Total body water as a possible marker of the altered metabolism in obese children and adolescents / Porcentaje de agua corporal total como posible marcador de alteraciones del metabolismo en niños y adolescentes obesos

Introduction: Obesity is well known to be related to the percentage of Total Body Water (TBW) and inflammation, but the relationship between TBW and inflammation remains still unconfirmed. Aim: To evaluate whether TBW is associated with inflammatory markers in obese children and adolescents. Material and methods: Thirty four obese children (7.0- 10.9 yrs) and 49 obese adolescents (11.0-15.0 yrs) were recruited. Body mass index (BMI Z-score) and several serum biomarkers such as lipid profile, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), sE-selectin, sL-selectin, soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) and soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-VCAM-1) were determined. TBW was obtained by Bioelectrical measurements. Bilateral partial correlation test was used to analyze associations controlled by sex, age, and/or BMI Z-score. Results: A negative correlation was found between TBW and BMI Z-score in both children and adolescents (r -0.581, p < 0.001; r -0.368, p < 0.011, respectively) that remained in both sex, separately (r -0.540, p < 0.001; r -0.505, p < 0.001). In addition, TBW was also negatively correlated with CRP (r -0.438, p < 0.001) in both groups (r -0.560, p = 0.002; r -0.436, p = 0.007, respectively). When analyzed by sex, TBW was associated with CRP only in boys (r -0.588, p = 0.027; r -0.652, p = 0.005). TBW was negatively correlated with sE-selectin (r -0.236, p = 0.039) only in adolescents (r -0.320, p = 0.032). When analyzed by sex, TBW was associated with sE-selectin only in girls (r -0.432, p = 0.035). Conclusions: TBW may be considered as a marker not only of the hydration status, but also of the metabolic disorder in a low-grade inflammatory process such as obesity in children and adolescents (AU)

Introducción: Se conoce la relación de la obesidad con el porcentaje de agua corporal total (ACT) y con la inflamación, pero no se ha demostrado aún la posible asociación entre ACT y la inflamación. Objetivo: Evaluar si la ACT (como marcador de estado de hidratación) se asocia con marcadores de inflamación en niños y adolescentes obesos. Material y métodos: Los sujetos de este estudio fueron 34 niños obesos (7,0-10,9 años) y 49 adolescentes obesos (11,0-15,0 años). Se determinó el índice de masa corporal (IMC Z-score) y en suero se analizaron perfil lipídico, proteína C-reactiva (PCR), sE-selectina, sL-selectina, las moléculas de adhesión intercelular soluble-1 (s-ICAM-1) y vascular soluble-1 (s-VCAM-1). El ACT se obtuvo mediante impedancia bioeléctrica. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación parcial bilateral para analizar las asociaciones relacionadas con el sexo, la edad y/o IMC Z-score. Resultados: Se observó una correlación negativa entre el ACT y el IMC Z-score en niños y adolescentes (r -0,581, p < 0,001; r -0,368, p < 0,011, respectivamente), que se mantuvo tanto en niños como en niñas (r - 0,540, p < 0,001; r - 0,505, p < 0,001). Además, el ACT también se correlacionó negativamente con la PCR (r -0,438, p < 0,001) en ambos grupos (r -0,560, p = 0,002; r -0,436, p = 0,007, respectivamente). Cuando se analiza por sexo, ACT se asoció con la PCR sólo en los varones (r -0,588, p = 0,027; r -0,652, p = 0,005). ACT se correlacionó negativamente con la sE-selectina (r - 0,236, p = 0,039) solo en el grupo de adolescentes (r -0,320, p = 0.032). Cuando se analiza por sexo, ACT se asoció con la sE-selectina sólo en las niñas (r -0,432, p = 0,035). Conclusiones: ACT puede ser considerado como un marcador no sólo del estado de hidratación, sino también del trastorno metabólico en un proceso inflamatorio de bajo grado como en el caso de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes (AU)

Nutritional assessment in neonatal and prepubertal children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional deficit during perinatal stage may induce significant alterations in adipose tissue and increase the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). AIMS: To describe the nutritional status in neonatal and prepubertal with a history of EUGR and establish an association between EUGR and later conditions. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, analytical, observational case-control study. SUBJECTS: The study included a sample of 38 prepubertal children with a history of EUGR, and 123 gender-and-age matched controls. OUTCOME MEASURES: The EUGR group was asked to answer a food frequency questionnaire. Analysis of body composition in both groups included anthropometric measurements, assessment of blood pressure and biochemical markers. RESULTS: Newborns with EUGR received parenteral feeding with a standard nutritional regime and long-chain fatty acid support for 41 ± 23 days; enteral feeding with a special formula for premature infants was initiated at 7 ± 11 days of life. At the prepubertal stage, daily fiber and fatty acid intake in children who had experienced EUGR in the neonatal stage was below the recommended intake. In the EUGR group, the intake of vegetables, fruits and olive oil was below dietary recommendations, while the intake of butchery, fatty meats, pastries and snacks was above the recommendations for the Spanish population. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate nutrition education strategies should be developed for children with a history of EUGR to prevent later associated pathologies, as neonatal nutritional support and feeding during childhood are associated with an increase in diseases in this risk group.