Chronodisruption and Gut Microbiota: Triggering Glycemic Imbalance in People with Type 2 Diabetes.

The desynchronization of physiological and behavioral mechanisms influences the gut microbiota and eating behavior in mammals, as shown in both rodents and humans, leading to the development of pathologies such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Recent studies propose resynchronization as a key input controlling metabolic cycles and contributing to reducing the risk of suffering some chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome. In this analytical review, we present an overview of how desynchronization and its implications for the gut microbiome make people vulnerable to intestinal dysbiosis and consequent chronic diseases. In particular, we explore the eubiosis-dysbiosis phenomenon and, finally, propose some topics aimed at addressing chronotherapy as a key strategy in the prevention of chronic diseases.

Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Bases para el médico general / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Bases for the General Practitioner

Resumen La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una enfermedad crónico-degenerativa frecuente, prevenible y tratable, caracterizada por persistentes síntomas respiratorios y limitación del flujo aéreo. En 2016, el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) la ubicó en el cuarto lugar en la tabla de morbi-mortalidad anual en México. Su prevalencia está directamente relacionada con la del tabaquismo; sin embargo, su desarrollo es multifactorial. Para el estudio de la EPOC es importante conocer los antecedentes de exposición a factores de riesgo y la presencia de los principales síntomas; es esencial una historia clínica bien detallada, donde se recabe la mayor cantidad de datos de todo nuevo paciente en el que se conozca o se sospeche de la enfermedad, así como una espirometría para establecer el diagnóstico. Debido a la gran variabilidad que existe entre los pacientes con EPOC, es necesario establecer tratamiento farmacológico individualizado. Los fármacos utilizados en su tratamiento reducen los síntomas, la frecuencia y la gravedad de las exacerbaciones; sin embargo, no hay ningún medicamento que modifique el deterioro a largo plazo de la función pulmonar. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento básico de este padecimiento por el médico de primer contacto es esencial para la sospecha en una etapa inicial, y así ofrecer al paciente una intervención médica inmediata. El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de acercar al médico general una visión básica de la EPOC.

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic degenerative disease. It is a frequent, preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), ranked COPD in 2016 in fourth place in the table of annual morbidity and mortality in Mexico. The prevalence of COPD is directly related to smoking; however, its development is multifactorial. For its study it is important to know of any prior exposure to risk factors and of any manifestation of the main symptoms. To make a diagnosis, a detailed clinical history, where the largest amount of data is collected from every new possible COPD patient, and a spirometry are essential. Individual pharmacological treatment is necessary due to the great variability among COPD patients. The drugs used in the treatment of COPD reduce the symptoms, the frequency and severity of exacerbations; however, there is no medication that modifies the long-term deterioration of the lung function. Therefore, a basic knowledge of this condition by the medical doctor first contacted, is essential for the suspicion of COPD in its initial stage and thus, offer the patient immediate medical intervention. The objective of the present work is to provide a basic overview of COPD to the general practitioner.

Blue Maize Extract Improves Blood Pressure, Lipid Profiles, and Adipose Tissue in High-Sucrose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats.

The effect of blue maize extract in factors related to metabolic syndrome (MS) in Wistar rats was investigated. Total polyphenols, monomeric anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity were analyzed in blue maize. MS was induced in Wistar rats fed with high-sucrose (HS) diet for 12 weeks. During a period of 4 weeks, blue maize extract was administrated to HS groups fed with high-sucrose and high-cholesterol-high-sucrose (HS+C) diets. In the blue maize extract administered by orogastric cannulation, the levels of total polyphenols and anthocyanins were 9.97 and 2.92 mg/kg of weight, respectively. HS diet administered during a period of 12 weeks increased significantly systolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alterations related to the MS. Abdominal adipose tissue was only increased in the HS + C group. Blue maize extract administration enhanced HDL-C and decreased systolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and epididymal adipose tissue weight. The blue maize may represent a promising nutraceutical option for the treatment of MS.