Ultrasound meal accommodation test in critically ill patients with and without feeding intolerance UMAT-ICU.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal dysfunction (GID) is one of the leading causes of nonavoidable discontinuing or delayed enteral feeding in critically ill patients. The ultrasound meal accommodation test (UMAT) has been used in ambulatory patients to evaluate dyspepsia. The objective of this study was to determine differences in the UMAT scores of critically ill patients with and without feeding intolerance (FI). METHODS: A prospective, observational, two-centre study was conducted between June and August 2019. We included subjects who met the criteria for enteral nutrition. Patients and their subrogates provided signed consent for intervention. The independent variables were cross-sectional area (CSA) and calculated gastric volume (CGV). Dependent variables were changes in the UMAT at Time 1 and Time 2 and gastric residue in those with and without FI. After that, patients were divided into two groups, depending on the development of GID over the following 48 h after inclusion in the study group A, subjects without FI; and group B, subjects with FI. According to the normal distribution in parametric or non-parametric tests. Differences between groups were determined using a Student's T-test. A p-value of ≤0.05 was established for the statistical difference between groups. At 60 min, a change cut-off point of 52% has a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 88.9%, a positive likelihood ratio of 4.50 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.56. With a pretest probability of 85% for feeding tolerance in intensive care unit patients, the posttest probability increased to 96% with a positive test with the ΔCSA. RESULTS: 61 patients were included in the study; 52 (85%) in Group A and 9 (15%) in Group B. However, at time 0 (fasting), there were statistical differences in CSA and CGV between groups (p = 0.001). During Time 1 (dynamic changes), there were statistical differences between the groups (p = 0.008 for CSA and p = 0.011 for CGV). At time 3 (Delta), there were statistical differences between groups at minute 10 (p = 0.023 for CSA and p = 0.008 for CGV). CONCLUSION: Our study showed statistical differences in the UMAT test between patients with and without FI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials registry NCT03851354. February 22, 2019.

Enfisema subcutáneo extenso / Extensive subcutaneous emphysema / Enfisema subcutâneo extenso

Resumen: El enfisema subcutáneo es una complicación relativamente frecuente y por lo general autolimitada tras la colocación de un tubo de toracostomía. El enfisema subcutáneo relacionado con la ventilación mecánica a presión positiva puede condicionar tensión subcutánea palpable (aumento de volumen y crepitación subcutánea), cierre palpebral, disfagia, disfonía y, asociado con pneumoperitoneo, compromiso de la vía aérea e insuficiencia respiratoria «fenómeno de tensión¼ clasificándolo por estas características como enfisema subcutáneo extenso.

Abstract: Subcutaneous emphysema is common complication self-limited complication of tube thoracostomy. Any subcutaneous emphysema on positive pressure ventilation, causing palpable cutaneous tension, palpebral closure, dysphagia, and dysphonia or associated with pneumoperitoneum, airway compromise, «tension phenomenon¼ and respiratory failure is labelled extensive subcutaneous emphysema.

Resumo: O enfisema subcutâneo é uma complicação relativamente comum e geralmente autolimitada após a colocação de um tubo de toracostomia. O enfisema subcutâneo relacionado à ventilação mecânica com pressão positiva pode levar a tensão subcutânea palpável (aumento de volume e crepitação subcutânea), fechamento da pálpebra, disfagia, disfonia; associado a pneumoperitônio, comprometimento das vias aéreas e insuficiência respiratória «fenômeno tensional¼ classificando-o por essas características como enfisema subcutâneo extenso.

Hipotermia terapéutica controlada. Experiencia en un Hospital de Tercer Nivel / Therapeutic hypothermia. Experience in a Third Level Hospital / Hipotermia terapêutica controlada experiência em um hospital de alta complexidade

Resumen: Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia relacionada a hipotermia terapéutica controlada en pacientes graves que presentaron lesión neurológica aguda. Material y métodos: Estudio clínico, retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, en el Departamento de Medicina Crítica de Adultos de un Hospital de Tercer Nivel en un periodo comprendido del 01 de enero de 2016 al 31 de julio de 2017. Pacientes llevados a hipotermia terapéutica. Resultados: Cinco pacientes incluidos en el estudio, con una media de edad de 52.4 años, 80% con padecimientos neurocríticos. El promedio de estancia en la UCI fue de 15.2 días, y de hospitalización 63 días. La media de días de ventilación mecánica fue de 13.8 días. Sesenta porciento de los pacientes desarrolló neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica. Cuarenta porciento de los pacientes presentó una discapacidad grave. Conclusiones: La hipotermia terapéutica en el grupo estudiado no impactó de manera positiva en los desenlaces neurológicos. La complicación más frecuente fue la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica.

Abstract: Objective: To present the experience related to controlled therapeutic hypothermia in severe patients who presented acute neurological injury. Material and methods: Clinical, retrospective, observational and descriptive study in the Department of Critical Care of Adults of a Hospital of Third Level in a period between January 1, 2016 and July 31, 2017. Patients taken to therapeutic hypothermia. Results: Five patients included in the study, with a mean age of 52.4 years, 80% with neurocritical conditions. The average stay in the ICU was 15.2 days, and hospitalization was 63 days. The mean number of days of mechanical ventilation was 13.8 days. Sixty percent of patients developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. Forty percent of the patients had a severe disability. Conclusions: Therapeutic hypothermia in the study group did not positively impact neurological outcomes. The most frequent complication was ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Resumo: Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência relacionada à hipotermia terapêutica controlada em pacientes graves que apresentaram lesão neurológica aguda. Material e métodos: Estudo clínico, retrospectivo, observacional e descritivo, no Departamento de Medicina Crítica de adultos, no período de 1 de janeiro de 2016 a 31 de julho de 2017. Pacientes submetidos à Hipotermia Terapêutica. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 5 pacientes com idade média de 52.4 anos, 80% com alterações neurológicas. A permanência média na UTI foi de 15.2 dias e de hospitalização 63 dias. A média de dias de ventilação mecânica foi de 13.8. 60% dos pacientes desenvolveram pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. 40% dos pacientes tinham um incapacidade grave. Conclusões: A hipotermia terapêutica no grupo estudado não teve impacto positivo nos desfechos neurológicos. A complicação mais frequente foi pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica.

Correlación entre la clasificación Child-Pugh lactato y la mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos internados en la unidad de terapia intensiva / Relationship between the Child-Pugh+lactate score and mortality in cirrhotic patients in the intensive care unit / Correlação entre a classificação child-pugh lactato e a mortalidade em pacientes cirróticos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

Resumen: Objetivo: Comprobar la capacidad pronóstica como predictor de mortalidad de la clasificación de Child-Pugh lactato en la población de pacientes cirróticos que ingresan en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de la Fundación Clínica Médica Sur. Material y métodos: Estudio de investigación clínica, cohorte no concurrente, donde se obtuvieron datos en el periodo comprendido del 1 de enero de 2012 al 31 de diciembre de 2014. Resultados: Ingresaron 28 casos a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de la Fundación Clínica Médica Sur con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática; de ellos, fallecieron un total de 16 (57.1%) sujetos dentro de los primeros 40 días posteriores a su ingreso y sobrevivieron 12 (42.9%). Se calculó si existía correlación entre la defunción y el puntaje de la clasificación Child-Pugh lactato mayor de 14, y se encontró una r = 0.708. El puntaje mayor a 14 puntos se asoció a mortalidad en 87.5%, así como el puntaje menor a 14 se vinculó a supervivencia a 40 días en 83.33%. Conclusiones: La clasificación de Child-Pugh más lactato mayor de 14 puntos tiene una fuerte correlación con la mortalidad.

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to establish if the Child-Pugh+lactate score is a reliable prognostic scoring tool as mortality predictor in cirrhotic patients admitted to the Médica Sur Clinic Foundation Intensive Care Unit. Material and methods: This was a 3-year, single-centered retrospective cohort study performed in a general ICU. Results: Twenty-eight cases were collected in the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2014, of which a total of 16 patients (57.1%) died within the first 40 days after admission and 12 survived (42.9%). It was assessed if there was a correlation between death and a Child-Pugh lactate score greater than 14, finding an r = 0.708. Conclusions: A Child-Pugh+lactate score with a numerical value above 14 points has a direct relation with mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU.

Resumo: Objetivo: Comprovar a capacidade prognóstica como preditor de mortalidade da Child Pugh lactato na população de pacientes cirróticos admitidos na terapia intensiva da Fundação Clínica Médica Sur. Material e métodos: Estudo de investigação clínica, coorte não concorrente, onde os dados foram coletados no período de 1 de Janeiro de 2012 a 31 Dezembro de 2014. Resultados: 28 casos admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva da Fundação Clínica Médica Sur, diagnosticados com cirrose hepática, dos quais faleceram um total de 16 pacientes (57.1%) nos primeiros 40 dias após a admissão e sobreviveram 12 (42.9%). Calculou-se a existência de uma correlação entre a defunção e a Classificação Child Pugh lactato maior de 14 pontos, encontrando um r = 0.708. A pontuação CPL maior a 14 pontos está associado à mortalidade em 87.5% e inferior a 14 foi associado a sobrevida à 40 dias em um 83.33%. Conclusões: A Clasificação Child Pugh lactato maior a 14 pontos tem uma forte correlação com a mortalidade.

Standardization of Sonographic Diaphragm Thickness Evaluations in Healthy Volunteers.

BACKGROUND: B-mode ultrasound can be used to measure diaphragm thickness at the zone of apposition. We believe it is necessary to develop normal values for diaphragm thickness at rest in a large group of healthy subjects and compare them with international results. METHODS: Ultrasound measurements of diaphragm thickness at expiratory rest were taken in 109 healthy individuals, with results stratified by sex, body mass index, and thorax circumference. The following methods were used for analysis and interpretation. Multivariable databases with descriptive statistical analyses were made. The Pearson chi-square test was used to evaluate the distribution between variables. Additionally, mean and SD values were calculated. For standardization, the data were separated by sex within a 95% CI, and we calculated a Z test. A 95% CI was also constructed for proportion analyses. RESULTS: One hundred nine healthy volunteers were included in the study, and the correlation between the body mass index and thorax circumference values with a Pearson chi-square test resulted in an r = 0.69. Additionally, the average value of diaphragmatic thickness was 0.19 ± 0.04 cm (95% CI 0.17-0.20 cm) for men and 0.14 ± 0.03 cm (95% CI 0.13-0.15 cm) for women (P = .001). There was no relation between body mass index thorax circumference, and diaphragmatic thickness. CONCLUSION: Real-time ultrasound of the diaphragm is a simple, inexpensive, and portable imaging technique that can provide qualitative anatomical information. The findings in this study show that sonographic diaphragm evaluations can be applied to the general population.