[3D printing in plastic surgery, an accessible tool: Technical note around a case of otopoiesis assisted by 3D model]. / L'impression 3D en chirurgie plastique, un outil accessible : note technique autour d'un cas d'otopoïèse assistée par modèle 3D.

3D printing has been used in the medical field since the beginning of the 21st century. Over the years, it has been democratized and has become an accessible tool at almost no cost, provided that a 3D printer is available. The surgeon can thus easily integrate it into his practice and techniques in the operating room, provided that he learns to use 3D image processing software. In order to illustrate the whole process, from the genesis and processing of the 3D image to its application in the operating room, we describe the case of a patient with a left auricle amputation, whose reconstruction was guided by a 3D model printed from his right ear.

[Ethical issues of gender reassignment surgery]. / Enjeux éthiques de la chirurgie de réassignation sexuelle.

Gender reassignment raises complex ethical issues. It questions gender identity and the right to self-determination. Some highlight the right to access the medical care necessary to live according to one's perceived gender. Others worry about the potential rush into major medical decisions, especially among minors. The need for a medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria can be seen as pathologizing. The requirement for surgery for marital status change, while not mandatory in many places, remains controversial. The balance between informed consent and access to treatment, as well as stigma and discrimination, contribute to the complexity of ethical issues. Finally, the issues surrounding the competence of health professionals, the quality of care and the integration of individual needs make these decisions particularly sensitive from an ethical point of view.

Carbon dioxide laser treatment for vulvovaginal atrophy in women treated for breast cancer: Preliminary results of the feasibility EPIONE trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Quality of life preservation after anti-cancer therapy is a major challenge for breast cancer survivors. Approximately 42-70% of patients who receive systemic therapy for breast cancer, including endocrine therapy, will develop vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). For these patients, the commonly proposed gel-based treatments for topical applications are restrictive. Recently, innovative, non-hormonal therapeutic approaches, such as laser therapy, have emerged. The purpose of this feasibility study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of CO2 laser therapy in women with a history of breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective monocentric study included 20 patients with vulvovaginal atrophy who were treated at Henri Mondor University Hospital between 2017 and 2018. We included patients with a vaginal health index (VHI) score<15 and a contraindication for hormone administration due to a history of breast cancer. Two carbon dioxide laser sessions were used. The treatment was delivered using the following settings: vaginal tightening, FinePulse (pulse width 0.9ms), and energy density of 11.5J/cm2 that allows coverage of 70% of the targeted vaginal area to be treated. All patients had their follow-up visit at one (M1), three (M3), and six (M6) months after the first treatment to evaluate efficacy of the treatment on vulvovaginal atrophy. Vaginal health index score and female sexual distress (FSD) score were used to assess treatment efficacy and its impact on sexual quality of life. A score≥11 was associated with sexual dysfunction. The vaginal health index and female sexual distress scores were evaluated at baseline, M1, M3, and M6 of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56.1±8.8 years (range, 27-69 years). Seventeen of the 20 patients had experienced menopause (mean menopausal age, 51.25±1.5 years). At inclusion, the mean vaginal health index and the female sexual distress scores were 10.58±1.71 and 21.36±15.10, respectively. Fourteen out of 20 patients (70%) had FSD scores≥11 at the baseline. At M1, the mean vaginal health index score increased significantly to 13.42±2.3 (P=0.03), which represented an improvement of 21% from the baseline. A persistent and significant improvement in the vaginal health index score was observed at M6, with the score increasing to 16.75±4.23 post-treatment (P<0.0001), representing a 34% improvement from the mean baseline score. The mean female sexual distress at M1 was 19.83±13.57, representing a 7% decrease compared to the baseline scores (P<0.01). At M3, the female sexual distress significantly decreased to 13.88±15.58, representing an improvement of 35% (P=0.006). It increased to 10.35±14.7 at M6, representing an improvement of 52% (P=0.001). At M3, 35% of the patients had a female sexual distress score>11, and at M6, only 15% had a female sexual distress score>11. No side effects were reported during follow-up. CONCLUSION: This pilot feasibility study showed that carbon dioxide laser treatment appears to be an effective and safe method to improve the trophicity and decrease vaginal mucosal dryness in women with vulvovaginal atrophy that developed after systemic breast cancer therapy.

Immediate vaginal reconstruction following pelvic exenteration using the pedicled vertical Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap: A technical note.

Immediate vaginal reconstruction is usually offered following pelvic exenteration for recurrent cervical cancer in women previously treated with radiotherapy or with severe radiation-induced fistulae. Introduction of muscle-sparing flaps, such as the pedicled vertical deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, provides viable tissues for vaginal reconstruction and is associated with reduced donor-site morbidity. This report describes the surgical technique, which is one of the procedures of choice for vaginal reconstruction. It is safe and beneficial, especially for women with gynecologic cancer who have undergone pelvic exenteration after failed radiation therapy.

Clitoral reduction: Technical note.

Clitoral hypertrophy is a rare genital malformation that can be congenital or acquired. In congenital forms, the most common cause is adrenal hyperplasia. The acquired forms are caused by endocrinological diseases, benign tumours or cysts. Idiopathic clitoral hypertrophies can be detected after the elimination of secondary causes. A complete assessment is needed to treat the origin of clitoridomegaly. The hypertrophy is often increased or unmasked during sexual arousal with the appearance of a true vulvar appendage in erection. It is often accompanied by a hypertrophy of the clitoral hood and can cause psychological suffering with an impact on the quality of sexual life. When the cause of clitoral hypertrophy is diagnosed, treated or stabilized, the plastic surgeon may be called upon for surgical correction. Reconstructive surgery in this area has evolved considerably since the historical clitoral amputations which led to the current technique of partial resection with sparing the dorsal neurovascular pedicle of the clitoris as described by Professor Paniel. We propose a modified conservative technique to treat clitoral hypertrophy and the clitoral hood and present two clinical cases: ventral reduction clitoridoplasty with preservation of the neurovascular pedicle associated with a chevron plasty of the clitoral hood and a lipofilling of the labia majora. The postoperative follow-up is simple with reports of great satisfaction from patients regarding their quality of life.

Implementation of a digital chain for the design and manufacture of implant-based surgical guides in a hospital setting.

The digital revolution has led to many recent developments in implantology that have considerably facilitated implant planning and the creation of surgical guides. The purpose of this article is to explain how we set up a digital workflow in a large city hospital and how we met the requirements of the European regulations on the production of custom-made devices in a medical establishment. The internal manufacture of a surgical guide complied with European regulation EU/2017/45 concerning medical devices. This regulation allowed the hospital to create these medical devices locally without CE marking. However, the hospital must be declared as a manufacturer of medical devices and comply with the general requirements in terms of safety and performance related to the manufacture and use of medical devices. In addition, hospitals are large structures involving many different actors. Each step of the digital workflow, which included both the patient course and the creation of the surgical guide, was thus adapted to European regulations by considering local constraints.

Which characteristics can be expected from p16+-squamous cell carcinomas of the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx? - Distinctive results from Central Germany.

PURPOSE: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) link to a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Our aim was to identify clinicopathological characteristics (CPC) of squamous cell carcinomas of the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx (SCCPOCO) associated with HPV p16+. METHODS: Using a retrospective cohort study design, we enrolled a sample of SCCPOCO patients treated in a Central German hospital over a 3-year period. The predictor variables: CPCs, were grouped into demographic, social, anatomic and prognostic. The main outcome variable was p16+. Appropriate statistics were computed, and P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of 199 HNSCC patients, 23 had SCCPOCO and entered the analysis (mean age, 67±12 years; 4 females; 16 in stage I; 4 p16+; 22 underwent primary surgery). We found 8 cervical lymph node metastases (34.8%), 3 distant metastases (13%), 9 recurrences (30.1%) and 3 overall deaths (13%). With the exception of recurrence (P=0.006) and overall death (P=0.02), p16+ was not associated with predictor variables: young age, male gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, tumor location, TNM stages, time to recurrence, metastases, death from disease and survival of smokers (P>0.05). Primary brachytherapy failed to improve survival of p16+-SCCPOCO patients (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that p16+- and p16--SCCPOCOs in Central Germany share similar CPCs, except recurrence and overall death. Upfront surgery with/without radio(chemo)therapy is recommended for all operable SCCPOCOs, regardless of HPV-status. Patients with p16+-SCCPOCOs require close follow-up. Future research should investigate the cause of these distinctive CPCs.

Efficacy and satisfaction of surgical treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is a radical treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and may be considered as the only one potentially curative. OBJECTIVES: To characterize HS recurrence in patients after surgery and assess the risk factors of recurrence. METHODS: We conducted a monocentric retrospective cohort study. All consecutive patients who had surgery (January 1, 2012 to March 31, 2017) were included. We estimated the rate of recurrence of HS lesions after surgery (<1 cm from the scar), and recurrence-associated factors were analysed by univariate then multivariate logistic regression, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 75 patients [median age 31.4 years (range 16-71); 36 females], corresponding to 115 interventions were included. The Hurley score at surgery was III for 70 (60%) patients. In total, 61/115 (53%) interventions involved wide excision and 50 (43%) limited local excision. The localizations were axillary folds (n = 46; 40%), buttocks (n = 15, 13%), genital area (n = 13; 11%), perineal area (n = 12; 10%) and inguinal folds (n = 18; 16%). We observed 11 (10%) complications and 40 (35%) recurrences. On multivariate analysis, probability of recurrence was associated with only one-stage surgical closure [OR 3.2 (95% CI 1.4-7.3), P = 0.005]. Overall, 44 (52%) patients were completely satisfied and 22 (26%) partially satisfied, and most (81%) considered the surgery the best treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Hidradenitis suppurativa recurrence in our study was 35% and associated with one-stage surgical closures, but two-thirds of patients were satisfied with surgical treatment and would recommend surgery.

[Peculiarities of botulinum toxin injections for the aesthetic treatment of men's face. A review of the literature]. / Particularités des injections de toxine botulique pour le traitement esthétique du visage chez l'homme. Une mise au point de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: Botulinum toxin injections in aesthetic medicine are the most widely used products, ahead of hyaluronic acid, and aesthetic medicine is constantly increasing, including in the male population. The objective of this development was to show the specificities described in the literature concerning botulinum toxin injections in men. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A systematic literature search was carried out using the Pubmed search engine. Data were then collected to determine the specificities of botulinum toxin injections in men according to the morphology of the male face and the wishes of these patients. RESULTS: The studies conducted show that it is necessary to inject higher doses in men than in women to obtain a satisfactory result, due to a higher muscle mass. This adjustment gives the number of points to be performed per injection site, as well as the number of points to be performed, compared to the female population. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin injections for aesthetic purposes in men are different from those in women. Taking these particularities into account is essential to patient satisfaction.

[Acellular dermal matrix and synthetic mesh in implant-based immediate breast reconstruction: Current concepts]. / Matrices dermiques acellulaires et matrices synthétiques : évolution des pratiques en reconstruction mammaire immédiate par prothèse.

The use of acellular dermal matrices and synthetic meshes is gaining popularity in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction, allowing the complete coverage of the prosthesis with greater pocket control and improved cosmesis. In this concise review, we present the advantages of acellular dermal matrices and resorbable or nonresorbable synthetic meshes in implant-based breast reconstruction, we discuss the risk of postoperative complications, and we raise their contribution in the growing interest of prepectoral breast reconstruction.

Facial surgery for cosmetic purposes: Practice guidelines.

OBJECTIVES: Facial surgery for cosmetic purposes aims to improve the physical appearance and self-image of normal individuals. The aim of the guidelines is to answer questions related to legislation, patient evaluation and motivations, relevance and risk assessment, patient information and patient follow-up. METHODOLOGY: Analysis and synthesis of the medical literature through research of bibliographic databases in French and English from 2000 to 2017. Research and use of guidelines from evaluation agencies and academic societies. Drafting of guidelines with indications on levels of evidence. RESULTS: 24 guidelines with levels of evidence B (scientific presumption), C (low level of evidence) or EO (expert opinion) were selected to answer the questions. Cosmetic facial surgery must be performed by certified, qualified professionals in authorized structures. It must follow certain specific rules as well as a charter and code of ethics so as to enforce the rules of practice.

Intraoperative augmented reality with heads-up displays in maxillofacial surgery: a systematic review of the literature and a classification of relevant technologies.

Although the term augmented reality appears increasingly in published studies, the real-time, image-guided (so-called 'hands-free' and 'heads-up') surgery techniques are often confused with other virtual imaging procedures. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to classify augmented reality applications in the fields of maxillofacial surgery. Publications containing the terms 'augmented reality', 'hybrid reality', and 'surgery' were sought through a search of three medical databases, covering the years 1995-2018. Thirteen publications containing enough usable data to perform a comparative analysis of methods used and results obtained were identified. Five out of 13 described a method based on a hands-free and heads-up augmented reality approach using smart glasses or a headset combined with tracking. Most of the publications reported a minimum error of less than 1mm between the virtual model and the patient. Augmented reality during surgery may be classified into four categories: heads-up guided surgery (type I) with tracking (Ia) or without tracking (Ib); guided surgery using a semi-transparent screen (type II); guided surgery based on the digital projection of images onto the patient (type III); and guided surgery based on the transfer of digital data to a monitor display (type IV).

Use of autologous fat graft and fractiononal co2 laser to optimize the aesthetic and functional results in patients with severe burn outcomes of the face.

BACKGROUND: Facial burn outcomes are often difficult to treat. Residual scars represent a problem for aesthetic and functional concerns as well as for patient's social and psychological life. Autologous fat graft can be used in the treatment of burn outcomes, providing a sensitive improvement in the quality of the burned areas. The aim of our report is the discussion of the value of lipofilling and fractional CO2 laser in optimizing aesthetic and functional results of burn sequelae. METHODS: We treated twenty four patients with post burns scars who underwent to autologous fat graft followed by CO2 fractional laser treatment. RESULTS: At one year follow up all the patients noted an improvement of their clinical condition, with a better texture, softness, color and elasticity of the skin. CONCLUSIONS: Lipofilling combined to CO2 laser can complete and improve the results of the standard surgical approach used in burned patients.

Skin-reducing oncoplasty: A new concept and classification in breast cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Breast-conserving surgery and skin-sparing mastectomy are nowadays widely accepted as the standard of care in selected patients with early breast cancer. After an accurate review of the literature, it appeared that no ordered list of the numerous techniques described for conservative breast surgery has been established so far. The aim of this study was to develop a simple classification of the different skin incision patterns that may be used in breast surgery. METHODS: A systematic review of the English literature was conducted using the PubMed database to identify all the articles reporting breast-conserving surgery and skin-sparring mastectomy techniques up to the 31st of December 2016. RESULTS: Among the 1426 titles identified, 230 were selected for review. Based on the reviewed papers, the skin-reducing oncoplasty incision pattern (SROIP) classification was elaborated. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer surgery should nowadays optimise aesthetic outcomes by improving the final breast shape, volume and scar location. This may be achieved using different procedures that we grouped together under the term skin-reducing oncoplasty (SRO). Depending on the breast cancer location, the SROIP classification helps in the choice of the best technique to be used.

Study of medical education in 3D surgical modeling by surgeons with free open-source software: Example of mandibular reconstruction with fibula free flap and creation of its surgical guides.

INTRODUCTION: Benefits of 3D printing techniques, biomodeling and surgical guides are well known in surgery, especially when the same surgeon who performed the surgery participated in the virtual surgical planning. Our objective was to evaluate the transfer of know how of a neutral 3D surgical modeling free open-source software protocol to surgeons with different surgical specialities. METHODS: A one-day training session was organised in 3D surgical modeling applied to one mandibular reconstruction case with fibula free flap and creation of its surgical guides. Surgeon satisfaction was analysed before and after the training. RESULTS: Of 22 surgeons, 59% assessed the training as excellent or very good and 68% considered changing their daily surgical routine and would try to apply our open-source software protocol in their department after a single training day. The mean capacity in using the software improved from 4.13 on 10 before to 6.59 on 10 after training for OsiriX® software, from 1.14 before to 5.05 after training for Meshlab®, from 0.45 before to 4.91 after training for Netfabb® and from 1.05 before and 4.41 after training for Blender®. According to surgeons, using the software Blender® became harder as the day went on. DISCUSSION: Despite improvement in the capacity in using software for all participants, more than a single training day is needed for the transfer of know how on 3D modeling with open-source software. Although the know-how transfer, overall satisfaction, actual learning outcomes and relevance of this training were appropriated, a longer training including different topics will be needed to improve training quality.

Using virtual reality to control preoperative anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: A pilot study in maxillofacial and plastic surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative anxiety may lead to medical and surgical complications, behavioral problems and emotional distress. The most common means of prevention are based on using medication and, more recently, hypnosis. The aim of our study was to determine whether a virtual reality (VR) program presenting natural scenes could be part of a new therapy to reduce patients' preoperative anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our prospective pilot study consisted of a single-blind trial in skin cancer surgery at the Henri-Mondor teaching hospital in France. In the outpatient surgery department, 20 patients with a score of >11 on the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS) were virtually immersed into a natural universe for 5minutes. Their stress levels were assessed before and after this experience by making use of a visual analog scale (VAS), by measuring salivary cortisol levels, and by determining physiological stress based on heart coherence scores. RESULTS: The VAS score was significantly reduced after the simulation (P<0.009) as was the level of salivary cortisol (P<0.04). Heart coherence scores remained unchanged (P=0.056). DISCUSSION: VR allows patients to be immersed in a relaxing, peaceful environment. It represents a non-invasive way to reduce preoperative stress levels with no side effects and no need for additional medical or paramedical staff. Our results indicate that VR may provide an effective complementary technique to manage stress in surgery patients. Randomized trials are necessary to determine precise methods and benefits.

Comparison of aesthetic facial criteria between Caucasian and East Asian female populations: An esthetic surgeon's perspective.

Objective aesthetic criteria are important for patient evaluation and analysis during aesthetic surgeries, while successful aesthetic surgeries must take into account the underlying ethnic differences. The aim of this study is to help surgeons and scientists better plan facial aesthetic surgeries and understand the aesthetic needs according to different patients by reviewing and comparing the current aesthetic principles and preferences in Caucasian and East Asian populations. PubMed and The Cochrane Library were searched using keywords regarding anthropometric measurements. Only original clinical studies and reviews written in English and Chinese and those that focused on the objective assessment of facial aesthetics in Caucasian and East Asian female populations were retained for review. Reference lists of the selected articles were also reviewed for eligible studies. Sixty-five articles that described objective aesthetic criteria in Caucasian and East Asian female populations were found through PubMed, among which 47 included Caucasian populations and 18 included East Asian populations. Compared with White women, East Asian women prefer a small, delicate, and less robust face, lower position of double eyelid, more obtuse nasofrontal angle, rounder nose tip, smaller tip projection, and slightly more retruded mandibular profile. Various differences exist between objective facial aesthetic criteria in Caucasian and East Asian populations. Further studies that focus on the objective aesthetic criteria of facial attractiveness in different ethnicities need to be conducted, especially in Asian countries. Level V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.