ESC/EAS guidelines for the detection, prevention, and treatment of individuals at risk of a first myocardial infarction: effect of 5 years of updates and the new SCORE2.

AIMS: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has released three consecutive guidelines within 5 years addressing cardiovascular prevention, risk scores, and cholesterol treatment. This study aims to evaluate whether the 2021 ESC guidelines improved the eligibility of individuals for primary prevention statin therapy before their first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and for intensive lipid-lowering treatments in secondary prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS: The cardiovascular risk category of 2757 consecutive individuals admitted for a first STEMI was evaluated to assess whether they would have been eligible for primary prevention statins according to 2021 vs. 2019 and 2016 ESC guidelines. Eligibility for intensive lipid-lowering therapy in secondary prevention was assessed according to the real-life follow-up low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the expected follow-up LDL-C. More individuals would have been eligible for primary prevention statins according to 2021 and 2019 vs. 2016 guidelines (61.8% vs. 38.7% vs. 23.6%, P < 0.01), a finding observed in both men (62.3% vs. 35.0% vs. 24.9%, P < 0.01) and women (60.2% vs. 50.7% vs. 19.3%, P = 0.18). Only 27% of individuals reached the LDL-C objective of 55 mg/L in secondary prevention: using the ESC stepwise approach, 61.7% were eligible for higher doses of statins, 26.2% for ezetimibe, and 12.1% for a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor (PCSK9i). Based on expected LDL-C reductions, eligibility for a PCSK9i in secondary prevention was greater with 2021 vs. 2016 guidelines (44.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The 2021 ESC guidelines improved the detection and treatment of individuals at risk for a first myocardial infarction. In secondary prevention, 70% of patients kept LDL-C levels above 55 mg/dL: increasing the statin dose and adding ezetimibe were the most frequently recommended therapeutic actions.

Interleukin-1ß and Risk of Premature Death in Patients With Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Inhibition of the interleukin (IL)-1ß innate immunity pathway is associated with anti-inflammatory effects and a reduced risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in stable patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the association between IL-1ß level with all-cause mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation MI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention and the interplay between IL-1ß and hs-CRP concentrations on the risk of premature death. METHODS: IL-1ß concentration was measured in 1,398 patients with ST-segment elevation MI who enrolled in a prospective cohort. Crude and hazard ratios for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were analyzed at 90 days and 1 year using multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were analyzed. RESULTS: IL-1ß concentration measured at admission was associated with all-cause mortality at 90 days (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR]: 1.47 per 1 SD increase; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 1.87; p < 0.002). The relation was nonlinear, and the highest tertile of IL-1ß was associated with higher mortality rates at 90 days (adjHR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.61 to 4.79; p = 0.0002) and at 1 year (adjHR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.21 to 3.06; p = 0.005), regardless of the hs-CRP concentration. Significant relationships were equally observed when considering cardiovascular mortality and MACEs at 90 days (adjHR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.36 to 4.28; p = 0.002, and adjHR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.31 to 4.01; p = 0.004, respectively) and at 1 year (adjHR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.36 to 3.97; p = 0.002, and adjHR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.39 to 3.96; p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: IL-1ß measured at admission in patients with acute MI was independently associated with the risk of mortality and recurrent MACEs.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation to Support Life-Threatening Drug-Refractory Electrical Storm.

OBJECTIVES: Despite rapid implementation of anti-arrhythmic treatment and sedation and controlling the triggering event, rare patients develop treatment-refractory electrical storm and their hemodynamic instability prevents emergency catheter ablation. In that context, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could rapidly restore hemodynamics and tissue perfusion and reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, until adequate anti-arrhythmic drug levels are reached to safely perform catheter ablation. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter study over an 8-year period. SETTING: Two French tertiary care centers. PATIENTS: Eighty-three consecutive adults with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-supported treatment-refractory electrical storm (median [interquartile range] age, 55 yr [48-63 yr]). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-nine percent of these patients had acute ischemic cardiomyopathy and 66% underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation, with 18% cannulated during it. Fifty patients (60%) had ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation alternating with short periods of sinus rhythm and 33 (40%) had refractory ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation. Twelve patients (15%) underwent safe catheter ablation under venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. After a median of 3 days (1-13 d) on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, 37 patients (45%) were successfully weaned off and 42% were alive 6 months post-ICU admission. Multivariable analysis retained ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation episodes alternating with short periods of sinus rhythm (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06-0.52; p = 0.002) and age less than 50 years (odds ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18-0.89; p = 0.002) as being independent protective factors with 6-month survival, regardless of the underlying electrical storm cause. CONCLUSIONS: Among venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-supported drug-refractory electrical storm patients, 42% survived 6 months post-ICU admission. Ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation episodes alternating with short periods of sinus rhythm and age less than 50 years were independently associated with better survival.