Inflammatory and Adipose Response in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients After a Marathon Cycling Race.

BACKGROUND: Organ transplant recipients frequently have chronic inflammation, with a weighty impact on cardiovascular risk. These patients can benefit from exercise, although the role of intense training is unclear. We evaluated the effect of a 130-km cycling race on inflammatory cytokines and adiponectin levels in transplant recipients. METHODS: Circulating interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and adiponectin were assayed in 35 healthy subjects vs 19 transplant recipients (10 kidney, 8 liver, 1 heart), matched for sex, age, body mass index, and preparation workout. The determinations were performed before the race, at the end, and after 18 to 24 hours. Baseline values of 32 sedentary transplant recipients also were evaluated to explore the possible chronic impact of lifestyle. RESULTS: All cyclists had 6- to 8-fold increased IL-6 levels after the race that decreased, without returning to baseline, the day after. Conversely, serum TNF-α and IFN-γ showed a progressive increase starting during physical performance and enduring for the next 18 to 24 hours in healthy subjects, whereas they were unchanged over time in cyclists with transplants. In transplant recipients who did not perform exercise, all of the analytes were significantly higher in comparison to basal levels of physically active subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that clinically stable and properly trained transplant recipients can safely perform and progressively benefit from exercise, even at a competitive level. The changes in inflammation parameters were temporary and parallel with those of the healthy subjects. The comparison with sedentary transplant recipients revealed an overall amelioration of inflammatory indexes as a possible effect of regular physical activity on systemic inflammation.

Mechanical and metabolic responses during a high-intensity circuit training workout in competitive runners.

AIM: This study aimed to assess the mechanical and metabolic responses of competitive runners throughout a high-intensity circuit training (HICT) workout, designed to improve explosive strength under acute metabolic fatigue. METHODS: Eight high-level endurance runners (age: 21.8±3.7 y; body mass: 61.5±5.7 kg; height: 175.2±5.2 cm; 1500-m record: 3 min 54±7 s) completed an incremental exhaustive running test to determine the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximum aerobic speed (MAS). The athletes then performed on a track a HICT workout, consisting of two identical circuits interspersed by 5-min of passive recovery. Each circuit was constituted by six 30-s dynamic or explosive strength exercises, alternated to 200-m runs (1000-m for the final run) at 90-95% of MAS. During a hopping exercise included in the circuit, and during the 1000-m run, lower limb stiffness measures were obtained from contact and flight times using a method based on the spring-mass model. RESULTS: Hopping stiffness was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the second circuit (12.42±2.70 kN·m⁻¹) compared to the first one (13.76±2.10 kN·m⁻¹). Conversely, leg stiffness during running was similar (P>0.05) in the first and the second circuit (8.08±1.49 vs. 7.87±1.31 kN·m⁻¹), as well as vertical stiffness (33.56±5.25 vs. 32.16±5.45 kN·m⁻¹). The mean VO2 in the 1000-m run of the two circuits was 93.17±3.56% and 93.47±3.91% of VO2max, respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite the occurrence of acute neuromuscular fatigue throughout the workout, the runners avoided an impairment of their stiffness during running. Furthermore, the relatively high percentage of VO2max achieved indicates the HICT involves also stimuli for aerobic conditioning.

Leaping ability and body composition in rhythmic gymnasts for talent identification.

AIM: Aim of this study was to investigate leaping ability and morphological characteristics in rhythmic gymnastics, in order to verify which parameters are useful indicators for the talent identification. METHODS: Twenty-five national gymnasts of international level (age 14.7+/-2.2 years) underwent three testing sessions: anthropometric measurements, vertical jumps (counter movement jump and hopping test), and three technical split leaps with stretched legs (SL), with ring (RG) and with back bend of the trunk (BBT). RESULTS: Elite had significantly different values (P < 0.05) of stature (1.65+/-0.03 vs 1.55+/-0.09 m), thigh length (0.42+/-0.03 vs 0.39+/-0.02 m) and FFM(42.42+/-2.81 vs 35.84+/-5.66 kg) compared to sub-elite. The height of hopping test was significantly higher in elite than sub-elite gymnasts (0.34+/-0.05 vs 0.27+/-0.04 m; P < 0.05), but no significant differences in counter movement jump between two groups were found. Ground contact time of hopping test was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with SL (r = 0.613), RG (r = 0.632), and BBT (r = 0.542) values. By multiple regression analysis, among anthropometric and vertical jump variables, the hopping ground contact time was the strongest predictor of ground contact time of the three technical leaps (SL, RG, BBT) accounting for 26-37% of variance. CONCLUSION: Some anthropometric measurements are good indicators for the better performance in rhythmic gymnastics. Level of muscle compliance (stiffness) evaluated by hopping test is a good parameter for athletes selection and for monitoring leaps training.