2D) nickel ion-imprinted polymer (RAFT-IIP) has been successfully synthesized based on the graphene oxide/SiO2 composite by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The imprinted materials obtained are characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the thermal stability of the graphene oxide/SiO2 composite is obviously higher than that of graphene oxide. RAFT-IIP possesses an excellent 2D homogeneous imprinted polymer layer, which is a well-preserved unique structure of graphene oxide/SiO2. Owing to the intrinsic advantages of RAFT polymerization and 2D imprinted material, RAFT-IIP demonstrate a superior specific adsorption capacity (81.73 mg/g) and faster adsorption kinetics (30 min) for Ni(II) in comparison to the ion-imprinted polymer prepared by traditional radical polymerization and based on the common carbon material. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm and selectivity toward Ni(II) onto RAFT-IIP and nonimprinted polymer (NIP) are investigated, indicating that RAFT-IIP has splendid recognizing ability and a nearly 3 times larger adsorption capacity than that of NIP (30.94 mg/g). Moreover, a three-level Box-Behnken experimental design with three factors combining the response surface method is utilized to optimize the desorption process. The optimal conditions for the desorption of Ni(II) from RAFT-IIP are as follows: an HCl-type eluent, an eluent concentration of 2.0 mol/L, and an eluent volume of 10 mL.